Mid Term - Theo/Psych

Early recollections

"stories of events that a person says occurred [one time] before he or she was 10 years of age"

Behavior therapy 4 main areas

(1) classical conditioning, respond conditioning, pavlov response through pairing (2) operant conditioning, behaviors consequences (3) social-cognitive theory, and beliefs expectations (4) cognitive behavior therapy therapy operates on the assumption that what people believe influences how they act and feel.

Rogers three therapist attributes

(1) congruence (genuineness, or realness), (2) unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring), and (3) accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person).

congruence

(genuineness, or realness),

Alder concealing structure central objectives

1. Establish the proper therapeutic relationship. 2. Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client (an assessment). 3. Encourage the development of self-understanding (insight into purpose). 4. Help the client make new choices (reorientation and reeducation). These phases are not linear and do not progress in rigid steps; rather, they can best be understood as a weaving that leads to a tapestry.

Rogers therapeutic core conditions

1. Two persons are in psychological contact. 2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. 3. The second person, whom we term the therapist, is congruent (real or genuine) in the relationship, and this congruence is perceived by the client. 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. 5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. 6. The communication to the client of the therapist's empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved.

motivational interviewing Principles

1. experience the world from the client's perspective without judgment or criticism. emphasizes reflective listening, which is a way for practitioners to better understand the subjective world of clients. Expressing empathy is foundational in creating a safe climate for clients to explore their ambivalence for change. 2. to evoke and explore both discrepancies and ambivalence. Counselors reflect discrepancies between the behaviors and values of clients to increase the motivation to change. focus on arguments 3. Reluctance to change is viewed as an expected part of the therapeutic process. Although individuals may see advantages to making life changes, they also may have many concerns and fears about changing. 4. support clients' self-efficacy, mainly by encouraging them to use their own resources to take necessary actions that can lead to success in changing. 5.show signs of readiness to change through decreased resistance to change and increased talk about change, a critical phase of MI begins. In this stage, clients may express a desire and ability to change, show an interest in questions about change, experiment with making changes between sessions, and envision a future picture of how their life will be different once the desired changes have been made. implement change

Characteristics of effective therapy

1.Have an identity 2. Respect and appreciate themselves 3. open to change 4. choices that are life oriented 5. authentic, sincere, and honest 6.Have a sense of humor 7.make mistakes, willing to admit 8. live in present 9.appreciate culture 10.sincere intrest in the welfare of others 11. effective interpersonal skills 12.deeply involved in work and derive meaning from it 13. Passionate 14. maintain healthy boundaries.

Identify the only case in which confidentiality must not be breached

A client has cancer has thoughts about exploring assisted suciide/euthenasia

aspirational ethics

A higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interests of clients.

ABC framework for personality

A is the existence of an activating event or adversity, or an inference about an event by an individual. C is the emotional and behavioral consequence or reaction of the individual; the reaction can be either healthy or unhealthy. A (the activating event) does not cause C (the emotional consequence). Instead, B, which is the person's belief about A, largely creates C, the emotional reaction.

Effectiveness

A measure of the appropriateness of the goals an organization is pursuing and the degree to which the organization achieves those goals.

Adrianne who is certain about her career goals is afraid to commit to any career path is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies what will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of the therapy

A reduction in Adriannes ability about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

In this phase of change individuals are taking steps to modify their behavior to solve their problems

Action

This is the directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self determination

Actualizing tendency

Positive ethics

An approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.

Carl Jung

Analytical Psychology, Psychodynamics Swiss doctor, close with Freud until theoretical disagreements Similarities to Freud: unconscious determinants of personality, dream analysis Differences to Freud: Personal Unconscious, Collective Unconscious and archetypes

Common cognitive distortions

Arbitrary inferences, are conclusions drawn without supporting evidence. Selective abstraction, abstraction consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event while ignoring other information. Overgeneralization is a process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings. Magnification and minimization consist of perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves. Personalization is a tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection. Labeling and mislabeling involve portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity. Dichotomous thinking involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes.

The ---- personality is characterized by instability irritability self destructive impulsive anger and extreme mood shifts

Boderline

Rogers

Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional analysis

Lazarus

Cognitive appraisal sometimes without our awareness defines emotion

In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathetic understanding" the counselor must

Connect emotionally to the clients subjective world

Shapiro

EMDR: used to treat PTSD

the person centered approach views human nature

Emphasizes clients abilities to engage their own resources to act in their wold with others

The person centered approach emphasizes clients abilities to--- to act in the world with others

Engage their own resources

This form of therapy focuses on concepts that are universally applicable to human existence including death, freedom, responsibility, and the meaning of life

Existential Therapy

Humanism Perspective

Focuses on the growth and potential of healthy people

Existentialism key concepts

Freedom Guilt Authenticity neurosis, experience of meaninglessness. existential vacuum

The goal of ---therapy is to teach people to become aware of significant sensations within themselves and their environment so that they respond fully and reasonably to situations

Gestalt Therapy

Emotion-focused therapy

Greenberg/ A psychotherapy that integrates the client-centered and Gestalt psychotherapy traditions. At the heart of EFT is the theoretical proposition that emotions are fundamentally adaptive and that emotions give our life experience its value, meaning, and direction.

Gestalt Principles

Holism, completion, or a form that cannot be separated into parts without losing its essence. Field, simply put, asserts that the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field. Figure Formation Process tracks how the individual organizes experience from moment to moment as some aspect of the environmental field emerges from the background and becomes the focal point of the individual's attention and interest. Organismic Self Regulation; which equilibrium is "disturbed" by the emergence of a need, a sensation, or an interest.

Maslow

Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs.

Which of the following is the main function of the psychiatric inteview

Identify the mental health needs of the client

The goal of the initial psychiatric assessment process preformed by the NP is to

Identify the mental health needs of the client as first priority

Steps in ethical decision making

Identify the problem Identify the potential issues Look @ relevant code of ethics consider applicable laws and regulations seek consolation from more than one source brainstorm various possible courses of action Enumerate the consequences of various decisions decide on best possible action

This refers to addressing what is going on between client and therapist in the present for active participation and the full theraputic process

Immediacy

Thorndike

Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect

Confidentiality

Involved a set of rules or a promise usually through agreements that limits access of places on certain types of information an ethical concept, and in most states it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.

Dream Analysis

Latent content consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears. Because they are so painful and threatening, the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into the more acceptable manifest content, which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer.

During this phase individuals work to consolidate their gains and prevent relapse

Maintenance

The ---- personality is characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self importance and an exploitive attitude toward others which serve the function of masking a frail self concept

Narcissistic

Expressive Art therapy

Natalie Rogers/person-centered approach to spontaneous creative expression, which symbolizes deep and sometimes inaccessible feelings and emotional states.

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Objective interview vs subjective interview

O/ seeks to discover information about (a) how problems in the client's life began; (b) any precipitating events; (c) a medical history, including current and past medications; (d) a social history; (e) the reasons the client chose therapy at this time; (f) the person's coping with life tasks; and (g) a lifestyle assessment. S/the subjective interview, the counselor helps the client tell his or her life story as completely as possible. This process is facilitated by a generous use of empathic listening and responding. Active listening, however, is not enough. The subjective interview must follow from a sense of wonder, fascination, and interest.

What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages

ORAL/ANAL/PHALLIC/LATENCY/GENITAL

Bandura

Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory

Psychoanalysis versus psychodynamic therapy

PD/ do remain alert to transference manifestations, explore the meaning of clients' dreams, explore both the past and the present, offer interpretations for defenses and resistance, and are concerned with unconscious material. PA/stick with the procedures of an intensive therapeutic process. They agree to talk because their verbal productions are the heart of psychoanalytic therapy. They are typically asked not to make any radical changes in their lifestyle during the period of analysis, such as getting a divorce or quitting their job. The psychoanalytic approach assumes that without this dynamic self-understanding there can be no substantial personality change or resolution of present conflicts. fewer sessions per week

Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex role identify is a critical function of the

Phallic Stage

Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?

Physical and safety needs

All of the following are examples of the therapeutic relationship except

Pointing out the patient something he or she is missing or denying

operant conditioning

Positive reinforcement/the addition of something of value to the individual (such as praise, attention, money, or food) as a consequence of certain behavior. Negative Reinforcement; the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. The individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid the unpleasant condition. For example, a friend of mine does not appreciate waking up to the shrill sound of an alarm clock. extinction, which refers to withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response. punishment, sometimes referred to as aversive control, in which the consequences of a certain behavior result in a decrease of that behavior. The goal of reinforcement is to increase target behavior, but the goal of punishment is to decrease target behavior. positive punishment an aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior ex time out In negative punishment a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior (such as deducting money from a worker's salary for missing time at work, Progressive muscle relaxation has become increasingly popular as a method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. Systematic desensitization, which is based on the principle of classical conditioning, is a basic behavioral procedure developed by Joseph Wolpe, one of the pioneers of behavior therapy. Exposure therapies are designed to treat fears and other negative emotional responses by introducing clients, under carefully controlled conditions, to the situations that contributed to such problems. (EMDR) is a form of exposure therapy that entails assessment and preparation, imaginal flooding, and cognitive restructuring in the treatment of individuals with traumatic memories.

Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change?

Precontemplation

In this stage of change individuals tend to take immediate action and report some small behavior change

Preperation

ego defense mechanisms

Repression, Denial, Reaction formation, projecting, displacement, rationalization, sublimation, regression, introjection, identification, and compensation

From an ethical standpoint it is reccomeneded that dual or multiple relationships

Should be avoided

Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques used to study the unconscious mind which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders and well developed by---

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is not considered a basic dimension of the human condition

Striving for acceptance of others

One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:

The idea of an innate self actualizing drive

Congruence

The therapist being genuine person

Empathy

The therapist trying to understand the clients point of view

Code of ethics

They educate counseling practitioners and the general public about the responsibilities of the profession. They provide a basis for accountability, and protect clients from unethical practices. Perhaps most important, ethics codes provide a basis for reflecting on and improving your professional practice. Self-monitoring is a better route for professionals to take than being policed by an outside agency

This term refers to earlier relationships that contribute to clients distorting the present situation with the therapist

Transference

psychosocial stages, erikson

Trust v. Mistrust, Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt, Initiative v. Guilt, Industry v. Inferiority, Identity v. Role confusion, Intimacy v. isolation, Generativity v. Stagnation, Integrity v. Despair

The basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does especially con the context of therapy

Unconditional positive regard

When in counseling process t its best from existential viewpoint

When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client

Legal mandated reporting information

When the therapist believes a client under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, child abuse, or some other crime When the therapist determines that the client needs hospitalization When information is made an issue in a court action When clients request that their records be released to them or to a third party

Empathy

a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client. Empathy is not sympathy, or feeling sorry for a client. Therapists are able to share the client's subjective world by drawing from their own experiences that may be similar to the client's feelings. Yet therapists must not lose their own separateness. Rogers asserts that when therapists can grasp the client's private world as the client sees and feels it—without losing the separateness of their own identity—constructive change is likely to occur. Empathy, particularly emotionally focused empathy, helps clients (1) pay attention to and value their experiencing, (2) process their experience both cognitively and bodily, (3) view prior experiences in new ways, and (4) increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Enhanced (p. 175). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.

Assessment and Diagnosis

a/consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process. D/ which is sometimes part of the assessment process, consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms. Both assessment and diagnosis can be understood as providing direction for the treatment process Purpose of D is to identify disruptions in a client's present behavior and lifestyle. A diagnosis provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client. The therapy sessions provide useful clues about the nature of the client's problems. Thus diagnosis begins with the intake interview and continues throughout the duration of therapy. DSM guides

Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)

acceptance and caring best be achieved through empathic identification with the client

immediacy

addressing what is going on between the client and therapist, is highly valued in this approach. This development encourages the use of a wider variety of methods and allows for considerable diversity in personal style among person-centered therapists. The shift toward genuineness enables person-centered therapists both to practice in more flexible and integrative ways that suit their personalities and to have greater flexibility in tailoring the counseling relationship to suit different clients

Therapist utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as

allies who play a major role in present and future success

ABC model

antecedents (A), the dimensions of the problem behavior (B), and the consequences (C) of the problem. This is known as the ABC model, and the goal of a functional assessment of a client's behavior is to understand the ABC sequence. This model of behavior suggests that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain events that follow it, called consequences (C).

Total Behavior

behavior teaches that all behavior is made up of four inseparable but distinct components—acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology—that necessarily accompany all of our actions, thoughts, and feelings.

Diversity Competency

beliefs/ attitude includes the knowledge, and skills and intervention strategies

CBT

blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change

Impasse

blocked path; dilemma with no solution

Alder universal life task

building friendships (social task), establishing intimacy (love-marriage task), and contributing to society (occupational task). All people need to address these tasks, regardless of age, gender, time in history, culture, or nationality. Each of these tasks requires the development of psychological capacities for friendship and belonging, for contribution and self-worth, and for cooperation (Bitter, 2007). These basic life tasks are so fundamental that impairment in any one of them is often an indicator of a psychological disorder

Beck

cognitive therapy

value imposition

counselors directly attempting to define a client's values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. It is unethical for counselors to impose their values in the therapeutic relationship.

Countertransference

defined broadly, includes any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client.

Ethical obligation

develop sensitivity to cultural differences if they hope to make interventions that are consistent with the values of their clients. The therapist's role is to assist clients in making decisions that are congruent with their worldview, not to live by the therapist's values.

Existential theory

focuses on exploring themes such as mortality, meaning, freedom, responsibility, anxiety, and aloneness as these relate to a person's current struggle. The goal of existential therapy is to assist clients in their exploration of the existential "givens of life," how these are sometimes ignored or denied, and how addressing them can ultimately lead to a deeper, more reflective and meaningful existence. Existential therapy is grounded on the assumption that we are free and therefore responsible for our choices and actions.

Counseling

giving guidance, assisting with problem solving

Yalom

group therapy

Gestalt therapy

has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them an existential, phenomenological, and process-based approach created on the premise that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment. Awareness, choice, and responsibility are cornerstones of practice. The initial goal is for clients to expand their awareness of what they are experiencing in the present moment. Through this awareness, change automatically occurs.

Structure of Personality (Freud)

id,untamed drives or impulses, subjective reality ego,attempts to organize and mediate between the id and dangers, rule by reality principle superego, internalized social component, largely rooted in what the person imagines to be the expectations of parental figures./ moral code, good bad right wrong, strives for prefection

Birth Order Theory (Adler)

identified five psychological positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Birth order is not a deterministic concept but does increase an individual's probability of having a certain set of experiences. Actual birth order is less important than the individual's interpretation, or the psychological position of the child's place in the family.

CBT focuses on

identify & challenge maladaptive thoughts change emotions and behavior coming from thoughts behavioral techniques As depression begins to lift, the therapist introduces additional skills such as thought records, which help clients identify negative automatic thoughts and test them. When evidence does not support the automatic thought, clients learn to generate alternative explanations that are less depressing. When evidence does support the problematic thought, clients are helped to create an action plan to solve the problem rather than ruminating on it Clients are helped to identify the sensations that trigger a panic attack and the catastrophic beliefs about these sensations. For example, a client may think, "My heart is racing (sensation). That means I am having a heart attack (catastrophic belief)."

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client population to do all of the following except

ignore the culture context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate

Holistic Concept

implies that we cannot be understood in parts; rather, all aspects of ourselves must be understood in relationship to the socially embedded contexts of family, culture, school, and work

Adler

individual psychology

Phenomenological inquiry

inquiry involves paying attention to what is occurring now. Most people can stay in the present for only a short time and are inclined to find ways of interrupting the flow of the present. Instead of experiencing their feelings in the here and now, clients often talk about their feelings, almost as if their feelings were detached from their present experiencing. One of the aims of Gestalt therapy is to help clients to become increasingly aware of their present experience.

Mindfulness

intentionally focus on their "present experience with acceptance"

Mandatory ethics

involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice.

motivational interviewing

is a humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, and modestly directive counseling approach developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick reduce client ambivalence about change and increase the client's own motivation for change.

Confrontation

is set up in a way that invites clients to examine their behaviors, attitudes, and thoughts. Therapists can encourage clients to look at certain incongruities, especially gaps between their verbal and nonverbal expression. Further, confrontation does not have to be aimed at weaknesses or negative traits; clients can be challenged to recognize how they are blocking

Choice Theory/Reality Therapy

is the theoretical basis for reality therapy; it explains why and how we function. Reality therapy provides a delivery system for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives.

Operational Defined

key characteristic behavior therapy/ therapy deals with the client's current problems and the factors influencing them today rather than analyzing possible historical determinants.

Clients have the right to know about--- before making highly personal disclosures

limits of confidentiality

Mahler developmental stages

normal infantile autism, infant is unable to differentiate itself from its mother in many respects at this age. symbiosis, 3rd month and extends roughly through the 8th month. At this age the infant has a pronounced dependency on the mother. seperation individuation; the 4th or 5th month. During this time the child moves away from symbiotic forms of relating. The child experiences separation from significant others yet still turns to them for a sense of confirmation and comfort. The child may demonstrate ambivalence, torn between enjoying separate states of independence and dependence. ---boderline personality rooted in this period children who do not experience states suffer from narcissistic personality grandiose self important

Personal Therapy

offers a model of therapeutic practice trainee experiences the work of experienced what is helpful and not enhance interpersonal skills deal with ongoing stress associated with work

Skinner

operant conditioning

resistence

practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material. Specifically, resistance is the client's reluctance to bring to the surface of awareness unconscious material that has been repressed. Resistance refers to any idea, attitude, feeling, or action (conscious or unconscious) that fosters the status quo and gets in the way of change. As a general rule, therapists point out and interpret the most obvious resistances to lessen the possibility of clients' rejecting the interpretation and to increase the chance that they will begin to look at their resistive behavior. Resistances are

Authentic Presence

presence—being completely attentive to and immersed in the client as well as in the client's expressed concerns Qualities and skills such as listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, and responding must be honest expressions by the therapist..

acceptance

process involving receiving one's present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and kindness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment

psychosexual development

process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life oral stage 0-1, which deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem. anal stage 1-3 , which deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one's own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy. phallic stage 3-6, which deals with the inability to fully accept one's sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or woman. Latency 6-12, defense mech Genital 12+ full sexual maturity if all stages successful person mentally well

Freud

psychoanalysis

Freud

psychoanalytic theory

Erikson

psychosocial development

Ellis

rational emotive behavior therapy

Boundaries

recognize boundary crossing/ departure from a accepted practice but beneficial for client boundary violation serious breach harms client/unethical

Contact and Resistance

resistances to contact, which were developed as coping processes but often end up preventing us from experiencing the present in a full and real way. Introjection is the tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are. Projection is the reverse of introjection. Retroflection consists of turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do to or for us. Deflection is the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact. Confluence involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. As we strive to blend in and get along with everyone, there is no clear demarcation between internal experience and outer reality.

The term refers to anything that works against the process of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material

resistence

evidence-based practice (EBP)

specific, empirically supported treatment require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy.

What is the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent

strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little

Empathetic Understanding

the ability of the therapist to understand the subjective experience of the client

efficacy

the ability to produce a desired or intended result

Contextual Factors

the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome. supports what humanistic psychologists have maintained for years: "It is not theories and techniques that heal the suffering client but the human dimension of therapy and the 'meetings' that occur between therapist and client as they work together" In short, both the therapy relationship and the therapy methods used influence the outcomes of treatment, but it essential that the methods used support the therapeutic relationship being formed with the client.

A contribution to Gestalt therapeutic approach is

the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner relevant aspects of the present

Alderian Therapy

the future, they do not minimize the importance of past influences. They assume that most decisions are based on the person's experiences, on the present situation, and on the direction in which the person is moving—with the latter being the most important. They look for continuity by paying attention to themes running through a person's life. fictional finalism to refer to an imagined life goal that guides a person's behavior.

self-actualization

the process by which people achieve their full potential

Unconditional positive regard

the therapist being non judgemental

person-centered therapy

therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems

Logo therapy

therapy through meaning/ life has meaning, under all circumstances; the central motivation for living is the will to meaning; we have the freedom to find meaning in all that we think; and we must integrate body, mind, and spirit to be fully alive. person has the means to live, but often has no meaning to live for. //Frankl existential

Kabat-Zinn

this person developed mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Functional Assessment

to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about situational antecedents (A), the dimensions of the problem behavior (B), and the consequences (C) of the problem. This is known as the ABC model, and the goal of a functional assessment of a client's behavior is to understand the ABC sequence. This model of behavior suggests that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain events that follow it, called consequences (C).

Accurate empathetic understanding helps clients in all the following except

to notice and devalue their experiences

free association

to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship.is known as the "fundamental rule.

therapy

treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

Negative cognitive triad

triad: negative views of the self (self-criticism),the world (pessimism), and the future (hopelessness). Beck believed this negative cognitive triad maintained depression, even when negative thoughts were not the original cause of an episode of depression

informed consent

typically that which is given to a client to a therapist with full knowledge of possible risks and benefits disclosed on evidence based practices// consent involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it. can be done both written and orally

Culture

values and behaviors shared by a group of individuals. It is important to realize that culture refers to more than ethnic or racial heritage; culture also includes factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, physical and mental ability, and socioeconomic status. Acquiring Competencies in Multicultural

Family Constellation

which includes parents, siblings, and others living in the home, life tasks, and early recollections

lifestyle assessment

which involves learning to understand the goals and motivations of the client. When this process is completed, the therapist and the client have targets for therapy.