Microbiology Exam 1 (Chp. 1, 3, 4, 10)

Paul Ehrlich

"Magic bullet" drug speculation that could destroy pathogen without harming a host; developed Salvarsan for tx of syphilis

How wide are most bacteria? A) 0.2-2 micrometers B) 1-4 micrometers C) 2-8 micrometers D) 5-15 micrometers

0.2-2 micrometers

How long is most bacteria? A) 0.2-2 micrometers B) 1-4 micrometers C) 2-8 micrometers D) 5-15 micrometers

2-8 micrometers

Eukaryotes first appeared A) 2.7 billion years ago B) 45,000 years ago C) 2.7 billion years ago

2.7 billion years ago

Prokaryotes first appeared: A) 2.7 billion years ago B) 45,000 years ago C) 2.7 billion years ago

3.8-4.2 billion years ago

What are the two subunits used to compose prokaryotic ribosomes? A) 20S + 50S B) 30S + 40S C) 30S + 50S D) 40S + 60S

30S + 50S

The movement of an axial filament can best be described like A) a corkscrew B) it doesn't move C) scissors D) a wheel

A corkscrew

The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by A) chromatin B) a nuclear envelope C) histone proteins D) nucleoli

A nuclear envelope

Rudolf Virchow

All cells come from other cells; **started debate for spontaneous generation vs biogenesis**

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

O polysaccharide functions as A) endotoxin B) protein C) exotoxin D) antigen

Antigen

What are the three domains of life? (BAE)

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Joseph Lister

Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery

Bacteria divide by A) binary fission B) spore formation C) mitosis D) budding

Binary fission

Some bacteria stain gram-positive and others stain gram-negative because of differences in the structure of their A) cell wall B) capsule C) cell membrane D) endospore

Cell wall

Porins form what through gram-negative cell wall membranes? A) holes B) nothing C) channels

Channels

Bacilli that divide and appear oval/round are called A) single bacilli B) diplobacilli C) streptobacilli D) coccobacilli

Coccobacilli

A vibrio is what shape? A) rod-shaped B) spherical C) spiral D) curved rod

Curved rod

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Robert Hooke

Discovered cells

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin in 1928

Louis Pasteur

Dispelled spontaneous generation theory, resulted in acceptance of theory of biogenesis; pasteurization method of milk, beer, wine

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup: what does this mean?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Which of the following structures allow a cell to survive adverse environmental conditions? A) capsule B) carboxysome C) endospore D) gas vacuole

Endospore

Lipid A is a/an A) endotoxin B) protein C) exotoxin D) antigen

Endotoxin

Which is not true regarding passive processes? A) energy expended B) no energy expended C) substances move from high concentration to low concentration

Energy expended

Callous Linnaeus

Established system of scientific nomenclature

Gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls both produce A) exotoxins B) endotoxins and exotoxins C) endotoxins D) neither

Exotoxins *gram-negative produces endotoxins and exotoxins

hairlike appendages that allow for attachment are called A) flagella B) pili C) micro hairs D) fimbriae

Fimbriae

Proteins that distinguish among serovars of gram-negative bacteria are found in which structures? A) fimbriae B) pili C) flagella D) axial filaments

Flagella

Spirilla move via propeller-like appendages called A) pili B) fimbriae C) flagella

Flagella

A phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, and transmembrane proteins all make up the A) nuclear envelope B) fluid mosaic membrane model C) cell wall D) cytoplasm

Fluid mosaic membrane model

Examples of biotechnology

Gene therapy, CRSPR

The viscous and gelatinous substance that surrounds cells is called A) cytoplasm B) glycocalyx C) nuclear envelope

Glycocalyx

Which organelle processes, modifies, and sends proteins to their correct destination? A) lysosome B) smooth ER C) golgi complex D) mitochondria

Golgi complex

Does gram-positive or gram-negative cell walls have low susceptibility to penicillin? A) gram-negative B) both C) neither D) gram-positive

Gram-negative

Does gram-positive or gram-negative cell walls have high susceptibility to penicillin? A) gram-negative B) both C) neither D) gram-positive

Gram-positive

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope, "animalcules"

Eukaryotic flagellum rotates A) clockwise B) counterclockwise C) It doesn't rotate, it moves in a wavelike motion D) clockwise or counterclockwise

It doesn't rotate, it moves in a wavelike motion

In active processes, substances move from A) high concentration to low concentration B) low concentration to high concentration C) they don't move at all

Low concentration to high concentration

Inclusions of iron oxide in bacteria are found in structures known as A) gas vacuoles B) magnetosomes C) endospore D) metachromatic granules

Magnetosomes

The ability of an organism to move by itself is A) flagella B) taxis C) motility D) fimbriae

Motility

Simple diffusion is A) movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration B) the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of low water concentration

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Acid-fast cell walls contain high concentrations of A) teichoic acid B) peptidoglycan C) pseudomurein D) mycolic acid

Mycolic acid

Peptidoglycan consists of A) N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) B) N-Acetylmuramic Acid (NAM) C) polypeptides and amino acids D) N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic Acid (NAM) only E) A, B, and C

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-Acetylmuramic Acid (NAM), polypeptides and amino acids

In facilitated diffusion A) energy is expended B) no energy is expended C) solute needs the help of a transporter protein in the membrane D) b & c only

No energy expended, solute needs the help of a transporter protein in the membrane

The bacterial cell wall is made up of A) nothing, they have no cell wall B) peptidoglycan C) chitin D) mannan

Peptidoglycan

Which organelle contains enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances? A) vacuole B) peroxisome C) Golgi complex D) centriole

Peroxisome

Gliding and twitching motility is associated with A) pili B) flagella C) micro hairs D) fimbriae

Pili

Which of the following facilitate transfer of DNA (conjugation) from one cell to another? A) fimbriae B) pili C) flagella D) micro hairs

Pili

The phospholipid bilayer contains A) polar/hydrophilic heads B) nonpolar/hydrophobic tails C) proteins throughout D) none of these E) all of these

Polar heads, nonpolar tails, proteins throughout

Robert Koch

Proved that a bacterium causes anthrax; developed Koch's postulates (linking specific microbe to a specific disease)

A bacillus is what shape? A) rod-shaped B) spherical C) spiral D) curved rod

Rod-shaped

The word Bacillus may refer to A) rod-shaped cells B) spherical cells C) spiral-shaped cells D) a specific genus E) rod-shaped cells and a specific genus

Rod-shaped cells and a specific genus

When a bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time that is interrupted by periodic, abrupt, random changes, the movements are called A) "run and tumble" B) "fly and flutter" C) "start and stop"

Run and tumble* *tumble is caused by reversal of of flagellar rotation

Cocci that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight are called A) diplococci B) streptococci C) tetrads D) sarcinae E) staphylococci

Sarcinae

The plasma membrane has A) no permeability B) selective permeability C) open permeability

Selective permeability

Which organelle synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids? A) chloroplast B) rough ER C) smooth ER D) Golgi complex

Smooth ER

A coccus is what shape? A) rod-shaped B) spherical C) spiral D) curved rod

Spherical

A spirillum is what shape? A) rod-shaped B) spherical C) spiral D) curved rod

Spiral

Axial filaments (endoflagella) are found on A) bacillus B) spirochetes C) coccus

Spirochetes

John Needham

Spontaneous generation can occur under the right conditions. Disproved Redi's experiment.

Bacteria that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters are called... A) streptococci B) staphylococci C) coccobacilli D) vibrios

Staphylococci

Bacilli that divide in chains are called A) single bacilli B) diplobacilli C) streptobacilli D) coccobacilli

Streptobacilli

The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called A) motility B) run and tumble C) twitching D) taxis

Taxis

The outer membrane of gram negative cell walls consists of all of the following except A) phospholipids B) lipopolysaccharides C) teichoic acid D) lipoproteins

Teichoic acid

Which is true for prokaryotes? A) They generally lack organelles B) Their DNA is associated with histone proteins C) Their cell walls are chemically simple D) They are multicellular organisms

They generally lack organelles

Which of the following is not true regarding prokaryotes? A) they have one circular chromosome not found in a membrane B) they have no organelles or histones C) they have paired chromosomes in a nuclear membrane D) they include bacteria and archaea

They have paired chromosomes in a nuclear membrane

Gram-positive cell walls have all of the following except A) thick layer of peptidoglycan B) thin layer of peptidoglycan C) teichoic acid

Thin layer of peptidoglycan

Francesco Redi

This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

Capsules are important for bacterial _________, the degree at which a pathogen causes disease.

Virulence

Rosalind Franklin

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

Ignaz Semmelweis

advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another

A bacterium possessing flagella at both ends is known as A) amphitrichious B) lophotrichius C) monotrichous D) peritrichous

amphitrichious

Spirochetes move by means of A) axial filaments B) flagella C) pili D) fimbriae

axial filaments

What are the three main parts of flagella? A) cytoskeleton, nucleoid, ribosomes B) basal body, hook, filament C) microtubule, microfilament, centrosome

basal body, hook, filament

What structure protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis? A) capsule B) endospore C) flagellum D) axial filament

capsule

Chemotaxis is a response to

chemicals (move toward/away from)

Rebecca Lancefield

classified streptococci based on their cell wall components

Prokaryotic flagellum rotates A) clockwise B) counterclockwise C) It doesn't rotate, it moves in a wavelike motion D) clockwise or counterclockwise

clockwise or counterclockwise

Bacilli that divide and form pairs are known as A) single bacilli B) diplobacilli C) streptobacilli D) coccobacilli

diplobacilli

Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing are called A) diplococci B) streptococci C) tetrads D) sarcinae E) staphylococci

diplococci

James Watson and Francis Crick

discovered the structure of DNA

Which of the following is not a way to move materials across prokaryotic plasma membranes? A) endocytosis B) simple diffusion C) facilitated diffusion D) osmosis

endocytosis

Which of the following is not a part of a flagellum? A) filament B) hook C) fimbriae D) basal body

fimbriae

Phototaxis is a response to...

light (move toward/away from)

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains A) sterols B) mycolic acid C) teichoic acid D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A bacterium possessing a tuft of flagella at one end of its cell is called A) amphitrichious B) lophotrichius C) monotrichous D) peritrichous

lophotrichius

Eukaryotes divide via A) binary fission B) mitosis C) they don't divide D) osmosis

mitosis

A bacterium possessing a single flagellum at one end is known as A) amphitrichious B) lophotrichius C) monotrichous D) peritrichous

monotrichous

The bacterial cell wall is composed of A) cellulose B) glucan C) chitin D) peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called A) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) B) pili C) fimbriae

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

A bacterium with flagella all over it's surface is known as A) amphitrichious B) lophotrichius C) monotrichous D) peritrichous

peritrichous

Capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria from ______ by the cells of the host.

phagocytosis

Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria are known as A) golgi complexes B) lysosomes C) plasmids D) ribosomes

plasmids

Which of the following contain 70S ribosomes? A) prokaryotes B) mitochondria C) mitochondria and chloroplasts D) prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Lazzaro Spallanzani

showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes, disproved spontaneous generation

Cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called A) diplococci B) streptococci C) tetrads D) sarcinae E) staphylococci

streptococci

In addition to peptidoglycan, the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria contain A) mannan B) teichoic acid C) cellulose D) chitin

teichoic acid

Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four A) diplococci B) streptococci C) tetrads D) sarcinae E) staphylococci

tetrads

The glycocalyx is described as a capsule if A) the substance is unorganized and only loosely attaches to the cell wall B) the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

The glycocalyx is described as a slime layer if A) the substance is unorganized and only loosely attaches to the cell wall B) the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

the substance is unorganized and only loosely attaches to the cell wall

In chloroplasts, chlorophyll is contained in flattened sacs called A) thylakoids B) cristae C) cisternae D) vacuoles

thylakoids

Cellular conjugation is the A) transfer of cellular material from one cell to another via cell to cell contact B) transfer of cellular material from one cell to another not by cell to cell contact

transfer of cellular material from one cell to another via cell to cell contact