microbiology exam 3 part 1

chlamydias

- elementary body: spore - reticular body

whooping cough

- specific causative agent: bordetella pertusis - transmission: respiratory droplets - incubation period: 7-10 days - signs and symptoms: 1. catarrhal stage: cough symptoms, tracheal cytotoxin- cilia of the pseudostratified epithelial becomes paralyzed in the trachea, causes mucus to drip into the lungs, lasts 1-2 weeks, most contagious stage; 2. paroxysmal stage: very severe coughing, cough so much that breathing becomes difficult, can cough so much that can vomit and become exhausted, lasts 2-4 weeks- fairly high mortality in infants due to no reserves; 3. convalescent period: long phase, weeks to months to repair epithelial lining damage, vulnerable to secondary infections - parts of the body affected: throat, lungs, trachea- respiratory system - treatment: in catarrhal stage- antibiotics to prevent the spread and antitoxin to reduce the damage done; in paroxysmal stage: treat symptoms to help relieve the cough - prevention: vaccine every 10 years- DTP for herd immunity

trachoma

- specific causative agent: chlamydia trachomatis - transmission: flies or direct contact - incubation period: 5-12 days - signs and symptoms: severe inflammation of the eyelid, the number one cause of preventable blindness, affects 7 million people - parts of the body affected: eye accessory structures - treatment: azithromycin, erthromycin- same treatment as chlamydial STD - prevention: hygiene

chlamydial STD- lymphogranuloma venereum

- specific causative agent: chlamydia trachomatis - transmission: sexual contact - incubation period: 1-2 weeks - signs and symptoms: initial: headache, fever, muscle pain; secondary: buboes, white discharge; many people are asymptomatic but generally speaking will experience pain during urination and discharge from genitals - parts of the body affected: lymphatic and urogenital system - treatment: azithromycin, erythromycin - prevention: safe sex, abstinence

meningococcal meningitis

- specific causative agent: neisseria meningitidis - transmission: droplets and normal flora - incubation period: 3-4 days with a range of 2-10 days - signs and symptoms: high temperature, fever, headache, neck stiffness, muscle and joint pain, photophobia, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, seizures, skin lesions in 50% of cases (petechiae); in babies- all same symptoms, high pitched moaning, crying, floppiness, bending neck backwards/ arching the back, blank staring acute stage- stupor mental state declination stage- if survives, usually damage to the body convalescence stage- permanent brain or nerve damage, mental retardation, visual or hearing defects, learning disabilities, behavioral problems - parts of the body affected: nasal region, brain meninges - treatment: cefotaxime and chloramphenicol; mortality rate of 85% even with antibiotics - prevention: vaccine, avoid infected individuals through hygiene

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

- specific causative agent: rickettsia rickettsii - transmission: ticks of Dermacentor carry the disease between rodents and humans, have to feed on human blood for several hours after fed on infected rodent - incubation period: 3-8 days - signs and symptoms: introduced at tick bite, multiply at site of the bite and spread to the blood and infects the blood vessels- damaged blood vessels cause them to appear spotted; initial: sudden onset of fever with chills, headache, weakness, muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting- the rash shows up 2-4 days after the initial symptoms, no itch, begins on extremities and spreads up to the limbs and towards the trunk - parts of the body affected: circulatory system - treatment: doxycycline, chloramphenicol - prevention: don't get tick bites using bug spray, long clothing, check yourself for ticks, don't brush against scrubs

shigellosis

- specific causative agent: shigella dysenteriae; produces the shigatoxin - transmission: contaminated food, poor hand hygiene, phomytes and flies - incubation period: 3-4 days - signs and symptoms: abdominal pain, frequent watery diarrhea, dysentery, vomiting, nausea; causes high infant mortality as dehydration is a risk in developing countries - parts of the body affected: GI tract - treatment: penicillian, trimethoprim, replace lost fluids and electrolytes - prevention: hygiene, vaccine is in development

syphilis

- specific causative agent: treponema pallidum - transmission: sexual contact, kissing, can cross placenta- microbes enter the tissues through breaks in mucus membranes - incubation period: 10-21 days - signs and symptoms: always a latency period between the stages; primary stage: sores (cankers) start out as hard red bump that becomes a swallow crater, painless, usually goes away after 2-6 weeks, develops where the spirocete has entered the body; 1st latency period: 3 weeks to 6 months; secondary stage: fever, headache, sore throat, muscle pain, infected lymph nodes, coppery rash that persists for months, highly contagious; 2nd latency period: years to decades (max of 30 years); tertiary stage: gummas, painful, can be surface or internal, can be rubbery, can cause heart, nerve or brain damage, can also cause blindness - parts of the body affected: internal organs, skin, genitals, mouth - treatment: penicillian - prevention: safe sex

plague

- specific causative agent: yersinia pestis - transmission: flea bites, contact with contaminated fluids and tissues, droplets - incubation period: 2-6 days if direct contact, 1-3 if air droplets - signs and symptoms: bubonic plague: sudden onset of fever, headache, chills, weakness, swollen/ tender lymph nodes (buboes); speticemic plague: fever, chills, headache, weakness, abdominal pain, shock, possible blackening of tissues; pneumonic plague: fever, headache, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, watery/bloody mucus, possible respiratory failure and shock - parts of the body affected: lymph nodes, lungs - treatment: streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin - prevention: eliminate rodent nests, use repellent, wear gloves if touching contaminated animals, flea control on pets

nitrogen fixers

-aerobes: azotobacter (cyanobacteria) -faculative anaerobes: members of the genera klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter and bacillus -obligate anaerobes: clostridrum, desulfovibrio -rhizobium

bioremediation microbes

-arthrobacter: clean up crude oul -colwellia: clean up ethane -cycloclasticus: clean up aromatics -oceanospiralles: reduce alkalinity -alcanovorax: clean up crude oil -methylcoccacae: clean up methane

fermented milk

-cheese: lactococcus lactis and others (yeasts, fungi, ect.) -buttermilk: lactococcus lactis -yogurt: streptococcus thermophilus, lactobacillus bulgaricus

use of microbes for food production and preservation

-fermented milk -fermented vegetables -silage -bread -alcoholic fermentation -vinegar

parts of a virus

-genome: can be DNA or RNA, relatively limited- ranges from 4 to over 100 -capsid: coding, made of proteins capsomeres: subunits that make up capsid helical: long tube/rod shaped, helical structure, series of rings polyhedral: icosahedral, 20 sided (dungeons and dragons dice) -envelope: some have an envelope, lipid bilayer stolen from host cells that was modified by virus, glycoproteins

(-) sense

-paramyxoviridae- medium sized, enveloped, helical -rhabdoviridae- medium sized, enveloped, helical -orthomyxoviridae- medium sized, enveloped, spherical to helical, genome is 8 pieces -filoviridae- enveloped, filamentous, small -bunyaviridae- enveloped, medium, spherical, genome is 3 pieces

tertiary treatment

-partial treatment: not drinking water quality -complete treatment: drinking water quality

virus cultivation

-pfu: plaque forming unit -live animals and plants -eggs: bird eggs- influenza vaccine -cell or tissue culture- looking for areas where the cell has died

(+) sense

-picornavirdiae- naked, polyhedral, small; released by lysis of the cell; enterovirus, hepatovirus, rhinovirus -togaviridae- small, enveloped, polyhedral; German messels -flavivirdae- enveloped, polyhedral, small; yellow fever -retroviridae- enveloped, reserve transcriptase, small, spherical; HIV

stages of lytic viral replication

1. attachment to cell wall 2. entry- injects nucleic acid into cell; lysozyme 3. synthesis- hijacking! copies of the virus are being made 4. assembly- parts of the virus are being assembled 5. release- cell dies and releases bacteriophage to infect more cells

animal virus replication

1. attachment- virus binds to receptors on the cell membrane and the nucleic acid enters the cells 2. entry- uncoating: escape of genome from capsid 3. synthesis- takes over cell mechanisms, more viral parts are being made and travel to the nucleus to replicate 4. assembly- assembled in the nucleus 5. release- released as made-taking cell membrane with them and creates an envelop around the virus 6. latency- possible

sewage treatment

3 levels; in the US all do secondary, many, some or all tertiary primary, secondary and tertiary treatment

marine (ocean) microbes

3.5% NaCl so the microbes must be salt tolerant; pH= 6.5-8.3; lower in HPO42- and NO3-; less variation in temperature than freshwater (0 to 40 degrees Celsius- deep sea thermal vents up to 250 degrees Celsius)

viruses

acellular pathogens, can infect all types of cells, infectious particles- cannot reproduce without host cell, do not have own metabolic processes

vinegar

acetobacter- a variation on alcoholic fermentation

oncogenes

after the mutation, causes cancer

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

aka acute respiratory distress syndrome specific causative agent: hantavirus (sin nombre virus, bunyaviridae) transmission: urine or feces from the paromyscus mice to humans incubation period: 3 days to 6 weeks signs and symptoms: fever, muscle ache, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, shortness of breath, shock "low blood pressure", lung inflammation- viral particles inhaled infect the lung capillaries and cause blood vessels to be leaky parts of body affected: respiratory and circulatory systems treatment: treat the symptoms prevention: avoid mouse droppings and wet the droppings before cleaning

pharmaceutical products

antibiotics, hGH and insulin

RNA virus

assembled and replicated in the cytoplasm

alcoholic fermentation

beer, wine, sake, etc.

aleveolates

ciliates- have cilia, chemoheterotrophs, have 2 nuclei, named for the structure of their cell membrane- alveoli ex. Vorticella, Didinium and Paramecium- found in pond water apicomplexans- chemoheterotrophs, can be animal parasites ex. Plasmodium (malaria), Crypyosporidium and Toxoplasma dinoflagellates- photosynthetic (chl a, c and carotene), no histones, most have 2 flagella, many are bioluminescent, some make neurotoxins that will be absorbed by eating marine animals that have eaten them, shells are made of cellulose, flagella help them move in different directions (longitudinal and transverse)

bioremediation

cleaning up chemicals/toxic things in the environment such as oil; microbes used to clean up after an oil spill, fertilizer sprayed to help naturally occurring bacteria grow better; in 3 months, microbes get rid of 65% hydrocarbons and 45% polycyclic hydrocarbons which is about 50% crude oil

nitrogen fixation

converting inorganic N2 into NH3, usable by plants; ammonia (NH3) is more available to plants as an oxygen source

importance of fungi

decomposers (need to release nutrients from dead organisms), produce antibiotics (penicillian), pathogens (of plants we're trying to grow for food), industrial, food (blue cheese, bread, wine, beer), research tool (yeast is the most important research source)

chrysophyta

diatoms; use same storage polysaccharide, large part of phytoplankon, do lots of photosynthesis of the ocean, bottom of ocean food chain

cysts

dormant stage (similar to endospores), not all can form this but most do

industrial products

ethanol is added to gasoline; methane is collected from landfills

euglenozoa

euglenids- photoautotrophs, have chl a, b and carotene, no cell wall, have flagella, are chemoheterotrophs in the dark ex. Euglena ex. Kinetoplastids- have one large mitochondira, some are animal parasites; ex. Trypanosoma, Leishmania

protozoa

eukaryotic, unicellular, no cell wall, motile, live in moist environments, chemoheterotrophs, asexual reproducation, 2 stages- trophozoites and cysts

silage

fermented plants used for animal feed

zygomycota

forms spores in sporangia, most are free living, few are parasites, diploid spores, ex. Rhizopus- black bread mold

benign tumor

grows in place without spreading and infecting nearby tissues

basidiomycota

haploid sexual spores formed in basidium, fleshy fruity bodies, only 1 human pathogen but many plant pathogens, regular white mushrooms, can produce toxins that are bad for humans (rust and smuts)

naked virus

have no envelope, harder to kill

microbes in the soil

humus: top layer of soil with lots of organic material; aerobic bacteria = 70% of soil microbes; lots of fungi, gives texture to soil with mycelia; fungi and bacteria are decomposers- releasing nutrients for plants

biogeochemical cycles

hydrologic cycle carbon cycle nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixing

phytoplankton

include cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, chlamydomonads, other protists, algae; ex. pseudomonas, vibrio, achromobacter, flavobacterium; mostly single celled microbes in upper layer of the ocean, do photosynthesis and produce most of the atmosphere's oxygen

prions

infectious proteins, misfolded and dangerous

malignant tumor

interferes with the functioning of the body part its attached to

bioremediation advantages

kind to the environment; economical; can clean up chemicals in place where soil is contaminated (without moving soil)

eukaryotes

kingdoms: fungi, plantae, animalia, protista

lysogenic

latency- viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial genome -prophage: incorporated into host genome -induction: something triggers cells, viral genome leaves the bacterial genome to enter lytic cycle -lysogenic conversion- the viralgenome becomes integrated

rhizobium

located in the root nodules of legumes; multiple near the root and release enzymes that damage the cellulose of plant cell walls; bacilli in soil, turn into cocci with flagella after root cell wall damage- swarmers; swim over and enter the root cells; induce the plant to make root nodules, then live in them and make NH3 available to plant; 3N2 + 3H2 = 3NH3; requires an anaerobic environment so induce the plant to make Hb-like molecule that binds to oxygen and provides an anaerobic environment

brown algae

marine organisms, giant kelps- 60 feet tall, anchor to the bottom and grow to the surface

neoplasm

mass of cells, tumor

trophozoites

metabolically active, motile stage

primary secondary treatment

microbes are used- sewage is inoculated with microbes, microbes break down organic molecules, mixture aerated because many microbes are aerobic 1. activated sludge system: mix new sewage with inoculum from older sewage that contains microbes- aerobic microbes allow to digest sewage 4-8 hours while mixed and aerated then allow settling- removes 95% of organic molecules 2. trickling filter system: uses sphaerotilis and beggiotoa; sewage sprayed over bed of rocks that's colonized by aerobic microbes- removes 80% of organic molecules

asexual spores

molds and yeasts, spread by the wind, sporangiospores, chlamydiospores, conidiospores

algae

most are aquatic, eukaryotes, phototropic, unicellular or colonial or multicellular thalli, thought to provide over 50% of the oxygen in the atmosphere

kingdom fungi

most are saprophytic, walls of most fungi contain chitin- some contain cellulose, most reproduce both sexually and asexually, prefer humidity greater than 70%, most are aerobic, only a few are a human parasite- but many are a major plant parasite

bread

needs microbes to rise, fermentation makes CO2

lichens

no human pathogens, symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic plants (ex. green algae), each type has a specific symbiosis- crustose = rocks, foliose = flat and leaf like. fruticose = bushy, bright colors, fungi provide a moist environment for algae

diplomonadida

no mitochondria, golgi or peroxisomes, have 2 nuclei with multiple flagella ex. Giardia- GI disease caused by contaminated water

parabasala

no mitochondria, parabasal body (like Golgi) ex. Trichonympha spp- termite bacteria that can break down cellulose ex. Trichomonas spp- vaginal infections (smelly discharge)

amobozoa

no shell, lobed pseudopods ex. Entamoeba- use phagocytosis for food slime molds- no cell wall, phagocytic, plasmodial (form during part of life cycle, multicellular structure, release spores and are colonial), cellular (colonial), like moist places

proto-oncogenes

normal, human gene that when mutated can cause cancer

rickettsias

obligate intracellular parasites, alphaproteobacteria, arthropods, bacilli

classification of viruses

order- virales family- viridae genera- virus

kingdoms considered protozoa

parabasla, diplomonadida, euglenozoa, alveolates, rhizaria, amoebozoa

virions

part that infects a cell

metastasis

parts break off and can be carried to distant parts of the body

primary sewage treatment

physical separation of solids from water, performed by screens and letting solids settle (no microbes used)

viroids

plant pathogens, naked strands of RNA- no capsid; affect tomatos, potatoes and cucumbers

energy flow in ecosystems

producers, consumers, decomposers

capsid and envelope functions

protect the virus, allow it to get into the host cell, what our immune system recognizes and attacks

red algae

red pigment that responds to blue light, marine organisms, agar or carrageenan

naked and complex viruses

released by cell death

enveloped viruses

releases a few at a time, taking part of the host cell membrane with them to create an envelope, leads to cell death

RNA viruses

replicated in the cytoplasm

DNA viruses

replicated in the nucleus -adenoviridae- small, polyhedral, naked, linear double stranded DNA -herpesviridae- large, enveloped, polyhedral, linear double stranded DNA -poxviridae- enveloped, large, complex, linear double stranded DNA -papovaviridae- small, naked, polyhedral, circular double stranded DNA -hepadnaviridae- small, envelop, polyhedral, double stranded and single stranded mix

sexual spores

sexes= plus and minus- most produce sexual spores at some point in their life to increase genetic variability 3 most common divisions: zygomycota, ascomycota, basidomycota

bioremediation disadvantages

slower way to clean up local area and may be faster to move soil; may not work with mixed contaminants

fermented vegetables

sour kraut, kimchi, dill pickles, soy sauce, tofu, miso and nato

vCJD

specific causative agent: BSE transmission: BSE infected beef, especially ground beef incubation period: years to decades signs and symptoms: pain, anxiety, depression, loss of balance, trouble walking, blindness, loss of speech, loss of control over voluntary muscle movement parts of body affected: brain and nervous system treatment: palliative care- 100% mortality rate prevention: no cattle products in cattle feed, monitor cattle for infection, avoid beef when traveling

lyme disease

specific causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi transmission: Ixodes ticks- bites from infected ticks incubation period: 36-48 hours for transmission, 3-30 days after tick bite signs and symptoms: initial- fatigue, fever, chills, headache, 70-80% present rash; secondary- heart and nervous system problems; tertiary- arthritis parts of the body affected: skin, cardiovascular, nervous, joints treatment: penicillin prevention: vaccine, repellent, tick checks, protect pets

tetanus

specific causative agent: Clostridium tentani transmission: direct contact via soil or animal guts, spores into a wound incubation period: 4 to 10 days symptoms: general muscle stiffness near infected area, muscle spasms, can kill by paralyzing the diaphragm aka contractile paralysis, tetanospasmin blocks the release of gaba which is inhibitory in upper motor neurons so the receptors receive constant signals which leads to uncontrollable muscle contractions parts of the body affected: muscular, neuromusclar treatment: immogloblin against toxin, removing damaged tissue prevention: vaccine every 10 years

coccidiomycosis

specific causative agent: Coccidiodes immitis transmission: inhaling fungal spores found in the soil, soil that has been recently disturbed incubation period: 2 days to 3 weeks signs and symptoms: 60% asymptomatic; fever, cough, chest pain, trouble breathing, loss of appetite, weight loss; can be hospitalized if spread to lungs- multiples in the lungs; most recover on their own in about a month parts of the body affected: respiratory system treatment: amphoteracin B prevention: dust control

urinary tract infection

specific causative agent: Escherichia coli causes 80% of cases transmission: normal flora getting in the wrong place incubation period: 1 to 3 days symptoms: females; sudden onset of pain during urination, experience a frequent urge, cloudy or off color urine, more likely to develop one due to anatomy, males; more likely to develop one if middle aged or older due to the prostate becoming enlarged, makes it more difficult to fully void the bladder parts of the body affected: urethra and bladder treatment: antibiotics such as amoxicillin prevention: fully void the bladder, stay hydrated to urinate often, wipe front to back, urinate after sex complication: pyelonephritis; a kidney infection that causes fever, chills, vomiting and kidney pain

herpes

specific causative agent: HHV 1 and 2 transmission: direct contact incubation period: 1-2 weeks signs and symptoms: chronic disease; can go latent in the nervous ganglia- when reactivated moves to the epithelium, symptoms show more near the initial infection; core sores: HHV 1; fever blisters, found near the mouth, fever, malas, muscle pain, core sores last about a week; genital herpes: HHV 2; lesions on the genitals, thigh and butt, may or may not have fever, swelling and tenderness in the groin area, some are asymptomatic parts of body affected: genital region, mouth area, eyes (babies can get eye infections if mother gives birth during an outbreak), PNS treatment: valaciclovir and acyclovir- currently working on vaccine prevention: avoid contact when having an outbreak, safe sex, female condoms

chickenpox and shingles

specific causative agent: HHV 3- varicella zoster virus transmission: respiratory droplets incubation period: 2-3 weeks signs and symptoms: malas and rash- chicken pox- red, itchy, slightly raised, begins on trunk and spreads, can go latent in the ganglia of the PNS parts of body affected: skin, respiratory system treatment: antivirals ASAP, without treatment, takes the body 6 months to 1 year to fight off prevention: vaccine sequela: shingles, occurs after latent virus reemerges; fluid filled, painful blisters- full of particles, very painful comes out along a dermatone

warts

specific causative agent: HPV transmission: direct contact, fomites incubation period: initial transcription takes 12-24 hours, takes 2-9 months to see small growth signs and symptoms: -common (seed) warts: dome shaped, rough, usually occurs on hands -plantar warts: thick rough specks that grow on the soles of feet -flat warts: appear light yellow, pink, brown, usually grow on face, arms and legs -genital warts (condylomas): soft growth on genitals, considered an STD parts of body affected: basal cells of stratified epithelium treatment: topicals, antiviral creams, cryotherapy, surgical removal prevention: hygiene, protect damaged skin, safe sex, gardasal vaccine

leprosy aka Hansen's disease

specific causative agent: Mycobacterium leprae, very slow growing bacteria as the generation time is 12 days, can survive phagocytosis, shed in the respiratory secretions and skin secretions in infected areas transmission: incubation period: 3 months to 20 years but on average is 3 years symptoms: tuberculoid leprosey; strong immune system and shallow skin lesions with loss of pigment and sensation, enters peripheral nerves vs lepromatus leprosey; lesions called lepromas affect the ears, nose, hands and feet, the bacteria are multiplying inside the body cells in cooler regions, can get deep into the tissues and damage bone parts of body affected: skin, nerves, and mucus membranes treatment: multi drug treatment with rifampin, dapsome and clofazimine, long treatment prevention: hygiene, not touching affected parts of body

acne

specific causative agent: Propinobacteria acnes, normal skin flora that grows more vigorously, lives in the sebum, affects 17 million Americans transmission: not transmittable incubation period: not clear due to normal flora symptoms: comedo; swollen pore, white head; closed pore comedo, black head; open pore comedo, blocked by partially boroken down comedo, cystic; pustules are formed, affect the skin at a much deeper level, can cause scarring parts of the body affected: skin treatment: tetracyline, actutan (teraogeneic), hygiene prevention: ultimately up to genetics and body chemistry

cholera

specific causative agent: Vibrio cholerae transmission: contaminated food or water incubation period: few hours to 5 days, usually 2-3 days signs and symptoms: watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, muscle cramps, shock parts of the body affected: stomach, small intestine and large intestine treatment: tetracycline, ampicillian prevention: hygiene, wash food properly, drink clear water, vaccine

zika

specific causative agent: aedes mosquito transmission: mosquito bite, can cross the placenta, sexual contact incubation period: about 7 days signs and symptoms: many are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that last from days to weeks; fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain, eye inflammation, if when pregnant- fetus can develop brain defects and microcephaly parts of body affected: joints, muscles, eyes, skin treatment: treat the symptoms, acetaminophen prevention: safe sex, mosquito control

ascariasis

specific causative agent: ascaris lumbricoides transmission: contaminated food and water incubation period: weeks- need to grow big to affect you, eggs can survive for years in moist, warm soil signs and symptoms: swallow eggs, larva penetrate intestinal wall- get into the blood and lymph until the reach the lungs, go into the lungs and grow for about 2 weeks, infected animals cough up young worms and swallow them, crawl up esophagus and adults infect the stomach, can steal nutrients and cause malnutrition, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, obstruct the intestines, dry cough, brief fever, trouble breathing depending on how many present parts of body affected: GI and lungs treatment: mebenazole, albendazole; larva stage has no treatment prevention: avoid contaminated food and water- hygiene, cat and dog treatment

cardidiasis

specific causative agent: candida albicans transmission: normal flora that overgrow incubation period: no clear incubation period- infections occur 3 to 10 days after starting antibiotic drugs signs and symptoms: thursh, diaper rash, vaginal yeast infection- curd like discharge, different smells, itching, burning, redness, swelling parts of the body affected: skin and mucus membranes- epithelial cells prevention: don't disturb normal flora, probiotics

ringworm (tinea)

specific causative agent: dermatophytes transmission: direct contact or phomites incubation period: 4-10 days signs and symptoms: peeling of skin, itching, cracking in skin, pain, discoloration parts of body affected: skin; scalp, body, groin, foot, nail treatment: topicals, antifungals prevention: hygiene, keeping the area dry

amoebic dysentery

specific causative agent: entamoeba histolytica transmission: cysts in contaminated water and food- fecal/oral contamination incubation period: no clear incubation period- colonize the large intestine and eat all the good bacteria signs and symptoms: tender feeling in the abdomen, frequent bowel movements, inflammation of the colon and appendix, dysentery; can cause ulcers parts of body affected: GI tract treatment: aminoglycoside, hydration and electrolytes prevention: hygiene, washing food properly

pinworms

specific causative agent: enterobius vermicularis transmission: direct contact or phomites incubation period: several weeks to enlarge and mature signs and symptoms: takes several weeks to mature, most people have no symptoms, attach to intestinal epithelium and breed in the intestine, at night when sleeping- females crawl to the surface to lay their eggs around the anus; only symptom is a itchy butt parts of body affected: intestinal tract treatment: mebendazole prevention: hygiene 500 million worldwide, 50 million in US- most common worms in US

gastroenteritis

specific causative agent: enterohemorrhagic E coli transmission: contaminated, under cooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk, salad greens, it only takes 10 infected cells to make you sick incubation period: 3 to 4 days symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea can turn into dysentery, may experience vomiting parts of the body affected: GI tract, intestines (small and large) treatment: cannot use antibiotics as they trigger a release of more toxin, must fight off on own which could take months to years prevention: fully cook ground beef

hepatitis C

specific causative agent: flavivirus transmission: transmitted via blood- reusing needles, sexual contact, contaminated blood products incubation period: 14 to 180 days before liver damage; chronic infection- 4 million Americans affected signs and symptoms: damage progresses slowly- do not know infected until years go by and the liver is damaged; asymptomatic for years to decades; jaundice, liver cancer parts of body affected: liver; number 1 reason for liver transplants, associated with liver cancer treatment: harvoni- clears the hep C virus from the system prevention: safe sex, no needle sharing

giardiasis

specific causative agent: giardia intestinalis transmission: cysts, contaminated food and water, poor hygiene incubation period: 1-2 weeks signs and symptoms: primarily infects the jejunum- eats the mucus that lines the colon- diarrhea, indigestion, abdominal cramps, vomiting, nausea, weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, low fever, extremely smelly flatulence, arthritis possible parts of body affected: GI tract, small intestine treatment: metronidazole (Flagyl), hydration and electrolytes prevention: hygiene, dog vaccine

hepatitis B

specific causative agent: hepadnaviridae- HBV transmission: body fluids (ex. blood) incubation period: 45-180 days, typically about 90 days signs and symptoms: low fever, malas, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, can be asymptomatic, can also cause jaundice and an enlarged liver parts of body affected: liver cells treatment: antiviral and interferon prevention: avoid infected people's body fluids, vaccine

hepatitis A

specific causative agent: hepatavirus picornaviridae transmission: fecal-oral route; poor hygiene, contaminated food and drink incubation period: 15-40 days, about a month signs and symptoms: some are asymptomatic; fever, malas, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, jaundice parts of the body affected: enters through the oral route, multiples in the GI tract- enters blood to infect other organs such as the liver, spleen, kidneys treatment: fluids and electrolytes, treat the symptoms prevention: vaccine given to infant since 1995

HIV/AIDS

specific causative agent: human immunodeficiency virus; HIV-1 and HIV-2 (retrovirus lentivirus) transmission: contact with body fluids- blood, semen, milk, saliva, vaginal fluid; males- homosexual contact, females- high risk heterosexual contact (multiple partners) incubation period: initial is 1-6 weeks; hidden for at least a decade (usually 1-2) signs and symptoms: virus enters the cells by docking with receptors and tricks the cells into letting it in, the viral genome is integrated into the host DNA via reverse transcriptase; initial- half of the infected experience fever, sore throat, aches, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, diarrhea- then go years with no signs and symptoms; in AIDS, levels of helper T cells get so low that there is no longer a functioning immune system- die of secondary infections that are normally not life threatening parts of body affected: helper T cells (CD4) treatment: nucleoside, analogs and protease, inhibitors, integrase inhibitors prevention: safe sex!

influenza

specific causative agent: influenza virus orthomyxoviridae; envelop has 2 important glycoproteins- hemagglutinin (allows the virus to bind to the host cell and triggers endocytosis) and neuramindase (breaks down the mucus in respiratory epithelium to help the virus reach receptors) transmission: droplets and fomites incubation period: 1-2 days signs and symptoms: fever, malaise, headache, chills, body aches, fatigue, runny nose, dry cough, congestion, pharyngitis; can get a secondary infection such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infection and middle ear infection; takes weeks for the damaged respiratory cells to repair parts of the body affected: respiratory mucosal membrane treatment: treat the symptoms- tamiflu can develop within 48 hours prevention: flu vaccine made in chicken eggs

rubeola (measles)

specific causative agent: morbillivirus paramyxoviridae transmission: droplets- much more contagious than German measles incubation period: 7-12 days; infects the upper respiratory and spreads to the lymphatic and blood signs and symptoms: more severe than German measles; initial: fever, headache, sore throat, dry cough, eye inflammation; few days later: rash that is slightly raised, starts on the head and spreads, secondary infection can occur; Koplik's spots: pus filled spots in the epithelium of the mouth parts of body affected: mucus membranes, skin and lymphatic system treatment: treat the symptoms prevention: vaccine

gonorrhea

specific causative agent: neisseria gonorrhoeae, secretes an endotoxin that damages mucus membranes, can survive phagocytosis via neurophils, inhibits IgA, strictly a human disease, more common in women than men due to female anatomy transmission: direct contact via sexual contact incubation period: 2 to 5 days synptoms: males; inflammation of the urethra, painful urination with milky discharge, females; painful urination and discharge, 50% infected are asymptomatic, bacteria may travel up the reproductive tract going through the cervix, up the uterus and into the fallopian tubes, can cause PID which can cause sterility or etopic pregnancy parts of body affected: mouth, skin, conjuntira of eye, can also get into the blood, liver, heart and joints; if infected and gave vaginal birth, the baby will have an eye infection treatment: antibiotics such as cephalosporins, not penicillian due to it being resistant prevention: safe sex and abstinence

smallpox

specific causative agent: orthopoxvirus variola transmission: respiratory route incubation period: 7-17 days signs and symptoms: fever, malas, rash (reddish, raised, fluid filled with particles, pustules may or may not break open, can crust over and leave a scar), delirium, dermal lesions from rash parts of body affected: respiratory, skin, can be systemic treatment: can only treat symptoms prevention: vaccine

malaria

specific causative agent: plasmodium falciparum transmission: aniphele mosquitoes incubation period: 6-37 days, typically 2 weeks signs and symptoms: malas, fatigue, fever, chills, sweating, anemia and hypoglycema, jaundice, spleen enlarges parts of the body affected: red blood cells (hemoglobin), liver treatment: chloroquine and artemesinin prevention: vaccine, mosquito nets (bed nets), repellent life cycle: -sporozoite- cyst like, mosquitoes inject sporozoites when drinking human blood, circulate until reach the liver -merozoite- in the liver merozoites are made, kill the hepatocytes and merozoites are released into the blood, infect the red blood cells and convert them into trophozoites -trophozoites- eat the hemoglobin on red blood cells, make more merozoites, infect more red blood cells, ect. -gametophytes- some merozoites become gametophytes, if the mosquito eats again new sporozoites can be injected into more humans 500 million people affected worldwide, 1 million die each year, many are young children

poliomyelites

specific causative agent: polioviruses- enterovirus in picornaviridae transmission: direct contact, droplets, fomites, nonliving reservoirs, fecal/oral route incubation period: non paralytic- 3-6 days; paralytic- 7-21 days signs and symptoms: slight neck stiffness, headache, cough, back ache, joint pain, bowel upset, sore throat; flacid paralysis parts of body affected: GI tract, CNS, muscles treatment: iron lung prevention: Salk and Sabine vaccine sequela: post polio syndrome- can occur 15-30 years after initial polio disease; occurs in 25-40% of cases

rabies

specific causative agent: rhabdoviridae lyssavirus; bullet shaped transmission: saliva of an infected mammal that bites another mammal; bats are 75% of cases incubation period: from time of exposure, symptoms appear 20-60 days after- slow progression signs and symptoms: replicates at the bite location; headache, fever, sore throat, nausea, partial paralysis near the bite site- lasts for several days; paralysis starts to spread around the body- skin becomes hypersensitive, hyperactivity, hallucinations, hydrophobia (hurts to swallow), confusion parts of body affected: salivary glands, nervous system treatment: post exposure set of immunizations- intramuscular given on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th day- if experiencing hallucination, too late to cure; thoroughly clean the wound with soap and water prevention: immunize pets!

common cold

specific causative agent: rhinovirus transmission: droplets, fomites incubation period: 1-3 days signs and symptoms: sore throat, sneezing, malas headache, cough, runny nose, usually no fever; last about a week; can get a secondary infection such as bronchitis parts of body affected: upper respiratory treatment: treat signs and symptoms- rest and fluids prevention: hygiene, stay at home to prevent spreading

rubella (German measles)

specific causative agent: rubivirus in togaviridae transmission: respiratory route- droplets incubation period: 2-3 weeks- possible to spread during incubation period signs and symptoms: mild disease overall; flat pink rash that starts on the face, mild fever, cold like symptoms, enlarged lymph nodes; will cause birth defects if pregnant parts of body affected: upper respiratory, lymphatic system, skin and blood treatment: treat the symptoms prevention: vaccine since 1967/1968

salmonellosis

specific causative agent: salmonella enterica transmission: contaminated animal products such as meat, dairy and eggs incubation period: 12 to 72 hours signs and symptoms: last for about 4 to 7 days, can be mild to severe, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cramps, fever treatment: fluids with electrolytes in them to keep hydrated prevention: hygiene

typhoid fever

specific causative agent: salmonella typhi transmission: contaminated food and water incubation period: 1 to 2 days signs and symptoms: high fever, diarrhea, muscle pain, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, septicemic parts of the body affected: GI tract treatment: antibiotics such as ampicillin prevention: hygiene and temporary vaccine

tapeworms

specific causative agent: taenia solium transmission: contaminated food or water, fecal/oral incubation period: T. solium- eggs appear 10-14 weeks later in feces after ingestion; T. saginata- eggs appear 8-12 weeks later; cysticerosis- symptoms appear weeks to years after infection signs and symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, flatulence, hunger pains, visible segments in feces, cysticercosis can be life threatening depending on where it's located- headaches, seizures parts of body affected: intestines and GI tract, cysticercosis- muscles, eyes, brain treatment: praziquantel and niclosamide prevention: wash hands before food handling, cook meat at proper temps, freeze meat 7-10 days before eating, properly dispose of human and animal feces

encephalitis

specific causative agent: togaviruses transmission: mosquito to bird to mosquito to mammal to mosquito incubation period: 3-7 days; induced via mosquito bite, spreads to the lymph nodes and blood, able to cross the blood brain barrier signs and symptoms: last about 7 days; chills, fatigue, fever, headache, body aches, brain inflammation in most severe cases; 50% show no signs and symptoms due to strong immune system parts of body affected: lymph nodes, blood, possibly CNS treatment: treat the symptoms prevention: mosquito control; vaccination of horses

ascomycota

spores are created in ascus (sacs) when two strains (sexes) join; molds and yeasts, more pathogens than zygomycota- also have useful ones, method of sexual reproduction gives greater genetic variation than zygomycota, diploid spores

freshwater microbes

temperature of freshwater varies a lot (0 to 100 degrees Celsius); oxygen is a limiting factor for growth; still water has a lower oxygen level than moving water; more diversely higher up in the water where more oxygen and sunlight is- more variation in pH than the ocean

rhizaria

threat like pseudopods and shells foraminifera- have shells of CaCO3, fossil species- make limestone, are marine microbes radiolaria- have shells of SiO2, marine organisms that have many different shell shapes

biohydrometallurgy

use microbes to extract metal from ore, useful when extracting metal from ore with low concentrations of deposits -thiobacillus ferrooxidans: chemolithotrophic, acidophilic, oxidizes sulfur atoms that bind Cu, Zn, U, Pl and liberates metals from ores

thallus

vegetative body of a fungus morphological types: yeasts, molds yeasts: single celled, round, asexual reproduction (budding) molds: forms filaments; hypha- 1 filament that is long and thread like, mycelium- type of hypha helping to anchor that hypha (like roots of a plant), mushrooms that we eat are many myecelium together dimorphic: have both yeast form and mold form- different forms by different stages

virus size

very small

virus specificity

very specific to their host; usually only infects one tissue type in one species- targets a particular part of the body

satellite viruses

viruses that require host cells to be infected by another virus to replicate- ex. hep delta