microbiology EXAM #1 CHAPTERS 1,3,4,5,7
false
Biofilms are often more sensitive to antibiotics.
true
Biofilms typically do not develop on healthy tissue.
Which of the following wavelengths should give the best resolution?
Blue
How does a scanning electron microscope produce its image?
Bombards the specimen with electrons while scanning it
The cell membranes of archaea contain which of the following?
Branched hydrocarbons
Why is the use of immersion oil sometimes necessary when using a microscope?
Because oil has the same refraction as glass and lens
Bacteria reproduce by ______ fission.
Binary
Which tests determine the fundamental chemical characteristics of microbes such as presence of enzymes?
Biochemical
You are tasked with identifying two different bacteria from a mixed culture. These bacteria are similar in morphology and therefore do not appear to be different when stained. Which of the following would we perform to get better insight into the classification of these organisms?
Biochemical testing
All living things have an absolute need for _____ , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Bioelements
When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed.
Biofilm
Which of the following forms from a complex association of microorganisms that grow on a surface or tissue matrix?
Biofilm
DNA is copied into RNA.
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins. stage 1
Protein is synthesized by the ribosome using an RNA code.
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins. stage 2
_____ ______ or resolution defines the capacity of an optical system to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another.
Resolving power
Which is a function of the nucleolus?
Ribosomal RNA synthesis
Which of the following is an internal component of a prokaryotic cell?
Ribosome
Which structure has a small and large subunit and is composed of rRNA and protein?
Ribosome
Which structure has a small and large subunit and is composed of rRNA and protein?
Ribosomes
The genus Bacillus contains bacteria of which shape?
Rod
Counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum causes a bacterial cell to swim or ___ towards a stimulus.
Run
The _____ _____ is a protective covering in some bacteria. It is composed of thousands of copies of a single.
S Layer
What term is used to describe organisms that decompose organic remains from dead organisms as an energy source?
Saprobe
Many gardeners practice composting, where leftover vegetable peels, leaves, and other organic matter is collected and turned into a rich, fertile soil. Which best describes the type of microbes in compost?
Saprophytic
Which is the term for a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells?
Sarcina
Thinking of facilitated diffusion at its maximum rate, ______ refers to the complete occupation of the active site of a carrier protein or enzyme by the substrate.
Saturation
When thinking of facilitated diffusion at its maximum rate, what term refers to the complete occupation of the active site of a carrier protein or enzyme by the substrate?
Saturation
What type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons to create a three dimensional image of the surfaces of specimens.
Scanning Electron
Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called ______.
Selective
You inoculate a medium with both Gram + and Gram - organisms. After 48 hours you find that only the Gram - organisms grew on the medium. This type of media is likely ___________.
Selective
A(n) _____ permeable membrane can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell.
Selectively or semi-
Which of the following is media that has a firmness midway between that of a broth (a liquid medium) and an ordinary solid medium?
Semisolid media
Which of the following is a test that could be done to identify organisms by using antibody-antigen interactions?
Serological Tests
Evidence of early eukaryotic cells have been discovered in_______ deposits from China and Russia that are nearly one billion years old.
Shale
In order to get the best resolution possible with a light microscope, you would want:
Short Wavelengths of Light
Which of the following wavelengths should give the best resolution?
Short wavelengths
The first microscopes were _____, Correct Unavailable, meaning they contained just one magnifying lens and few working parts.
Simple
______ stains require only a single dye.
Simple
What structural difference is found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells?
Single cell membrane
Identify disadvantages of wet mount preparations.
Slide very susceptible to drying, Damage to large cells by cover glass, Easy contamination of handler's fingers
Which structure is most closely associated with biofilm formation?
Slime layer
Identify the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria.
Slime layer, Capsules
Which of the following did we mention as a necessary first step before a specimen can be stained?
Smear it on a slide and heat fix it in a flame
Which of the following is not true for viruses?
Some viruses can be grown in nutrient agar
Carrier proteins exhibit _____ which means they can only transport certain molecules.
Specificity
Gram-negative cells that have lost their cell wall are specifically called?
Spheroplasts
Which of the following are gram-negative cells that have lost their cells walls, usually as a result of the activity of lysozyme or penicillin?
Spheroplasts
Which of the following describes a rigid, loosely twisted, helical bacterium?
Spirillum
A tightly-coiled, yet flexible helical bacterium is described as which of the following?
Spirochete
What is the name for corkscrew-shaped bacteria?
Spirochetes
______ are spiral-shaped bacteria characterized by periplasmic flagella and display a worm-like mode of locomotion.
Spirochetes
A sterile tool called a "hockey stick" is used in which bacterial isolation technique?
Spread plate
Identify the inoculation technique that uses a sterile tool, such as an L-shaped glass rod, to distribute the sample evenly around the surface of a plate?
Spread plate technique
The _____ phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying.
Stationary
During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?
Stationary phase
Many eukaryotic cell membranes contain ______ which confer stability on the membranes.
Sterols
Which of the following are rigid lipids that stabilize the cell membranes of mycoplasmas?
Sterols
Identify the method of spreading a small culture sample over a solid medium in a pattern that gradually thins out the sample resulting in isolated colonies.
Streak plate method
Which of the following represent inoculation of a microbial sample?
Streaking a sample on an agar plate, Placing a sample in sterile medium
Which of the following describes a second-generation culture made from a well-established colony of microorganisms?
Subculture
halophiles and thermophiles
Such adaptations to their metabolic pathways allow archaea to live in extreme environments, such as areas with high levels of salt ( ____________ ) or high temperatures ( ____________ ).
Organisms that do not produce oxygen through photosynthesis, using a process known as anoxygenic photosynthesis, include purple and green ____ ____.
Sulfur bacteria
Autotrophs can generate energy from which of the following?
Sun light, Simple, non-living chemical reactions
The energy source for phototrophs is the _______, while the energy source for chemotrophs is ________.
Sun, chemical compounds
In a normal bacterial growth curve, what quantity is represented on the x-axis?
Time
Which defines a grouping of cells with a specific function?
Tissue
Acidic dyes tend to bind to alkaline structures.
True
Algae are many times photosynthetic organisms and fall in the domain Eukarya.
True
All atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases.
True
As the wavelength of light decreases, the resolution of the microscope increases.
True
Bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants than vegetative cells.
True
Basic dyes are generally positively charged and Acidic dyes are generally negatively charged.
True
Electron microscopes have the ability to image a specimen with greater detail than a fluorescent microscope.
True
Fungal spores' function in both survival and reproduction, while bacterial endospores function in survival only.
True
It is an advantage to use a microscope that does not require the use of stains because this allows for the viewing of the specimen while it is still alive.
True
Many times the stains for transmission electron microscopy contain heavy metals.
True
Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic because they do not contain a cell wall for shape.
True
Proteins are organic macronutrients that can satisfy a heterotrophs need for carbon.
True
Solid media is essential for the development of discrete, isolated colonies.
True
The 3 physical forms of media that we can see in the microbiology lab include: Solid Media, Semi-Solid Media, and Liquid Media.
True
True or false: Each different carrier protein can only bind and transport a certain molecule.
True
True or false: Liquid media can be used to better understand the oxygen demands of a microorganism.
True
True or false: The specimen used in SEM is metal-coated before it is bombarded with electrons.
True
Two genera of pathogenic bacteria that form endospores are Clostridium and Bacillus.
True
Water is the largest component of cells.
True
I have studied the 6 "I"s of culturing microbes from our Ch. 3 Powerpoint Notes.
True Make sure you know the 6 "I"s and what each stands for in regards to culturing microbes. 1) Inoculation 2) Isolation 3) Incubation 4) Inspection 5) Information Gathering 6) Identification
false
True or False: All bacteria can be classified as either gram-positive or gram-negative.
false
True or False: Bacteria are larger than human cells.
false
True or False: Bacteria are only visible with an electron microscope.
false
True or False: Biofilms are composed of a single bacterial species.
true
True or False: Encapsulated bacterial cells generally have greater pathogenicity.
false
True or False: Endospores function in the reproduction of bacterial genera such as Bacillus and Clostridium.
false
True or False: Most bacterial genera are capable of forming endospores.
false
True or False: The presence of flagella can be determined by a Gram stain.
false
True or False: The thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet-iodine complex to leave the cell.
false
True or False: When a spore germinates, it gives rise to 2 vegetative cells.
false
True or False: When the bacterial glycocalyx is easily removed, it is called a capsule.
Based upon the descriptions, identify the tube growing the obligate anaerobe.
Tube with heavy growth toward the bottom
The term _____ describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture.
Turbid
What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?
Turbidity
A cell that has become swollen due to the influx of water is referred to as ____.
Turgid
Organisms with cell walls become _______ in a hypotonic solution because the cell wall prevents them from bursting.
Turgid
Neisseria gonorrhoeae binds to the epithelial cells of the reproductive tract by means of which of the following?
Type IV pili
sporangiospores sexual spores asexual spores conidiospores
Types of fungal spores include
Which of the following would represent the lowest wavelength radiation from the listed choices?
Ultraviolet
A fluorescent microscope uses which of the following to view a specimen?
Ultraviolet light
Which is the active, growing state of endospore-forming bacteria?
Vegetative
The metabolically active and growing phase of endospore forming bacteria is called the ___ ___.
Vegetative cell
gram positive versus gram negative cells
Which of the following has historically been the first division in a system of bacterial taxonomy?
pH = 4
Which of the following is considered an "adverse condition" by most bacteria?
protozoa cannot be spread through body fluids
Which of the following is incorrect about protozoan pathogens?
artificial heart valves catheters teeth
Which of the following is/are prone to biofilm accumulation?
fimbriae and flagella
Which of the following structures leads to reversible binding of bacterial cells to a surface?
moist abiotic surfaces and biotic surfaces such as plant and animal tissue
Which of the following surfaces have nutrients available that encourage the development of biofilms?
80S ribosomes
Which structure or molecule could be used to definitively classify a newly discovered life form as a eukaryotic cell.
protozoan
While examining a sample of pond water you note a cell covered with thousands of minute hair-like extensions which it uses to propel itself through the water. This cell can immediately be classified as a/an
A solution which is______ will cause a cell to swell with water.
hypotonic
The correct order for the phases of a normal population growth curve is ____.
lag, log, stationary, death.
To obligate anaerobes, oxygen is ______ and ______.
not used & toxic
Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and ____ acids.
nucleic
In prokaryotes, the chromosomal DNA is aggregated in a central area called the
nucleoid or nuclear region
The ____ ____ is the mathematical constant that describes the relative efficiency of a lens in bending light rays.
numerical aperture
The resolving power of a microscope is calculated by dividing the wavelength of light by double the _______ of the objective lens.
numerical aperture
A situation where a microbe spends all or most of its life cycle inside a host cell is called ______ ______ parasitism.
obligate intracellular
An association where a parasite spends all or most of its life cycle gaining nutrients and support within a host cell is called ______ parasitism.
obligate intracellular
Salt or sugar can be used to increase ______ that will restrict the growth of bacteria in foods.
osmotic pressure
The high ____ _____ of a hypertonic environment causes water to diffuse out of a cell. :
osmotic pressure or (potential)
The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are ____ and ____ ____. 1:
oxygen, carbon dioxide
An association where a parasite spends all or most of its life cycle gaining nutrients and support within a host cell is called ______
parasitism. obligate intracellular
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ___?
peptidoglycan, PPG, or PG
A collection of bacteria on a loop which is thinly spread across a glass slide, allowed to air-dry, and heat fixed is called a_______
smear
Besides phospholipids, the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell wall contains ___ that function as antigens and receptors and ___
that anchor the phospholipids into the peptidoglycan layer. lipopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, lipoproteins or lipoprotein
Which of the following are rigid lipids that stabilize the cell membranes of mycoplasmas?
terols
Which type of medium is able to distinguish different species or types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium?
Differential
The ___ ___ contrast microscope produces well-defined images that are vividly colored and appear three-dimensional.
Differential interference
Which of the following staining procedures employ both a primary dye and a counterstain?
Differential stain
The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution is termed ________.
Diffusion
Which of the following is the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution?
Diffusion
_______ describes the random movement of atoms and molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are equally dispersed.
Diffusion
Which are important roles of water in cellular growth and metabolism?
Digestion of macromolecules, Proper enzyme function, Diffusion of wastes and nutrients
Enumeration of bacteria can be achieved by the ______ cell count, in which a cell suspension in a chamber is viewed under the microscope.
Direct
Which of the following microscopes uses subatomic particles, not light waves, as an illumination source to provide high magnification and high resolution?
Electron
Which of the following microscopes would provide the best RESOLUTION and highest MAGNIFICATION?
Electron Microscope
Which of the following has the greatest magnification power?
Electron microscope
Leeuwenhoek observed many microbes with his early compound bright field light microscope.
False
Light-based microscopes can obtain greater magnification than electron microscopes.
False
Most saprobes are able to ingest large particles of food for intracellular digestion.
False
Identify which of the following are external structures used primarily for direct contact interactions with other cells.
Fimbriae, Pili
Bacterial appendages that provide attachment sites or channels are called _____ and ____.
Fimbriae, pili
Appendages that propel bacterial cells through an aqueous environment include _____ and axial filaments.
Flagella
Which of the following are types of locomotor appendages found in eukaryotic microbes?
Flagella & cilia
Which staining is based on the dying of external cell structures used for locomotion in order to enlarge them and make them visible?
Flagellar
______ staining is a method of revealing flagella.
Flagellar or Flagellum
Which appendage(s) provide motility?
Flagellum, Axial filaments
The bacteria that normally inhabit the skin, GI tract, and other body sites are also referred to as normal resident _______.
Flora
A(n) ______ ______ electronically scans a culture and counts live and dead cells tagged with fluorescent antibodies and can differentiate between gram positive and gram negative cells.
Flow cytometer
Which of the following is an optical microscope that uses UV radiation as the illuminating source?
Fluorescence
Which of the following microscopes would utilize antibodies with fluorescent dyes to increase contrast on the specimen when it releases energy in the form of light?
Fluorescent
Ribosomal
For example, both archaea and eukaryotes share unique ____________ RNA sequences and their ribosomal subunit structures are similar as well.
Why do chromosomes become visible during mitosis?
Forming coils and supercoils around the histones
From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?
Frozen foods
Which kingdom discussed is a eukaryotic kingdom made up of organisms that obtain their food from other organisms, have cell walls, and contains molds and yeasts?
Fungi
Capsule staining is used to observe the unstructured protective layer surrounding some of which groups of microorganisms?
Fungi, Bacteria
Which of the following eukaryotic organisms are studied by microbiologists?
Fungi, Helminths, Protozoa
some regions of the ER are covered in ribosomes
In electron micrographs, portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appear rough on the edges. This is because
Microbes normally exist in which of the following locations on or in the human body?
Intestines, Mouth, genitourinary tract
If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?
Into the cell by osmosis
Which describes any technique that results in individual bacteria separate from others?
Isolation
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is?
Isotonic
Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?
Isotonic
Which of the following represents why using immersion oil is beneficial in increasing the resolution of the microscope under the oil immersion objective?
It allows for light to travel towards the objective lens without bending too much in order to increase the resolution
Which of the following are part of the six basic techniques used to grow, examine and manipulate microorganisms in the laboratory?
Inspection, Inoculation, Isolation
Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and _____.
Lipids
Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?
Little increase in cell numbers
Natural organic nutrients are usually the product of which of the following?
Living organisms
A wet mount is suitable for observing which of the following?
Living, motile or non-motile cells
What is the function of eukaryotic flagella?
Locomotion
Which of the following structures are found in some, but not all eukaryotic microbial cells?
Locomotor appendages, Cell wall, Chloroplasts
Which of the following identifies the method that requires you to serially dilute microorganisms by passing them from one tube of cool but still liquid agar to another, and then eventually pouring them into petri plates with the intended purpose of obtaining individual colonies?
Loop dilution method
Which of the following describes a cluster of flagella emerging from the same site?
Lophotrichous
A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a(n) ____ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as _____.
Lophotrichous, peritrichous
Identify any condition which would be optimal for most human anaerobic pathogens.
Low to no oxygen present, ~35C
Which of the following occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures?
Lysis
Tears and saliva contain ___ an enzyme which digests peptidoglycans and breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme
Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?
Macronutrient
_____ are chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells.
Macronutrient
Which of the following is a vital characteristic of a reliable microscope?
Magnification
______ is the ability of a microscope to make objects appear enlarged.
Magnification
Drugs that affect bacterial membranes will also have an affect on which of the following organelles of eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
All eukaryotic microbial cells have which of the following structures?
Mitochondria, Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum
A culture that contains multiple species of organisms is termed a _____________ culture.
Mixed
A_____ culture is a container that holds two or more easily differentiated species of microorganisms.
Mixed
Identify all of the following conditions which modern incubators can regulate.
Moisture, Temperature, Atmosphere conditions (Gases)
Which of the following is not a function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes:
Movement of cations in and out of the cell, Exchange of DNA with other cells
Which of the following are functions of cilia in protozoa?
Movement, Filtering, Feeding
________ is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit.
Mutualism
Which term best describes the association between a human host and the normal microbiota that aids in digestion?
Mutualistic
Which of the following parts of a microscope are used to magnify and create a REAL image?
Objective Lens
An organism that is unable to grow outside of a living host is referred to as a(n) ____ intracellular parasite.
Obligate
An organism that requires a high salt environment for optimal growth is a(n) ______ halophile.
Obligate
What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?
Obligate aerobe
A(n) _________ is unable to grow outside of a living host.
Obligate parasite
Real-time ______ can be used by scientists to quantify bacteria without culturing or isolating them.
PCR
The prefix "diplo" is used to indicate that cells are in which of the following arrangements?
Pairs
A ____ is any organism that obtains its nutrients from the cells or tissues by taking them from another living host.
Parasite
Organisms that derive nutrients from the living hosts are called _______.
Parasites
A symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits at the expense of another is termed ____.
Parasitism
_______ is a relationship between two organisms where the host is harmed and the colonizer benefits.
Parasitism
By the process of ______ transport, molecules move through a cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.
Passive
What term is used to describe the movement of molecules through a cell membrane without the need of an energy source?
Passive transport
Any microorganism that causes disease is a(n) _______.
Pathogen
Bacterial pili are composed of the protein ____?
Pilin
When Nocardia is stained with the acid-fast stain, the microbes exhibit what color?
Pink
What term is generally used to describe the movement of solutions into the cell?
Pinocytosis
______ is the movement of liquids, such as oils, and other compounds dissolved in solution into the cell.
Pinocytosis
Organisms that produce oxygen through photosynthesis, otherwise known as oxygenic photosynthesis include ____, ____, and ____.
Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
The small, circular pieces of DNA of bacterial cells which can carry the traits for antibiotic resistance or toxin production are called ____ .
Plasmids
Which of the following are small, circular pieces of DNA that exist independently within bacterial cytoplasm?
Plasmids
____ -lysis occurs to a bacterial cell when it loses water due to an environment that has far more solutes outside the cell.
Plasmo or plasmolysis
Bacterial cells placed in a solution where the concentration of solute within the cytoplasm is less than that of the extracellular solution would undergo _____ .
Plasmolysis
Prior to refrigeration, salting was used to prevent microbial growth in foods by causing ______ in bacterial cells.
Plasmolysis
It adds lipids and sugars to proteins and then packages these proteins for transport to their final destination.
Please choose the answer that describes the function of the Golgi complex.
Fungi synthesize antibiotics which inhibit bacterial growth. Fungi can be pathogenic to field crops and can rot food during transport. Fungi form associations with plant roots to help them take up water and nutrients.
Please choose the statement that are true regarding the importance of fungi to ecology, agriculture, commerce, and medicine.
Marine algae produce toxins which accumulate in seafood and can cause severe food poisoning.
Please choose the statement that describes the primary medical threat due to algae.
fungi are only detrimental to the food industry
Please choose the statement that is incorrect about fungi to test your understanding of their importance in ecology, agriculture, commerce, and medicine.
glycocalyx
Please choose the term that describes the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces.
Colonies of cells began to develop.
Please order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of eukaryotic cells and multicellularity. third step
cytoplasmic matrix1 cell membrane2 cell wall 3 glycocalyx4
Please order the following choices to reflect the generalized anatomy of bacterial cells with "1" being the innermost cell component and "4" being the outermost cell component.
interphase
Please order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state. stage 1
prophase
Please order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state. stage 2
metaphase
Please order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state. stage 3
anaphase
Please order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state. stage 4
telophase
Please order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state. stage 5
Choose the temperature range of psychrophilic microorganisms.
15°C to -20°C
When did the first eukaryotic cells on earth appear?
2 billion years ago
Which of the following are medically relevant endospore-producing genera?
Clostridium, Bacillus
Assuming you start with just one microbe and it could divide every 30 minutes, how many microbes would you have after 2 hours?
16
The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the _______ growth phase.
Exponential
Microbes are most susceptible to antimicrobial agents during which growth phase?
Exponential phase
Which name is given to microbes that grow in environments where the pH is lower than 7?
Acidophiles
In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, microbes can utilize ______ as a source of essential nutrients.
(one word). lipids or fats
How many chromosomes do most bacteria contain?
(one)
Which set of numbers describe bacterial growth after the culture has acclimated to the medium's conditions?
1,2,4,8,16,32,32
Light and electron microscopes magnify the specimen in stages by how many lens systems?
2
Magnification of an object or specimen by a compound microscope occurs in how many phases?
2
The numerical aperture in the oil immersion lens is approximately which of the following?
1.25
Which condition is NOT optimal for survival of an anaerobic pathogen within a human host?
10% salt
If the ocular is a 10X lens and the nosepiece objective happens to be a 10X objective, then what is the total magnification?
100X
Your lab partner tells you that they are viewing their Gram stain with a total magnification of 1,000x. Based on the fact that you know the ocular lens magnifies by 10x, what magnification is the objective lens that they are using to view their Gram stain?
100x
What are the usual temperatures that are used in the laboratory to propagate microorganisms?
20-40 C
Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms.
20°C-40°C
Cell population growth can be represented by the number ______ with an exponent, where the exponent increases by ______ in each generation.
2; 1
Prokaryotic cells evolved on Earth about how many years ago?
3.5 billion
In a prokaryote, the small subunit is a ____ S ribosome and the large subunit is a _____ S ribosome.
30, 50
Because mesophilic bacteria have an optimal temperature of _____ ° Celsius (same as human body temperature), they are the largest group of medically important microorganisms.
37
What is the total magnification for a microscope when the ocular is a 10X and you are using the high power objective 40X?
400X
Choose the temperature range of thermophilic microorganisms.
45°C-80°C
Endospore formation in spore-forming bacteria takes about how much time?
6-12 hrs.
Cells are usually composed of ______% water.
70
The prokaryotic ribosome is a ___ S ribosome.
70
What would the total magnification of a specimen be if a new objective was created for a compound light microscope consisting of an ocular lens and an objective lens with a magnification of 150x? (Answer format: Example
700x) 1,500 X
Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli
A classification scheme that focused on means of locomotion, number of nuclei, and the ability to form cysts would be most helpful in classifying
Which of the following describes eukaryotic flagella?
A long, sheathed cylinder, Composed of microtubules, Thicker than prokaryotic flagella
What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not.
Which relationships do not require a close association between microbes?
Amensalism & syntrophy
Resolution is the ability of a microscope to do which of the following?
Accurately distinguish between two separate entities
Which of the following staining procedures is used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Acid-fast stain
The cytoskeleton is an intracellular network of ___, ___ and intermediate filaments that are found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and contribute to cell shape.
Actin, tubulin
In ____ transport, the cell supplies energy for compounds to move into or out of the cell.
Active
Which of the following main categories of transport involves the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient?
Active
Which of the following is a cellular transport system that requires cellular energy?
Active transport
_______ transport requires ATP, whereas ______ transport does not require cell energy expenditure.
Active, Transport
________ is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment.
Adaptation or Adapt
Gradual adjustment and evolutionary change that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as _______.
Adaption
To be effective, a microscope must have which of the following characteristics?
Adequate magnification, Clarity of image, Resolution
Which of the following are functions of the eukaryotic glycocalyx?
Adherence to environmental surfaces, Protection, Communication
Which are the two main functions of the glycocalyx?
Adherence, protection
Which of the following describes the function of fimbriae?
Adhesion
A(n) ____ is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products.
Aerobe
What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Aerobic
_______ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Aerobic respiration
An organism that does not use oxygen gas but can survive and grow in its presence is referred to as a(n) _____.
Aerotolerant anaerobe
_________ do not use oxygen gas but are not affected by its presence.
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Active transport works ______ the diffusion gradient, requires the expenditure of _____ and utilizes specific membrane ______.
Against, ATP, proteins
What is involved in making a smear?
Air drying a liquid application on a glass slide, Spreading a thin film of suspended cells on a glass slide
Which chemicals are used to fix microbial cells?
Alcohol, Formalin
Which term describes a microbe that grows in environments with a pH greater than 7?
Alkalinophile
eukarya
Although they share many bacterial characteristics, members of the Domain Archaea are more closely related to Domain ____________ than to bacteria.
Antibiotics released by one microbe to inhibit or kill other microbes demonstrates an antagonistic relationship called _____.
Amensalism
Which relationship does not require a particularly close association between microbes or between microbes and other organisms?
Amensalism
What is the glycocalyx?
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell
A sealed jar filled with nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide can be used to cultivate _____ bacteria.
Anaerobic
What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Anaerobic
Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is known as ________ photosynthesis.
Anoxygenic
Which immunological compounds can be used in conjunction with fluorescent dyes to better visualize microorganisms?
Antibodies
Methanogens are ______.
Archaea, chemoorganic autotrophs
How does a bacterial colony appear?
As an individual isolate on solid agar
Which of the following describes any technique which limits the possible contamination of media or self with unwanted microorganisms?
Aseptic
In _______ reproduction, the offspring are clones of the parent cell.
Asexual
Which of the following microscopes did we say could help us visualize DNA and Enzymes with pretty remarkable detail?
Atomic Force Microscopes
A(n) _____ microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.
Autotroph
A(n) _____ filament is a periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria.
Axial
Twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to which of the following?
Axial filaments
I am attempting to stain a bacterium that has a negatively charged cell surface. Which of the following dyes should I use?
Basic
_____ _____ is the rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax.
Bacillus anthracis
Which of the following genera are capable of producing endospores?
Bacillus, Clostridium
Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wail of which of the following organisms?
Bacteria
Which of the following cells do NOT use endocytosis for intake of nutrients or other cells?
Bacteria
The two major types of prokaryotic cells are ____ and ___.
Bacteria, archaea
______ are organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths.
Barophiles
Identify the stack of rings anchoring the flagellum into the cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterium.
Basal body
Choose all of the following that are considered Light Microscopes?
Bright Field Microscopes, Dark Field Microscopes, Fluorescent Microscopes,Confocal Microscopes, Phase Contrast Microscopes
Which of the following microscopes is the most widely used, results in the image of the specimen being darker than the surrounding field (Bright Background), for live specimens, and / or for preserved stained specimens?
Bright-Field
Which type of microscope forms its image when light is transmitted through a specimen?
Bright-field
How does a transmission electron microscope produce its image?
By transmitting electrons through the specimen
The canning food industry must be sure their process destroys which of the following bacteria that can cause food poisoning?
C. botulinum
______________ agar is commonly used for growing fastidious bacteria.
Chocolate
Algal cell walls may contain which of the following minerals?
Calcium carbonate, Silicon dioxide
The heat resistance of bacterial endospores has been linked to high concentrations of which of the following?
Calcium dipicolinate
____ ____ in endospores removes water and leaves the endospore very dehydrated.
Calcium, dipicolinate
Identify the benefits of using a hanging drop mount.
Can assess cellular arrangement, Can assess motility, Can assess size, Can assess shape
An organism that requires carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is called a ______.
Capnophile
The ___ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism.
Capsule
______ staining is designed to observe the unstructured protective layer surrounding some bacteria and fungi.
Capsule
Which of the following are types of glycocalyx in eukaryotic microbes?
Capsule, Slime layer
In addition to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, microbes require ____ as a macronutrient source.
Carbohydrates
An autotroph uses _______ as its carbon source.
Carbon dioxide
Autotrophs have the capacity to convert ___ ___ into organic compounds.
Carbon dioxide
The atmospheric gases that most influence microbial growth are:
Carbon dioxide, Oxygen
Which of the following are inorganic compounds?
Carbon dioxide, Water, Minerals
The range of temperatures for microbial growth is expressed as three ____ temperature.
Cardinal
Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by the enzyme _______.
Catalase
Which of the following pairs are correct?
Cationic dyes = Basic dyes, Anionic dyes = Acidic dyes
Internal membranes of certain bacteria are generally outgrowths of the ___ membrane.
Cell
Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life?
Cell
The diffusion of materials into a cell is largely controlled by which structure?
Cell membrane
What cell envelope component is not a static structure?
Cell membrane
Which of the following acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell?
Cell membrane
Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
All cells contain which of the following characteristics?
Cell membrane, Chromosomes, Ribosomes
Which of the following structures are essential to all prokaryotic cells?
Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Chromosome(s)
Which of the following prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure?
Cell wall
The function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes which of the following?
Cell wall maintenance, Cell wall enlargement
Which of the following are not found in all prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall, Capsule, Fimbriae
Identify the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria.
Cell wall, Cell membrane
lipids, cell wall, and metabolic
Characteristics that define archaea, however, include the presence of unique membrane ____________ , ____________ construction and composition and ____________ pathways.
Microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon are specifically termed_____?
Chemoautotroph
A ____ -troph derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds.
Chemohetero
A _____ -troph derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds.
Chemohetero
What term is used to describe organisms which derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds?
Chemoheterotroph
A _____ is a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize the growth rate and cell number of cultures.
Chemostat
What term is used to describe a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize cell cultures?
Chemostat
Which of the following is the movemegaent towards or away from a chemical stimulus?
Chemotaxis
Fungal cell walls have a thick layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of ______ or _____ and a thin outer layer of mixed glycans.
Chitin, cellulose
Paulinella chromatophora harbor specialized _____ with cyanobacterial origins.
Chloroplasts
Which of the following organelles likely originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria?
Chloroplasts
tapeworms; flukes
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic flatworms include the ____ with a long, ribbon-like body and the ____ with a flat, ovoid body.
flatworms; roundworms
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the ____ with a thin, segmented body and the ____ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.
wall; membrane
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in correct order. The cell ____ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ____ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
trophozoite; cyst
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) _____ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) _____.
molds; yeast
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Of the microscopic fungi, ____ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while _____ are round or oval-shaped.
euglenids; diatoms; dinoflagellates
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. The algae are photosynthetic, eukaryotic protists that are grouped into ______ (no cell wall and motile by flagella), ______ (single-celled with golden chloroplasts and intricate cell walls), ______ (cause "red tide"), kelp, red seaweeds and green algae.
The color-bearing portion of a dye is termed the ______ and has a charge that attracts it to certain cell parts bearing the opposite charge.
Chromophore
Which of the following is NOT part of binary fission?
Chromosomes line up so that crossing over occurs.
The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single ____ strand of DNA.
Circular
The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single _____ strand of DNA.
Circular
The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and bacteria share which of the following features?
Circular chromosome, Prokaryotic ribosomes, Capable of independent division
The spaces inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum which allow for transport of materials are known as which of the following?
Cisternae
Which of the following bacteria can produce an S layer under harsh conditions?
Clostridium difficile, Bacillus anthracis
____ _____ is the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus.
Clostridium tetani
The term used for a short, plump bacterial rod is _____.
Coccobacilli
What is the correct term for describing very short, ovoid, rod-shaped bacterial cells?
Coccobacilli
What is a spherically shaped bacterial cell termed?
Coccus
What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Coccus, Spirillum, Bacillus
______ is the process by which a change in one symbiotic partner leads to a change in the other, which may in turn lead to change in the first partner, and these changes can continue to occur over time.
Coevolution
______ are large masses or mounds of cells, all belonging to a single type of microorganism.
Colonies
Where are colonies formed during the pour plate method?
Colonies grow on the surface and within the medium.
Which term is used to describe a cluster of visible bacteria of the same species on an agar plate?
Colony
______ _____ unit is a term used to describe a single bacterium that gave raise to an entire colony. :
Colony Forming
What common term describes the single bacterium in an original sample that gives rise to a colony on a plate?
Colony forming unit
Which of the following is the typical "color" of microorganisms?
Colorless
Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?
Commensalism
This type of microscope has a series of lenses for magnification and is the one that we would utilize in our labs?
Compound Bright Field
Which of the following is the defining difference between compound microscopes and simple microscopes?
Compound microscopes have multiple lenses.
Which of the following microscope components is used to converge (or focus) the rays of light to a single point on the specimen?
Condenser
A scanning ______ microscope uses a laser beam of light to scan various depths in a specimen.
Confocal
Which of the following microscopes uses a laser beam?
Confocal
Which of the following microscopes would use a laser beam to scan the specimen and would integrate images to allow for multiple depths or planes.
Confocal
Pili are typically used for which of the following?
Conjugation
The transfer of DNA between bacterial cells is called?
Conjugation
Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called which of the following?
Conjugation pili
When a culture shows two or more microbes of uncertain identity that have been introduced into it, the culture is considered to be which of the following?
Contaminated
A ______________________ key is a series of paired statements where only one of two choices applies to any particular organism.
Dichotomous
You are in the lab and just isolated E. coli from a mixed culture. You then transfer E. coli to a new slant for growth and extended keeping. After one week, you decide it is time to transfer your E. coli to a new slant. After incubating the new inoculum for 24 hours, you decide to stain it just to ensure you are working with a pure culture. You find both E. coli and S. epidermidis in your stain. The culture is likely ___________________. This refers to the fact that the culture is now impure due to the presence of a microbe that should not be there.
Contaminated
Which adaptation allows protozoa to survive and grow in hypotonic environments such as pond water?
Contractile vacuole
Through different staining techniques it is possible to increase the ________________ on the slide making it easier to view details of the specimen.
Contrast
A nondependent form of mutualism, where both partners can survive independently outside the relationship is called _____.
Cooperation
_______ is the term used to describe a situation where organisms gain mutual benefit from their association but can survive independently outside the partnership. .
Cooperation
Mycolic acid is also called the ___ factor.
Cord
A palisades arrangement of cells is typical in which of the following bacteria?
Corynebacteria
______ diphtheriae are generally rod-shaped, in culture they may club-shaped, swollen, curved, filamentous and coccoid variations.
Corynebacterium
____ diphtheriae and ____ pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Corynebacterium, Streptococcus
A _____ _____electronically scans a culture as it passes through a tiny pipette in order to obtain a cell count but cannot differentiate between living and dead cells.
Coulter counter
A(n) ________ can scan a culture of bacteria or a sample of blood and differentiate between blood cells.
Coulter counter, flow cytometer
A beneficial relationship involving communal feeding between organisms sharing a habitat is called_______.
Crossfeeding
Which of the following terms is used to describe a collection of bacteria growing in broth or on agar?
Culture
Which of the following has internal membranes that are the site of photosynthesis?
Cyanobacteria
Oxygenic photosynthesis occurs in which of the following organisms?
Cyanobacteria, Plants, Algae
The cell envelope encloses the ___?
Cytoplasm
The cell envelope encloses the ____?
Cytoplasm
The cell membrane surrounds a complex solution of organic materials and salts that is referred to as____.
Cytoplasm
Which of the following is the intracellular gelatinous solution?
Cytoplasm
Recent evidence suggests that bacteria, like eukaryotic cells, maintain and support cell shape through a network of protein fibers called which of the following?
Cytoskeleton
Which of the following is the major factor that stimulates endospore formation?
Depletion of nutrients
A chromosome is made of which of the following?
DNA
Place the steps of endospore formation into the correct order (from stimulus to mature endospore).
DNA replication, septation of cell, sporangium engulfs forespore, synthesis of spore layers, deposition of cortex and outer coat layers, mature endospore formed
____ _____ microscopy is most effectively used to visualize living cells that would be distorted by drying or heat.
Dark field
Which of the following microscopes would you use with pale specimens and find that the contrast is increased due to a dark background and a lightened specimen? This microscope is used on Live and Unstained specimens.
Dark-Field
Which microscope uses standard light which is directed only at the sides of the specimen?
Dark-field
Identify the four types of visible-light microscopes.
Dark-field, Interference, Bright-field, Phase-contrast
The _____ phase of the population growth curve involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers.
Death
Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?
Death
The _____ ______ count is obtained using a procedure that involves counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically using a special calibrated slide with a premeasured grid.
Direct cell
Rocky Mountain spotted fever endemic typhus
Diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria include
Which of the following taxonomic categories can fit the greatest number of species under it?
Domain
After a bacterial culture acclimates to a medium, the bacteria will divide in what type of pattern?
Exponential
The main difference(s) between light microscopes and electron microscopes is(are) which of the following?
Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons to scan the specimen, Light microscopes transmit light through the specimen for visualization, Electron microscopes are many times more powerful.
Micronutrients such as zinc and manganese that are required by cells in small amounts are termed trace _____.
Elements
Biologists believe that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes through which process?
Embosymbiosis
In _____ large particles, molecules, liquids, and even other cells are transported into the cell through formation of a vacuole from the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
Which organelle is composed of a microscopic series of tunnels which are used in transport?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following are examples of organelles?
Endoplasmic reticulum, Vacuoles, Golgi apparatus
The depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids, is a stimulus for ___ in bacteria.
Endospore
Which of the following is formed during bacterial sporulation?
Endospore
Which of the following stains would be helpful in determining if a bacterium has the ability to survive harsh environments due to a special structure it contains?
Endospore stain
Which of the following represents the correct form for binomial nomenclature?
Escherichia coli (Italicized)
Because cells cannot synthesize all 20 amino acids required for growth, these amino acids are termed ________ amino acids.
Essential
Any element or molecule that must be provided to an organism is called a(n) ___ nutrient.
Essential maintenance of protein structure
Which kingdom discussed in class would contain no nucleus and a cell with peptidoglycan?
Eubacteria
protists
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as _______, including algae and protozoans.
Which of the following cells have a nucleus?
Eukaryotic
protozoa fungi parasitic worms
Eukaryotic organisms studied in microbiology include
protein synthesis
Eukaryotic ribosomes are the site of
basidiospores
Examination of a newly discovered fungus reveals a number of haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell. These spores would be classified as
In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?
Exponential
An organism having special adaptations that allow it to live in severe habitats is called a(n) _____?
Extremophile
Microbes that survive under severe conditions, such as high salt concentrations, low pH, or high temperatures, are called _____.
Extremophile
____ ____ is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a carrier protein or protein channel.
Facilitated Diffusion or Transport
A(n) _____ anaerobe is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Facultative
All bacteria have a cell wall.
False
All cells can synthesize the 20 essential amino acids.
False
Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.
False
Chromatin's structure is comprised predominantly of the macromolecule called RNA.
False
True or false: Isolation of colonies usually requires a large number of cells to be inoculated over an expansive area of medium.
False
Yeast fall into the kingdom plantae, are unicellular, and reproduce asexually by budding.
False
Chocolate agar is only made of natural cocoa providing it with its rich color and nutrients for the growth of fastidious organisms.
False, Chocolate agar is NOT made from Cocoa. The lysed red blood cells contained within the agar make it have a chocolate in appearance.
What is the term that describes bacteria that are unable to synthesize all of the organic compounds needed for survival?
Fastidious
______ bacteria lack the ability to synthesize some necessary organic compounds and will only grow if specific nutrients are provided.
Fastidious
The main function of the external appendages known as _______ is to stick to other cells and surfaces, which may lead to aggregates known as biofilms and colonization of microbes on inanimate objects.
Fimbriae
identify the small bristle-like structures on the surface of bacteria that are involved in adhesion.
Fimbriae
In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its ____ time.
Generation
When conditions are favorable, bacterial endospores break dormancy, known as entering which of the following cycles?
Germination
Which of the following would move across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?
Glucose
Capsules and slime layers are both types of which of the following?
Glycocalyx
The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.
Glycocalyx
Which of the following is the most external structure of eukaryotic microbial cells?
Glycocalyx
Which of the following are not internal components of a prokaryotic cell?
Glycocalyx, Fimbriae, Pili
The _____ stain is the most universal differential staining technique for bacteria, and it differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure.
Gram
I am trying to determine the species found on a pure culture in lab. Which of the following stains would I use first to begin narrowing down what it could be?
Gram Stain
Which type of cell wall is thinner and does not retain the crystal violet stain in the gram stain?
Gram-negative
Lipopolysaccharides are a component of the outer membrane of which of the following cell types?
Gram-negative cells
Phase-contrast microscopy compared to bright-field microscopy gives which of the following?
Greater internal detail of the cell
What can be used to enhance the amount of light passing through the specimen and the many lenses to reach the eye?
Immersion oil
In the specific process of ______ _____ active transport is achieved by coupling the transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is immediately useful to the cell.
Group translocation
A ____ factor is an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet.
Growth
A _____ curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time.
Growth
What term is used to describe a graphical representation of a change in population size over time?
Growth curve
What term is used to describe an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet?
Growth factor
Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt?
Halophile
Which of the following methods would be preferred to visualize a microorganism for a true assessment of size, shape, color, and motility?
Hanging drop method
Which of the following is a common method for attaching bacteria to a glass slide?
Heat fixation
How is the endospore stain similar to the acid-fast stain?
Heat is applied to force the dye in.
Which of the following bores through the stomach lining and causes gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following are characteristics inherent to life?
Heredity, Metabolism, Growth and development
Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source?
Heterotroph
Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types?
Heterotrophic
An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n)_______.
Heterotrophs
Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source?
Heterotrophs
Dark structures as seen using transmission electron microscopy correspond to which of the following?
Higher densities
Choose all of the following stains that would be commonly used when distinguishing between different cells, chemicals, or structures.
Histological Stain, Endospore Stain, Acid Fast Stain, Gram Stain
millions of years
How long can spores survive?
Endotoxin is toxic to which of the following cells?
Human and other mammalian cells
Bacteria can adapt to a(n) ______ environment by adding salt to their cytoplasm.
Hypertonic
If a cell loses water after being placed into a particular solution, what is true regarding the osmolarity of the solution?
Hypertonic
Which type of solution contains a higher concentration of solutes?
Hypertonic
most cells would appear red/pink
If the Gram's iodine step was skipped in this technique, what would likely be seen under the microscope?
Identify which of the following could potentially affect the manner in which a specimen is prepared for microscopic examination.
If you want to see the overall structure or something specific, If you want to use fluorescence microscopy, If the specimen is living or preserved, If you want to observe motility
Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found?
In natural hot springs
Cytoplasmic ___ such as granules or vesicles, can store organic and inorganic nutrients and even gases or magnetic iron oxides.
Inclusion
Bacteria often store excess nutrients in membrane bound compartments called which of the following?
Inclusions
Identify the ways that salt and/or sugar inhibit microbial growth.
Increasing osmotic pressure, Reducing the water activity needed for survival and growth, Weakening the molecular structure of DNA, Conversion to compounds with anti-microbial activity
Once an inoculate has been placed onto an agar plate it would then be ________________. This refers to placing it into a chamber that is set at a specific temperature for optimal growth of the organisms being cultured.
Incubated
A (n) _____ is the name of the equipment which is used to precisely regulate the environment for microbes to grow.
Incubator
Identify a dye that results in a negative stain.
India ink
Molecules released by members of the biofilm that accumulate as the population grows and stimulate gene expression in its members are called ____ molecules.
Inducer
What are the compounds that are released by members of a biofilm that accumulates as the population grows and stimulate gene expression in its members?
Inducer molecules
Which one of the following is not part of the six basic techniques used to grow, examine and manipulate microorganisms in the laboratory?
Infection
Which term identifies the introduction of microorganisms into an environment in which they will multiply?
Inoculation
What is the name for a tiny amount of a sample that is introduced to some nutrient Agar or Broth in order to create a culture?
Inoculum
A(n) ____ nutrient is composed of an element or elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
Inorganic
Water, minerals and oxygen gas are examples of ____ compounds.
Inorganic
Which of the following six "I'"s deals with the evaluation of cultures both macroscopically and microscopically?
Inspection
A scanning confocal microscope is characterized by which of the following?
Its use of a laser beam to scan the specimen
When a bacterial cell loses its cell wall, it is known as which of the following?
L form
_______ phase is when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow.
Lag
Identify the two important diseases caused by mycobacteria.
Leprosy, Tuberculosis
Which of the following types of microscopes uses UV radiation when producing an image to be viewed? (Choose all of the correct answers)
Light Microscope, Fluorescent Microscope
Which of the following describes how dark-field microscopy works?
Light is focused into the specimen from the sides.
Magnification results from the interaction of which of the following?
Light waves and lens curvature
Which of the following scientists developed the taxonomic system?
Linnaeus
The cell membrane consists of a(n)____ bilayer with embedded ____.
Lipid, Proteins
What term is used to refer to the fact that the image formed is larger than the original specimen? We say that the specimen has been ___________________.
Magnification magnified Magnification Magnified
I have studied the steps of the Gram Stain presented in the Chapter 3 Material.
Make sure you have studied these steps! (SLIDE 43 VOICE OVER) Crystal violet is purple and Safranin is Pink.
Heat fixing a sample in microscopy is done for which purpose?
Making a more permanent mount for long-term study, Preserving various cellular components in a natural state, Simultaneously killing and securing the sample to the slide
Why is identification of bacteria on the macroscopic appearance limited?
Many bacteria exhibit similar colony growth.
This structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate
Match the cell component with its role in the cell granules
The structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell
Match the cell component with its role in the cell. chromosome
This structure is a network of protein polymers that helps stabilize the shape of the cell from within.
Match the cell component with its role in the cell. cytoskeleton
This structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce.
Match the cell component with its role in the cell. inclusion bodies
The structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell.
Match the cell component with its role in the cell. plasmid
Composed of RNA and protein, this structure synthesizes new proteins.
Match the cell component with its role in the cell. ribosome
Different types of culture______ provide nutrients for microbial growth.
Media
All bacteria possess a cell ___ but not all bacteria possess a cell ____.
Membrane, Wall
Cell ____ of eukaryotes serve as selectively permeable barriers in transport.
Membranes
Haemophilus influenzae is an encapsulated bacterium that can cause which of the following diseases?
Meningitis
Endotoxins (LPS) can stimulate fever and shock during which gram-negative infections?
Meningitis, Typhoid fever
Which is a type of chemoautotroph that produces methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide?
Methanogen
Identify the simple stain(s).
Methylene blue, Crystal violet, Malachite green
Choose all of the following dyes that would generally be used to determine the morphology of a cell or a group of cells. (Simple Stains)
Methylene blue, Safranin, Crystal violet
The normal resident bacteria found in or on the human body are collectively called the ______.
Microbiota
oxygen gradient pH gradient nutrient concentration
Microenvironments are created within the biofilm based on
What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?
Micronutrients
_____ play an important role in enzyme function and protein structure.
Micronutrients
The _____ temperature is the lowest temperature at which an organism will grow.
Minimum
The mycobacterial cell wall is imparted with a thick, waxy nature by the presence of ___ acid.
Mycolic
The ___ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.
Mycoplasma
Which bacteria have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols?
Mycoplasma
Which causes primary atypical "walking" pneumonia?
Mycoplasma
The cell envelope of gram-___ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.
Negative
The movement of an organism away from a chemical repellent is called ____ chemotaxis.
Negative
______ staining is a general type of staining that does not disrupt the cell structure with heat fixation and can indicate the presence of a capsule.
Negative
Which of the following types of stains would stain the background and can be used to reveal bacterial capsules.
Negative Stain
Which of the following staining procedures produces a reverse image of that created by a positive stain, thus forming a silhouette around the microorganism's outer boundary?
Negative stain
Gram- ___ cell walls are thinner than Gram- ___ cell walls, providing them with relatively greater flexibility and sensitivity to lysis.
Negative, Positive
What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?
Neutrophiles
A _______ is an organism's biological role or its contribution to its community.
Niche
All of the adaptations an organism makes to its habitat is known as its _______.
Niche
Which of the following is a NOT a cardinal temperature related to microbial growth?
Niche temperature
Which can be used to produce a negative stain?
Nigrosin, India ink
Which element is represented by N in CHONPS?
Nitrogen
The presence of mycolic acid in which of the following genera of bacteria contributes to the pathogenicity of these organisms?
Nocardia, Mycobacterium
Some organisms do not grow on any microbiological medium. These types of organisms are referred to as ____________________.
Nonculturable
The ____ is a granular mass within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly takes place.
Nucleolus
The key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a _____ and other membrane-bound organelles.
Nucleus
Which is true regarding all bacterial cells?
Nucleus
Based on our equation for Resolving Power (Limit of Resolution) which of the following would need to increase to obtain better resolution?
Numerical Aperture
Based on the equation discussed in class, the factors that influence the Resolution or Resolving Power of a microscope include:
Numerical Aperture Wavelength of Light
Which is the best term for any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth?
Nutrient
____ are essential chemical substances that must be consumed for normal cellular metabolism and growth.
Nutrients
The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is_____.
Nutrition
____ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.
Nutrition
Microscopes are equipped with a nosepiece holding three _____ lenses which vary in magnification.
Objective
Which lens forms the initial image of the specimen viewed under a light microscope?
Objective
Which of the following are applications of bright-field microscopy?
Observation of live and preserved stained specimens, Observation of dark specimens in a white field
oxygen
Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce ______ as a product of photosynthesis but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.
_______ pathogens are usually nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host.
Opportunistic
What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbe's growth?
Optimal temperature
The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's ______ temperature.
Optimum or Optimal
Which of the following is a group of tissues that work together?
Organ
Internal cell components such as the nucleus and mitochondria are known as?
Organelles
nucleus mitochondria chloroplast
Organelles which contain DNA include the
Almost all of the dry weight of cells is composed of _____ compounds.
Organic
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are examples of _____ compounds.
Organic
Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called ___ nutrients.
Organic
The majority of carbon compounds that a cell requires are:
Organic
_____ Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from.
Organic
______ compounds make up nearly the entire dry weight of cells.
Organic
Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from _____ and ____ compounds.
Organic, inorganic
An ______ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium.
Osmophile
Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?
Osmophile
_______ atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases.
Osmosis
Prior to refrigeration, how did salting prevent microbial growth in foods?
Osmotic pressure killed the bacteria
Organisms that have the ability to adapt to wide variations in solute concentration are referred to as ______.
Osmotolerant
maintaining strength; peptidoglycan
Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?
Saprobes digest food particles ______ the cell.
Outside
Photosynthesis that results in the production of oxygen is referred to as _____ photosynthesis.
Oxygenic
_______ photosynthesis produces oxygen.
Oxygenic
Algal cell walls may contain which of the following sugars?
Pectin, Cellulose, Mannan
Which of the following antibiotics affect the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria, thereby making them susceptible to lysis?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin
L forms of bacteria can be formed artificially by which of the following chemically treatments?
Penicillin, Lysozyme
The bulk of the Gram-positive cell wall is a homogeneous sheath of which of the following?
Peptidoglycan
Which of the following is part of the cell wall of mycobacteria?
Peptidoglycan, Mycolic acid
Lysozyme digests which of the following in the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycans
The ___ space is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria and is a site for the temporary storage of enzymes.
Periplasmic
Identify the area between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria.
Periplasmic space
Which of the following describes a random arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell?
Peritrichous
Which of the following are types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum?
Peritrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous
What is the name given to the circular plastic or glass dish that is used for plating in the loop dilution technique?
Petri
One method for identification of microorganisms is to place viruses on a bacterial lawn and look for the formation of plaques. This method is known as _______________ typing.
Phage
Capsules protect bacteria against immune cells generally referred to as ____?
Phagocytes
The engulfment of large particles or cells into vesicles within a cell is specifically called _____.
Phagocytosis
White blood cells and amoebas transport large particles and other cells through ____.
Phagocytosis
Which of the following microscopes would allow us to observe living things and their internal structures without killing them with dyes or heat fixation?
Phase Contrast
Organelles, granules, and bacterial endospores are best observed using which microscope?
Phase contrast
_____ ______ are reliant on varying densities in the structure of a microorganism which allows us to see the specimen.
Phase contrast
Which of the following microscopes provide detailed views of unstained, live specimens?
Phase-contrast microscope, Differential interference microscope
The cell membrane of eukaryotic cells is described as a ______ bilayer in which ____ molecules are embedded.
Phospholipid, protein
Identify the major structure component of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids
Which of the following elements compose about 97% of a cell?
Phosphorous, Sulfur, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen
An autotrophic organism that utilizes light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is specifically termed a _____.
Photoautotroph
Which of the following bacteria could exhibit phototaxis?
Photosynthetic bacteria
Which of the following describes the movement towards or away from light?
Phototaxis
Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration?
Phototrophs
these long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes
Please match the appendages to the description that most accurately describes their function to distinguish among the types of external cell appendages. axial filaments
these short, bristle-like projections are used to attach the cell to other cells or surfaces
Please match the appendages to the description that most accurately describes their function to distinguish among the types of external cell appendages. fimbriae
composed of a filament, hook and basal body, these cell appendages provide movement to the cell
Please match the appendages to the description that most accurately describes their function to distinguish among the types of external cell appendages. flagella
these long, tubular appendages allow cells to conjugate to other cells
Please match the appendages to the description that most accurately describes their function to distinguish among the types of external cell appendages. pili
This arrangement is formed when two rod-shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate
Please match the cell arrangement to the statement that most accurately describes that arrangement and how it was formed in order to test your understanding of the arrangements of bacteria. diplobacilli
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached.
Please match the cell arrangement to the statement that most accurately describes that arrangement and how it was formed in order to test your understanding of the arrangements of bacteria. diplococci
This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side-by-side cells. palisades arrangement
Please match the cell arrangement to the statement that most accurately describes that arrangement and how it was formed in order to test your understanding of the arrangements of bacteria. palisades arrangement
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells.
Please match the cell arrangement to the statement that most accurately describes that arrangement and how it was formed in order to test your understanding of the arrangements of bacteria. tetrad
germ-negative cells
Please match the cell components with the type of cell where it is found. If the component is found in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells, select "both gram-positive and gram-negative cells" lipopolysaccharide; outer membrane
both gram positive and gram negative cells
Please match the cell components with the type of cell where it is found. If the component is found in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells, select "both gram-positive and gram-negative cells" peptidoglycan; cell membrane
germ positive cells
Please match the cell components with the type of cell where it is found. If the component is found in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells, select "both gram-positive and gram-negative cells" teichoic acid
cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of cell walls and wall-free cells. acid-fast cells
cells which contain both an inner and outer membrane as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of cell walls and wall-free cells. gram negative cells
cells which contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of cell walls and wall-free cells. gram positive cells
cells which lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan but contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of cell walls and wall-free cells. mycoplasms
eukaryotic cells
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses. contains a nucleus and undergoes mitosis.
prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses. contains nucleic acid
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses. contains ribosomes and enzymes
prokaryotic cells
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses. does not contain organelles but can replicate independently via binary fission
both flagella and cilia
Please match the description to the term that it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the structure and functions of locomotor appendages and the types of cells that possess them. composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
cilia
Please match the description to the term that it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the structure and functions of locomotor appendages and the types of cells that possess them. found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure
flagella
Please match the description to the term that it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the structure and functions of locomotor appendages and the types of cells that possess them. found in certain protozoa and some algae
neither flagella nor cilia
Please match the description to the term that it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the structure and functions of locomotor appendages and the types of cells that possess them. involved in the horizontal transfer of genetic material
photosynthetic eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include seaweed
Please match the eukaryotic microbe with the description of its body plan. algae
eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms
Please match the eukaryotic microbe with the description of its body plan. fungi
eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular
Please match the eukaryotic microbe with the description of its body plan. helminths
eukaryotes which are always unicellular
Please match the eukaryotic microbe with the description of its body plan. protozoa
mitochondrion
Please match the organelles with the statements that most accurately describe their structure and function. This organelle contains two membranes of which the inner membrane contains the enzymes and electron carriers that carry out aerobic respiration.
cytoskeleton
Please match the organelles with the statements that most accurately describe their structure and function. this framework, composed of microfilaments and microtubules, serves to anchor other organelles, provide support, and permit movement in some cells.
smooth ER
Please match the organelles with the statements that most accurately describe their structure and function. this organelle is composed of a series of tunnels within the cell which are used for synthesis, storage and transport
fungi with incompletely septate hyphae that commonly have fleshy fruiting bodies
Please match the representative example of each fungal group to the characteristics of that group. Cryptococcus neoformans
the hyphae of these fungi are usually nonseptate but if they are septate, the septa are complete
Please match the representative example of each fungal group to the characteristics of that group. Rhizopus
primitive fungi which have flagellated spores
Please match the representative example of each fungal group to the characteristics of that group. chytrids
these fungi have hyphae with porous septa
Please match the representative example of each fungal group to the characteristics of that group. penicillium
the sarcodina move primarily via the use of pseudopods and most contain a single nucleus
Please match the representative example of each protozoal group to the characteristics of that group. Entameoeba
the ciliophora move via cilia and most develop cysts
Please match the representative example of each protozoal group to the characteristics of that group. balantidium
the apicomplexa are non-motile organisms which produce sporelike cells called sporozoites
Please match the representative example of each protozoal group to the characteristics of that group. plasmodium
the mastigophoran contain a single nucleus and move primarily via flagella
Please match the representative example of each protozoal group to the characteristics of that group. trypanosoma
these tests use the presence or absence of biochemical processes and enzymes to group organisms
Please match the technologies with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the methods and characteristics used in classifying bacteria. bacterial physiology/biochemistry
use DNA to determine the identity of an organism
Please match the technologies with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the methods and characteristics used in classifying bacteria. genetic techniques
these tests use cell shape and gram reaction to classify organisms.
Please match the technologies with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the methods and characteristics used in classifying bacteria. morphology
use antibody reactions to identify an organism or to determine relatedness
Please match the technologies with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the methods and characteristics used in classifying bacteria. serological analysis
this pattern has flagella at both poles of the cell
Please match the terms related to flagella with the statement that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the attachment patterns of bacterial flagella. amphitrichous
this pattern has groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell
Please match the terms related to flagella with the statement that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the attachment patterns of bacterial flagella. lophotrichous
this pattern has one flagellum attached at one end of the cell
Please match the terms related to flagella with the statement that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the attachment patterns of bacterial flagella. monotrichous
this pattern consists of flagella randomly distributed around the cell
Please match the terms related to flagella with the statement that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the attachment patterns of bacterial flagella. peritrichous
this type of flagella can be found at either or both ends of a cell
Please match the terms related to flagella with the statement that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the attachment patterns of bacterial flagella. polar
an organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea
Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archaeal adaptations. halophile
an organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park
Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archaeal adaptations. hyperthermophile
an organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts CO2 and H into methane
Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archaeal adaptations. methanogen
an organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperature below freezing
Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archaeal adaptations. psychrophile
this layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins is tightly bound to the cell and contributes to the cell's pathogenicity
Please match to cell component with the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of glycocalyx, the different forms and their most important functions. capsule
this is the general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell
Please match to cell component with the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of glycocalyx, the different forms and their most important functions. glycocalyx
this loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients
Please match to cell component with the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of glycocalyx, the different forms and their most important functions. slime layer
human red blood cell
Please order the following choices (1 being the smallest to 4 being the largest) to test your understanding of the size ranges of bacteria in comparison to other organisms. largest
Rickettsias and Chlamydias
Please order the following choices (1 being the smallest to 4 being the largest) to test your understanding of the size ranges of bacteria in comparison to other organisms. second smallest
a typical virus
Please order the following choices (1 being the smallest to 4 being the largest) to test your understanding of the size ranges of bacteria in comparison to other organisms. smallest
typical bacteria
Please order the following choices (1 being the smallest to 4 being the largest) to test your understanding of the size ranges of bacteria in comparison to other organisms. third smallest
Individual, specialized cells lose the ability to exist independently.
Please order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of eukaryotic cells and multicellularity. fifth step
Two prokaryotes developed a symbiotic relationship where the smaller prokaryote lived within the larger prokaryote.
Please order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of eukaryotic cells and multicellularity. first step
Certain cells within the colony developed specialized functions.
Please order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of eukaryotic cells and multicellularity. fourth step
The smaller prokaryote within the symbiotic relationship developed into an organelle.
Please order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of eukaryotic cells and multicellularity. second step
Proteins are deposited in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins. stage 3
Proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins. stage 4
Proteins are chemically modified.
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins. stage 5
Proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles.
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins. stage 6
the egg enters an intermediate host
Please order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction. stage 1
the egg releases larvae
Please order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction. stage 2
larvae develop into an adult in the definitive host
Please order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction. stage 3
mating of the adult occurs I the definitive host
Please order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction. stage 4
fertilized eggs are released into the environment where they can infect another host
Please order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction. stage 5
heredity growth and development use of energy
Please select all of the characteristics that define life and living things.
prokaryotic circular chromosome contain long-chain, branches hydrocarbons in the cell membrane
Please select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea.
fungi can be found in two cell forms: hyphae and yeasts Most fungi obtain nutrients from decaying matter but some fungi can be parasites of living hosts. fungi are heterotrophic
Please select all of the following that are true regarding fungi.
They are responsible for multiplication and dissemination of the fungi. They are responsible for producing genetic variability.
Please select all of the following that represent the functions of fungal spores.
contains nuclear pores for transporting materials out of the nucleus contains a granular mass known as a nucleolus contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
Please select all of the following which are characteristics of the nucleus to test your understanding of the structure of the nucleus.
flagella cilia
Please select all of the following which are eukaryotic locomotor appendages.
cell membrane cytoplasm DNA
Please select all of the following which are found in all cells regardless of cell type.
Classification and taxonomy can assist in identifying an unknown organism. Classification and taxonomy can assist in studying the evolutionary origins of an organism. Classification and taxonomy can assist in identifying a new species of organism.
Please select all of the following which are purposes of classification and taxonomy in the study of prokaryotes.
number of nuclei size and shape of the cell type and number of locomotor appendages
Please select all of the following which are useful for identifying and classifying protozoa using microscopic morphology.
Bacterial endospores are highly resistant to heat, drying, and radiation. Endospores can exist in the environment for indefinite periods of time. Endospores resist boiling and therefore steam must be used to destroy endospores present in food.
Please select all of the statements that are true about endospores.
Protozoa can move using flagella, pseudopodia, or cilia. protozoa have an ectoplasm involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection protozoa can be free-living or parasitic
Please select characteristics exhibited by protozoa to test your understanding of protozoan form, nutrition, and locomotion.
nucleus mitochondria cytoskeleton
Please select the cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells.
level of organization general cell type or body plan acquisition of nutrients and nutritional requirements
Please select the characteristics which have traditionally been used to place plants, animals, and fungi into separate kingdoms.
genetic profile structure of the hyphae type of sexual reproduction
Please select the primary characteristics which are used to classify fungi.
Mycoplasmas are known for causing primary atypical__?
Pneumonia
The glycocalyx is usually composed of which of the following?
Polysaccharides
The nuclear envelope is perforated with which of the following?
Pores
____ are special membrane channels located in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells.
Porin proteins
A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a ____ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection.
Portal entry
Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a ____ of _____ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium.
Portal of entry
______ staining involves any staining technique in which the dye actually sticks to the specimen and gives it color.
Positive
Basic dyes carry a ___ charged chromophore and acidic dyes have a ____ charged chromophore.
Positively, negatively
Identify a few benefits of cells being motile.
Predator avoidance, Attraction to nutrients, Chemical avoidance
In order to destroy endospore-forming bacteria in canned foods, canning is carried out under which of the following conditions?
Pressurized steam at 120οC for 20 minutes
The word "aseptic" refers to which of the following?
Prevention of contamination
What are porins?
Protein channels that span the outer membrane.
According to the fluid mosaic model, the lipid bilayer is embedded with numerous globular ___.
Proteins
During facilitated diffusion, molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of ____ carriers.
Proteins
HIstones are which type of macromolecule?
Proteins
Which of the following is the most prevalent organic compound found in cells?
Proteins
_____ are the organic compound found in the highest concentration in a cell.
Proteins
Which of the following membrane-bound macromolecules function in communication between the cell and its environment?
Proteins and carbohydrates
Which of the following are organic nutrients?
Proteins, Methane, Carbohydrate, Nucleic acids
Gram-positive cells that have lost their cell wall are called?
Protoplasts
Which of the following are gram-positive cells that have lost their cells walls, usually as a result of the activity of lysozyme or penicillin?
Protoplasts
Cilia could be present on which of the following microbes?
Protozoa
Which of the following are only unicellular?
Protozoa
__________________ are single celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutrient needs and celluar structure.
Protozoans
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis, A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell, Provide a site for energy reactions
Bacterial appendages can be divided into which two functional groups?
Provide attachment sites or channels, Provide motility
Which is the factor that most limits the clarity of a microscope's image?
Resolving power
The presence of type IV pili cause a type of twitching movement in bacteria of which of the following genera?
Pseudomonas
Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?
Psychrophile
Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______.
Psychrotrophs
_______ can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles. Facultative psychrophiles &
Psychrotrophs
A culture that only contains one species of organism is termed a _____________ culture.
Pure
Gram positive bacteria exhibit with color after the Gram-stain?
Purple
James goes to the doctor with an extremely sore throat. It is confirmed that he has strep throat caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram Positive, coccus shaped bacterium. After a gram stain which of the following represent what this organism will appear as under the microscope?
Purple and Spherical Shaped
A(n) _______ is a critical number of cells required to release inducer molecules in order to form a biofilm.
Quorum
______ sensing is the ability of some microbes to detect the number of other microbes and act accordingly.
Quorum
Which terminology describes the ability of some microbes to detect the numbers of other microbes and alter their behavior?
Quorum sensing
___ ____is a behavior of biofilms which occurs when individual species alter the expression of their genes to cooperate with other cells in the biofilm.
Quorum sensing
Why is refrigeration of leftover food an effective way to prevent spoilage?
Refrigeration temperatures are not optimal for reproduction and growth of food-associated pathogens.
Which of the following describe the features of active transport?
Requires ATP expenditure, Involves membrane proteins, Movement is usually against the diffusion gradient
Which is NOT an important role of water in the growth and metabolism of cells?
Resistance of osmotic pressure
As I look into the microscope, I notice that the image formed is difficult to see clearly. In scientific jargon, I would say "this microscope has poor _________________".
Resolution
________ power is the ability of a microscope to show detail.
Resolving
Which of the following properties of a microscope did we refer to as its ability to make out objects CLEARLY? This allows for us to clearly see two objects on a microscope slide as two separate & distinct objects rather than just one.
Resolving Power
The _____ theory is used to describe the origin of some eukaryotic organelles.
Symbiosis
Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?
Symbiosis
Fungal spores' function in both survival and reproduction, while bacterial endospores function in survival only.
TRUE
____________________ consists of classification, nomenclature, and identification.
Taxonomy
The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by ________.
Temperature
Death usually occurs to microbes when which condition exists?
Temperature above maximum
Which is the difference between Gram and acid-fast stains?
The Gram stain uses crystal violet while the acid-fast stain uses carbol fuschin.
true
The Kingdom Protista is initially divided into two groups based on whether the organism in question is capable of photosynthesis. true or false
species
The _______ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.
by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force
The bacterial flagellum moves
cell membrane cell wall
The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the _______ and _______.
proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer
The cell membrane is composed of _____________.
What is an advantage of using dark-field microscopy instead of bright-field microscopy?
The contrast is better due to the dark background which allows better visualization of detail
true
The ease of global travel and increased immigration has affected the worldwide distribution of helminth infections. true or false
Which is FALSE regarding a facultative anaerobe?
The electron transport system is non-functional
Identify three advantages of endospore formation?
The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents. The endospore provides protection in dry conditions. Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat.
80S
The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) ____ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
The streak plate technique works by using an inoculating loop to spread a bacterial sample in a pattern that thins it out but this only works if which of the following is done?
The inoculating loop is re-sterilized at each thinning step of the pattern.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the chemical composition of cells?
The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids.
Negative staining of a cell can yield results concerning which of the following?
The presence of a capsule, Cell size, Cell shape and arrangement
false
The primary medical threat from algae is skin infections contracted when swimming in algae rich bodies of water, particularly after algal "blooms." true or false
exopolymer
The production of which substance leads to thickening of the biofilm over time?
How does the loop dilution/pour plate technique result in colony isolation?
The sample is serially diluted before dispensing into petri dishes.
staphylococci
The term used to describe a cluster of spherical bacteria is _________.
chlamydias; rickettsias
The two groups of obligate intracellular bacteria are the ________, usually spread by contact, and the ________, usually transmitted by the bites of arthropods.
Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called ____ -philes.
Thermo
Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called _____ microbes.
Thermoduric
Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?
Thermoduric microbes
Which of the following are characteristics of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
They possess chromosomes, they may possess a cell wall, they have phospholipids in their cell membrane.
chloroplast
This organelle is formed of stacks of thylakoids called grana which are responsible for photosynthesis.
rough ER
This organelle, composed of a series of membranes to which ribosomes are attached, functions to process and modify proteins.
Which of the following bacteria use their flagella to invade mucus membranes and cause infections?
Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori
The ______ image of a microscopic specimen is the one that will be received by the eye and converted to a retinal and visual image.
Virtual
Which of the following is the terminology used to describe the image of something viewed using a microscope?
Virtual image
Peptidoglycan in the cell ____ provides the structural support necessary to protect bacteria from lysis due to internal pressure.
Wall
The bacterial cell _______ allows it to survive in a hypotonic environment.
Wall
The cell _____ of fungi are rigid and provide structural support and shape to the cells.
Walls
Which is the major component of cytoplasm?
Water
Which of the following are the two most prevalent chemical components of a cell?
Water and protein
Based on our equation for Resolving Power (Limit of Resolution) which of the following would need to decrease to obtain better resolution?
Wavelength of Light
Which of the following describes the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria?
Well-developed
organismal organization type of cell wall or covering pigmentation
What characteristics are primarily used to classify algae?
differential
What general type of stain is used to separate types of bacteria based on their cellular structures?
run; tumble
When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a ____, but when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a ____.
analysis of ribosomal RNA
Which characteristic has most recently been used to classify eukaryotic organisms and assign them to various taxonomic groups.
means of motility number of nuclei
Which characteristics are typically used to initially classify protozoans?
pH temperature osmotic pressure
Which of the following conditions need to be suitable for bacteria to grow?
gram-negative—pink/red; gram-positive—purple
Which of the following correctly describe the color of different cells after using the Gram staining technique?
strep throat
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a spore-forming bacterium?
They are ancient, primitive organisms that adapt well to extreme conditions because they have retained characteristics of the cells that first evolved when Earth's conditions were far more extreme.
Which of the following explains why archaeons are extremophiles?
glycocalyx
You are studying a new variant of a eukaryotic cell. The variant cell has mutated so that it no longer attaches well to surfaces or initiates the formation of a biofilm. The mutation in this cell has most likely affected the _____.
The procedure that involves applying colored cationic or anionic chemicals (dyes) to specimens is called
______ Staining
a metabolically active cell
a vegetative cell is
Some organisms can adapt to hypertonic environments by:
absorbing salt from environment
The ___ ___ stain is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy.
acid or Ziehl, fast or Neelsen
Initiation by a specific germination agent, enzymes digest the cortex and expose the core water, the core rehydrates, the core takes up nutrients, the cell becomes an
active vegetative cell
all cells appear purple
after grams iodine is added, what color do the cells appear under a light microscope
archaea
are novel prokaryotic organisms that belong to their own superkingdom (domain).
The technique of subculturing bacteria is used to obtain pure or ____ cultures
axenic
on a variety of surfaces including shower curtains, the walls of swimming pools, and teeth
biofilms are found
Living organisms obtain nutrients from ____ sources.
both organic and inorganic sources
ATP is required in _____-______ _______ transport used to transport certain sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and phosphate into the cell.:
carrier mediated active
The DNA of an organism is organized into discrete bodies called?
chromosomes
If microbiologists only used the Gram stain and shape to identify bacteria, we could not assign bacteria to a more specific level than which of the following?
class
The condenser converges (focuses) light to a single point on the specimen in a
compound
The collisions of atoms and molecules in a solution causes them to move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______
concentration until they become equally dispersed.
viruses
does not contain organelles and cannot replicate independently
The cell ____ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.
embrane
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is classified as is a(n)
endotoxin
The passive movement of molecules across a membrane through a carrier protein or protein channel is known as ___________.
facilitated diffusion
The basal body, hook, and filament are components of ____ in bacteria.
flagella or flagellum
The basal body, hook, and filament are components of _____ in bacteria.
flagella or flagellum
The ______ of a bacterium rotates counterclockwise which causes the cell to "swim" in a smooth, linear direction toward a chemical stimulus.
flagellum or flagella
the remains of dead plants or animals a living host
fungi may obtain nutrition from what
Anoxygenic photosynthesis occurs in which of the following organisms?
green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria
When a molecule is moved across a membrane and is simultaneously converted into a metabolically active substance, ________ has occurred.
group translocation
A _______ is a microorganism, such as an archaean, that thrives at extremely high temperatures (above 80°C-110°C).
hyperthermophile
An essential nutrient is any element or compound that an organism______.
must get from a source outside its cells.
Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as ______, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as ______.
phototrophs/chemotrophs
chromosome ribosome water
please select all of the following which are contents of the cell cytoplasm
In the fluid mosaic model, the membrane is a continuous bilayer formed by lipids with the ________ oriented outward and the ________ towards the center.
polar heads; nonpolar tails
The function of micronutrients, or trace elements is(are):
proper enzyme function
Fungal spores' function in _______, while bacterial spores' function in _______.
reproduction; protection
Which of the following represents the main method for which Woese assigned organisms into domains?
ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences (rRNA)
can be either gram-positive or gram-negative
rod-shaped bacteria
This arrangement is formed when rod-shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other
streptobacilli
Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to ____.
synthesize new enzymes to metabolize nutrients in the culture media.
Which of the following best defines "wavelength"?
the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave of radiation
motility
the primary function of flagella is for
The type of mount in which a specimen is prepared for optical microscopy is dependent upon which of the following?
the type of microscopy available, the condition of the specimen, the aims of the examiner
Autotrophs are special because _____
they can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar.
purple; colorless
when ethanol is applied correct, gram positive cells appear ________ and gram negative cells appear __________
they can lead to systemic infections
which of the following is true of biofilms
old cells ma not gram stain properly
why must fresh cells be used when performing a gram stain