mid term part 2

in "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

An item of moveable personal property.

The demand for slave labor reached new heights in Brazil when:

Gold was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1690.

Around 1750, there were about 10,000 Boers (Dutch for "_______") in the Cape Colony, easily outnumbered by slaves.

farmers

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800.

300k

Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was:

A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.

Recent scholarship suggests that a key formative element in the development of culture and identity of Africans in the Americas lay in the influence of the:

Central African Creoles from Kongo and Ndongo

The Spanish captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, ________, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.

Cuauhtémoc

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World.

Encomiendas

Barbados was settled initially in 1627 by English planters who employed English and Irish ____________.

Indentured laborers

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535.

Lima

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library.

Nahuatl

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

After Hernán Cortés arrived at the the city of ___________,he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlán

The popularity of rum promoted:

The expansion of sugar planting and slavery, to their peak after 1750.

One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements on the Brazilian coast was:

The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.

Which of the following was not a Bourbon reform in the Spanish colonies?

The opening of ports to non-Spanish merchant ships.

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:

Was captured and his unarmed retainers murdered.

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture.

Working silver, gold, and mercury mines

As part of the African ________, Africans moved to nearly all parts of the Americas primarily as a result of the transatlantic slave trade.

diaspora

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates

encouraged

__________ would have been destroyed in a Muslim holy war had it not been for the timely arrival of a Portuguese fleet with artillery and musketeers in 1541.

ethipopia

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where settlers with African slaves founded sugar plantations.

french

The success of Cortés and Pizzaro spurred additional expeditions to find ___________.

gold

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to combatting antinomianism.

harvard

The 2016 film, Birth of a Nation dramatized the 1831 slave rebellion led by ___________.

nat turner

Between 1434 and 1472, _________ mariners explored the African coast as far east as the Bight of Benin.

portuguese

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

rotating labor assignments

Ships leaving from their home ports in England would exchange ___________ for slaves in West Africa.

rum

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.

slave raids

What from Eurasia had the largest impact on the Native American population?

smallpox

An example of a Creole language that has survived for centuries is Gullah, used by the isolated communities along the coastal islands of Georgia and _______.

south carolina

What greatly helped the Portuguese trade with West Africans for cloth and metal that were in demand in Europe?

they built forts on the coast from which to trade

What gave the Spanish a military advantage over their Native American opponents?

they possessed steel weapons and armor

The Atlantic system or the "_________" trade connected the American colonies with Africa and Europe.

triangular

What did King Sebastião I of Portugal establish in 1571?

A colony adjacent to the kingdom of Ndongo in Africa.

Mercantilist economic theory dictates that

States should keep their economies blocked off from competitors and import as little and export as much as possible.

As in Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the __________.

Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes.