mid term

I ask a number of people to volunteer to respond to a survey about the volleyball court at UTPB. My results, obtained from 15 students willing to complete my survey, indicate that the volleyball court is a cherished and well utilized space on campus. One potential bias in my survey may result from

Non-response error

Forcing participants to participate in research without their consent is called

coercion

A variable that affects the results of the study, but is not a variable of interest in the study is called a(n) _____________ variable.

confounding

Studies with children generally require

consent from a parent or guardian

Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure intelligence, but this test was poorly developed and really only measured how well people perform on standardized tests (in other words, it's a measure of test taking ability and not intelligence). This test would lack

construct validity.

If a researcher makes a hypothesis for a study based on results that were reported in previous studies, they are making a __________ hypothesis.

data-driven

Predicting that a dog should breathe because all mammals breathe and all dogs are mammals is an example of __________ reasoning.

deductive

In many cases, researchers do not fully disclose the purpose of the study to reduce _____________ characteristics where the participants may alter their behavior based on their perception of the study's purpose or hypothesis.

demand

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a

descriptive research question

When we ask people to complete a survey we are using __________ to learn about behavior.

empiricism

A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals' tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals is using the ___________ research design.

experimental

The testability canon of the scientific method states that

explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect

Debriefing means

fully explaining the purpose of the study and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study.

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error

simple random sample

When the lifeguard analyzed his data from his survey of children he found that no one reported peeing in the pool over the summer. The lifeguard concluded that the item was likely biased because of

social desirability

All studies, regardless of sampling technique are subject to sampling error.

true

"Does lack of sleep cause depression

" is an example of a ________ research question.? causal

A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors

" is most likely conducting __________ research.? applied

Which of the following describes a stratified random sample

60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the subjects chosen are also left-handed

Roger studies the best user interface for people-computer interactions. Roger's research is

Applied

External validity is typically more important for ______________ research than _________ research.

Applied; basic

The goal of this type of research is to answer questions about the most fundamental processes of thought and behavior.

Basic research

Pepsi-Cola company uses a survey to determine whether consumers enjoy their new Mint-Lime flavored soda. People in New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas are asked to try the beverage and respond to a survey. The cola is big hit. Pepsi decides to put the cola on the market but is surprised when sales are less favorable than projected. What bias influenced their findings

Coverage error

Imagine that Susan and Steve always argue on Friday nights but not much during the rest of the week. Susan thinks to herself, 'There must be a reason we fight so often on Fridays. I am going to identify the cause!'. Susan is relying on which scientific canon to try to solve her argument problem

Determinism

Darla believes that dogs are aggressive. She always notices mean dogs and often ignores or doesn't remember nice, friendly dogs. What is Darla doing

Exhibiting confirmation bias

This term refers to the degree to which the results of a study apply to people in the real world

External validity

A researcher travels around the world looking at swans. Based on all her observations she concludes that all swans are white. She used what type of reasoning

Inductive

"Santa Claus exists! I feel it in my gut!" exclaimed Susan. Which way of knowing is she using

Intuition

A study is conducted to examine the effect of timing instructions on test scores. Participants in the study are asked to complete a simple math test with either time limit instructions (i.e., the participants are told they must complete the test within 3 minutes) or no time limit instructions (i.e., the participants are not given a time limit for the test). The independent variable in this study is:

Time limit instructions.

Studies with the highest amount of risk receive full review by the IRB, meaning that each member of the IRB will review the research proposal.

True

Which of the follow does not require that you know the chances that any one individual will be selected

Volunteer/Convenience samples

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Participants aged 60 and older who responded to an ad in the local newspaper were recruited for the study. All of the participants were presented with the same study list. Then, half of the participants used a treadmill and the other half solved puzzles for 20 minutes. Then, all participants completed a recognition test for the study list. What is the most likely population for this study

adults over age 60

A researcher who examines the difference in anxiety level between individuals who smoke and those who do not smoke is using the ___________ research design.

quasi-experimental

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by

an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB).

Using records of car crashes where individuals were not wearing seatbelts to measure use of seatbelt behavior is an example of which observation technique

archival observations

Susan's dad told her Santa Claus exists and she believes him. Which way of knowing is Susan using

authority

___________refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study.

beneficence

A Likert scale is an example of a(n) _______ response scale.

closed-ended

When different observers of behavior record the behavior in a similar way, the measure is said to have good

inter-rater reliability.

Ruling out alternative explanations for results increases the _________ validity, whereas increasing the realism of the behaviors examined in a study increases the __________ validity.

internal, external

Fair selection of participants is covered by the __________ principle.

justice

Observing behaviors as they occur in an individual's natural environment uses the __________ observation technique.

naturalistic

Expedited studies need be reviewed by only _________ member of the IRB, which speeds the process of review.

one

The development and validation of surveys is called

psychometrics.

The difference between an independent variable and a quasi-independent variable is that the quasi-independent variable lacks

random assignment.

If I set my alarm to read 8:10 when it is really 8:00 (i.e., it is 10 min fast) and the alarm goes off each day when it reads 8:10, it will be ___________ but not ___________.

reliable; valid.

Informed consent is an important element of this principle.

respect for persons

What would you recommend Pepsi-Cola do differently

sample consumers from across the nation to ensure that people who like limes and mint and those who do not respond to the survey

The difference in scores that occurs when we test a sample drawn from a population is

sampling error

A risk-benefit analysis involves

showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks.

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals at random from pre-existing groups within the populations

stratified random sample

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random where the proportions of members of different groups are the same in the population and the sample

stratified random sample

Asking individuals to respond to questions or rate items according to their attitudes or behaviors uses the __________ observation technique.

survey

Informed consent involves

telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate. And obtaining participants' consent to include them in the study.

The first APA ethical code was based on

the Nuremberg code

Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted

the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks

The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in all but which

the study being extended because of adverse effects on the participants

Participants aged 60 and older who responded to an ad in the local newspaper were recruited for the study. All of the participants were presented with the same study list. Then, half of the participants used a treadmill and the other half solved puzzles for 20 minutes. Then, all participants completed a recognition test for the study list. Which sampling technique was used for this study

volunteer/convenience sample