Microbiology Fundamentals ch 16

Which of the following items is not considered a part of the integument?

gingiva (gums)

Which of the following areas have a dense microbial population?

groin

An eye infection that affects the deeper tissues of the eye and often is a result of trauma to the eye is known as ________.

keratitis

Unusual oral lesions called _______ spots, appear in measles before the red maculopapular rash.

koplik

Tears are formed in the _______ gland at the outer and upper corner of each eye.

lacrimal

Which of the following is a large pustular lesion disease transmitted by sand flies?

leishmaniasis

A skin eruption that results in flat to slightly raised colored bumps is termed _____.

maculopapular

The microbial medium _______ _______ agar is often used to isolate Staphylococcus species because of its high salt content that mimics the environment of the skin.

mannitol salt

Tinea _______ is a dermatophyte infection of the hand.

manuum

The maculopapular rash shown in this image is associated with which of the following diseases?

measles

MRSA indicates which of the following?

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

In light of your discovery, how would you treat this patient?

multidrug regimen including vancomycin

PCR is an acronym for _______ _______ _______.

polymerase chain reaction

The measles virus contacts and infects skin cells by which method?

traveling through the bloodstream

Asymptomatic carriers of SSSS can harbor Staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx, axilla, perineum, and even in which area?

vagina

The current recommendation for an antibiotic to treat a MRSA infection is to prescribe which of the following antibiotics?

vancomycin

The maculopapular rash shown in this image is associated with the measles, and is caused by which type of microorganism?

virus

Smallpox and chickenpox are caused by which type of microbes?

viruses

What is the incubation period for chickenpox?

10-20 days

What is the typical age for the first dose of the MMR vaccine?

12-15 months

Which of these techniques has detected the larger number of normal microbiota on skin surfaces?

16s rRNA sequencing

Approximately what percent of people have S. aureus as part of their normal skin microbiota?

30%

_______ is an enzyme that breaks down the hydrogen peroxide produced in oxidative metabolism.

Catalase

Symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, fever, and lymphangitis are characteristic of _______.

Cellulitis

_______ occurs when the causative virus, which is strongly teratogenic, is transmitted to the fetus in utero; it can subsequently result in miscarriage or multiple permanent defects in the newborn.

Congenital rubella

Which of the following has been found to be a dominant genus in the healthy eye microbiome?

Corynebacterium

Based upon this diagnosis, what disease is the patient suffering from?

Cutaneous anthrax

Which is the sign/symptom that often differentiates postnatal rubella from adult rubella?

Mild rash

The _______ is a thin membrane that covers the eye and lines the eyelids.

conjunctiva

Which of the following is indicated by the arrow?

conjunctiva

An infection of the thin membrane-like covering of the eyeball is called _______.

conjunctivitis

Tinea _______ is a dermatophyte infection of the body.

corporis

Which of the following areas of the skin have low microbial populations?

dry, flat areas

Maculopapular lesions are best described as _______.

flat to slightly raised colored bumps

Select all of the statements that apply to keratitis, a serious eye infection.

- Blindness due to herpes is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the United States. - Keratitis can be caused by a eukaryotic organism. - Acanthamoeba infection can cause keratitis, especially in those who wear contact lenses.

Which diseases present as generalized rashes with fluid-filled lesions?

- Chickenpox - Smallpox

Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin is often abbreviated as _______.

MRSA

The skin lesion shown here is typical of an infection with which of the following?

MRSA

What is your diagnosis of the infection, given the Gram stain, the nature of the lesion, and the test results?

MRSA

Under which conditions would S. aureus survive?

- Heating to 35°C for 60 minutes - Heating to 55°C for 60 minutes

Which of the following are characteristics of S. aureus?

- It can withstand high salt concentrations. - It resists many disinfectants and antibiotics. - It is extremely hardy, remaining viable for months in the air.

Select all of the statements that apply to bacterial conjunctivitis.

- It is caused by more than one type of bacteria - In children and adults, prevention is through good hygiene

What are the typical sign/symptoms of chickenpox?

- Itchy fluid-filled lesions - Fever - Centripetal lesion distribution

Which of the following are the common signs/symptoms of cellulitis?

- Lymphangitis - Inflammation - Fever

Which of the following events are unlikely to lead to conjunctivitis?

- Proliferation of the normal microbiota of the eye - Destruction of the normal eye microbiota by antibiotic therapy

Which of the following practices are most likely to spread MRSA?

- Sharing a razor - Not sanitizing gym equipment

Select all of the statements that apply to antimicrobial peptides serving as a natural defense present in the skin.

- They are found in epithelial cells. - They act by disrupting membranes of bacteria. - They occur in many different types.

Which of the following describe the typical growth patterns/bacterial type of S. aureus?

- coccus - Grows in grape-like clusters - Gram-positive

_______ is a serious eye infection of the deeper tissues of the eye that can be caused by any organism and often follows trauma to the eye.

Keratitis

Which of the following is the most important virulence factor that contributes to the pathogenicity of S. aureus in impetigo?

- exfoliative toxin

Treatment of MRSA infection may include which of the following?

- incision of the lesion to drain pus - treatment with more than one antibiotic

Adult rubella is often characterized by which of the following?

- joint - inflammation joint pain

Which of the following media is often used to isolate Staphylococcus species?

- mannitol salt - blood agar

Which of the following areas of the skin have dense microbial populations?

- moist areas - skin folds

Carriers of S. aureus harbor the bacteria in which areas of the body?

- perineum - nasopharynx - axilla

Which of the following describe a MRSA lesion?

- red - featuring pus - raised

Under which salt concentrations would S. aureus survive?

- salt at 0.5% - salt at 5%

Despite availability of a vaccine, measles still causes many deaths worldwide. This is due to which of the following?

- subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - low levels of herd immunity

In SSPE which areas of the body are degenerated?

- white matter - brain stem - cerebral cortex

Which of the following describe S. aureus?

-destructiveness due to superantigens - nonmotile

Which form of treatment should be administered to the patient at this time?

Levofloxacin

Order the following steps in the pathogenesis of the measles virus.

1. The virus infects cells in the respiratory mucosa. 2. The virus is carried in the bloodstream. 3. The virus infects cells in the skin

Which of the following describes the rash in measles?

Long-lasting red rash that starts on the head and spreads to the whole body

What was the most likely source of the endospores the patient came in contact with leading to infection?

Animals and animal hides

What is an antimicrobial enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that can break down bacterial cell walls?

Lysozyme

Based upon all of the information obtained through specimen testing, along with the patient's symptoms, the pathogen is most likely _______.

Bacillus anthracis

Which of the following statements concerning Staphylococcus aureus is true?

It is found in the normal microbiota of many people.

Based upon this identification, what was the most likely mode of transmission of this pathogen?

Direct contact with endospores

T or F: The integument is strictly composed of the skin. It does not include the various accessory structures that may be present on or beneath the skin layers.

FALSE

T or F: The two early childhood doses of the MMR confer lifelong immunity to measles.

False

_______ (female/male) sand flies can transmit leishmaniasis.

Female

Which test is used to diagnose MRSA?

PCR

Your patient is a 17-year-old adolescent who sustained a cut on his thumb playing lacrosse. The school nurse dressed it and used Polysporin on the lesion. Within a week, the site of the cut was red, raised, and sore to the touch, with pus developing. The patient was also experiencing a low-grade fever. You took a swab and cultured it on the left side of this mannitol salt agar (MSA) plate, and you also Gram stained the resulting colonies. The results are as shown here in these images. You performed an antibiotic sensitivity test and discovered no zones of inhibition around the antibiotic discs. A catalase test was positive, as was a coagulase test. What additional test would be advantageous to confirm your initial diagnosis?

PCR

The best prevention strategy against MRSA infection is to do which of the following?

Practice careful hygiene.

A rapid screening test that will distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci is the _______ test.

coagulase

T or F: Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, hundreds of thousands of children still die yearly worldwide due to measles infections.

TRUE

T or F: Vaccination could have prevented the development of this disease in the patient.

TRUE

Choose the statement that best describes the normal biota of the eye.

The normal biota of the eye is larger in numbers and more diverse than previously thought.

The exfoliative toxins A and B of S. aureus that causes impetigo are encoded by which of the following?

a bacteriophage

A diagnostic test for which of the following enzymes differentiates staphylococci from streptococci?

catalase

Which agent is strongly teratogenic?

rubella virus

Microbes found on the surface of the eye are typically also found on/in _______.

skin

All of the following except which one are enzymes produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

streptokinase

Which of the following is the most serious complication of measles?

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Identify the components of the integument.

sweat glands hair skin oil glands nails

Any agent that causes abnormal development to the developing fetus is referred to as a(n) _______ agent.

teratogenic