Middle Ages Regents Review

(1) Commercial

Which revolution in Europe is most closely associated with the rise of capitalism, the formation of guilds, and the growth of banking systems? (1) Commercial (2) Scientific (3) Agrarian (4) Glorious

(1) Commercial

Which revolution led to the concept of banking, the creation of guilds, and the development of capitalism in Europe? (1) Commercial (2) Agricultural (3) Scientific (4) Industrial

(1) It followed trade routes.

Which statement about the bubonic plague in Europe, Asia, and Africa is accurate? (1) It followed trade routes. (2) It increased agricultural production. (3) It was restricted to rural areas. (4) It encouraged nationalism.

(1) impact of the Crusades

Revival of trade in western Europe, decline of feudalism, revival of interest in learning, and cultural interaction with the Middle East are associated with the (1) impact of the Crusades (2) effects of the barter system (3) growth of the Maya Empire (4) rise of Charlemagne

(4) Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

The strategic location of the Byzantine Empire allowed control of the key trade routes between the (1) South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca (2) Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean (3) North Sea and the English Channel (4) Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

(4) system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty

The term feudalism is best defined as a (1) holy war between Christians and Muslims (2) process in which goods are traded for other goods (3) division of political power between three separate branches (4) system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty

(2) guild system of Europe in the Middle Ages

The terms masters, apprentices, and journeymen are most closely associated with the (1) encomienda system of Latin America (2) guild system of Europe in the Middle Ages (3) civil service system of China during the Tang dynasty (4) caste system of India

(3) join the Crusades

". . . Christian warriors, He who gave His life for you, today demands yours in return. These are combats worthy of you, combats in which it is glorious to conquer and advantageous to die. Illustrious knights, generous defenders of the Cross, remember the examples of your fathers who conquered Jerusalem, and whose names are inscribed in Heaven; abandon then the things that perish, to gather unfading palms, and conquer a Kingdom which has no end." — St. Bernard of Clairvaux This statement was most likely used to encourage people to (1) repel a Viking invasion (2) stop advancement of the Huns in Europe (3) join the Crusades (4) force Russians to convert to Catholicism

(1) breakdown of social order during the bubonic plague

"Tedious were it to recount, how citizen avoided citizen, how among neighbours was scarce found any that shewed fellow-feeling for another, how kinsfolk held aloof, and never met, or but rarely; enough that this sore affliction entered so deep into the minds of men and women, that in the horror thereof brother was forsaken by brother, nephew by uncle, brother by sister, and oftentimes husband by wife; nay, what is more, and scarcely to be believed, fathers and mothers were found to abandon their own children, untended, unvisited, to their fate, as if they had been strangers. . . ." — Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron The author of this passage was describing the (1) breakdown of social order during the bubonic plague (2) power of special courts during the Inquisition (3) treatment of native peoples in Latin American nations (4) outcome of the famine in Ireland in the 1890s

(3) Commercial Revolution

. . . Our foundation rests upon trade, because, as you see, we have a large part of our capital invested [in it]. And therefore we shall have little for exchange operations, and we are forced to exert our ingenuity elsewhere. This, however, in my opinion, does not involve greater risk than one incurs in exchanges today, especially when no risks at sea are run [That is, when shipments by sea are insured.]; nor does it bring smaller profits. And [trade operations] are more legal and more honorable. In them we shall so govern ourselves that every day you will have more reason to be content; may God grant us His grace. . . Source: Letter to the home office of the Medici from branch office at Bruges, May 14, 1464 (adapted) This passage best illustrates circumstances that characterized the (1) Crusades (2) Age of Reason (3) Commercial Revolution (4) Scientific Revolution

(3) location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity

. . . The circumference of the city of Constantinople is eighteen miles; one-half of the city being bounded by the continent, the other by the sea, two arms of which meet here; the one a branch or outlet of the Russian, the other of the Spanish sea. Great stir and bustle prevails [dominates] at Constantinople in consequence of the conflux [meeting] of many merchants, who resort thither [come there], both by land and by sea, from all parts of the world forpurposes of trade, including merchants from Babylon and from Mesopotamia, from Media and Persia, from Egypt and Palestine, as well as from Russia, Hungary, Patzinakia, Budia, Lombardy and Spain. In this respect the city is equalled only by Bagdad, the metropolis of the Mahometans. . . . — Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, Manuel Komroff, ed., Contemporaries of Marco Polo, Boni & Liveright This author would most likely agree with the idea that the (1) size of Constantinople limited trade (2) cities of western Europe were more impressive than Constantinople (3) location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity (4) government of Constantinople failed to provide order

(4) sought to influence secular affairs

A historian might use the coronation of Charlemagne, the Investiture Contest, and the murder of archbishop Thomas Becket to support the claim that the Medieval Church (1) had a narrow focus on spiritual issues (2) rarely came into conflict with monarchs (3) opposed the preservation of Greek and Roman manuscripts (4) sought to influence secular affairs

(4) preservation of Greek science and Roman engineering

A major contribution of the Byzantine Empire was the (1) invention of the wheel and gunpowder (2) participation of citizens in government (3) diffusion of Hindu beliefs (4) preservation of Greek science and Roman engineering

(1) Byzantine Empire

After the western Roman Empire fell to Germanic invaders in the 5th century A.D., the eastern part of the empire eventually became known as the (1) Byzantine Empire (2) Carthaginian Empire (3) Islamic Empire (4) Persian Empire

(2) a stable workforce

An economic reason for the institution of serfdom was to maintain (1) an educated citizenry (2) a stable workforce (3) overseas trade (4) religious uniformity

(2) urban areas

As the Black Death spread in the mid-14th century, which region tended to experience the greatest loss of life? (1) rural farms (2) urban areas (3) remote villages (4) mountainous areas

(4) point of view

Base your answer to question 13 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. The basic idea of this book is simple: to tell the story of the Crusades as they were seen, lived, and recorded on 'the other side'—in other words, in the Arab camp. Its content is based almost exclusively on the testimony of contemporary Arab historians and chroniclers. . . . — Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, Al Saqi Books This passage indicates that the author's emphasis is on (1) cause and effect (2) chronological order (3) reenactment (4) point of view

(1) A (4) D

Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the speakers' statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: We must fight to keep control of Jerusalem in the hands of those who believe in Allah. Speaker B: Come and battle while there is still time to protect the Holy Land where Christ walked. Speaker C: We must go forth to heal the split between the churches. Speaker D: An investment in ships and knights will yield control of profitable trade routes. Which speaker expresses a Muslim perspective during the Crusades? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Which speaker is expressing an economic motive for the Crusades? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

(3) its location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia

Constantinople became the center of the Byzantine Empire because (1) the pope had made it the capital of the Christian world (2) it was a religious center for Muslims (3) its location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia (4) it was geographically isolated from surrounding empires

(4) Asia and eastern Europe

Constantinople was a thriving city in the 1200s mainly because of its location on a major trade route between (1) China and southern Africa (2) the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea (3) the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire (4) Asia and eastern Europe

(3) control key trade routes between Europe and Asia

Constantinople's location on the Bosporus Strait was one reason that the Byzantine Empire was able to (1) conquer the Russian city of Moscow (2) spread Judaism throughout western Europe (3) control key trade routes between Europe and Asia (4) unite the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches

(1) the resurgence of trade

During the 14th century, the Black Death became a widespread epidemic primarily because of (1) the resurgence of trade (2) Chinese overseas exploration (3) European colonial policies (4) new agricultural practices

(3) along waterways

During the Commercial Revolution, where did trading centers most often develop? (1) in the mountains (2) near grasslands (3) along waterways (4) on the tundra

(2) standardize goods and prices

During the European Middle Ages, guilds were created to (1) obtain better working conditions in factories (2) standardize goods and prices (3) regulate the money supply (4) increase competition

(3) the Church

During the early Middle Ages, artists were most commonly employed by (1) the nobility (2) the middle class (3) the Church (4) the peasants

(4) amount of land possessed

During the feudal period in Europe, power and position in society were based on the (1) amount of money earned (2) level of education achieved (3) number of slaves owned (4) amount of land possessed

(2) A capitalist economy was developed.

How did the Commercial Revolution change economic practices in Europe? (1) The manorial system was established. (2) A capitalist economy was developed. (3) The Church became a major economic power. (4) Colonies were granted independence.

(1) rise of capitalism

In Europe, joint stock companies, shareholders, entrepreneurs, and the bourgeoisie contributed to the (1) rise of capitalism (2) development of feudalism (3) decline of communism (4) increase in power of the guilds

(3) from Asia to Europe

In general, in which direction did the Black Death spread during the 14th century? (1) from Europe to the Americas (2) from Africa to Southeast Asia (3) from Asia to Europe (4) from the Americas to Asia

(2) land

In the European feudal system under manorialism, what is the most significant economic commodity? (1) livestock (2) land (3) gold and silver (4) sugar and spices

(1) Roman Empire collapsed

In western Europe, feudalism developed after the (1) Roman Empire collapsed (2) Renaissance began (3) city of Constantinople fell (4) Mongols invaded

(2) Roman

In western Europe, the Middle Ages began after the collapse of which empire? (1) Mughal (2) Roman (3) Ottoman (4) Byzantine

(1) Crusades and eastern Mediterranean trading networks

Many achievements of Islamic civilization reached European society by way of the (1) Crusades and eastern Mediterranean trading networks (2) merchant guilds and the Industrial Revolution (3) Middle Passage and the Columbian Exchange (4) conquests of the Germanic tribes and trade along the Silk Road

(4) growth of trade and towns in western Europe

One long-term effect of the Crusades was the (1) development of Pax Mongolia (2) fall of the Ming dynasty (3) control of Jerusalem by Europeans (4) growth of trade and towns in western Europe

(4) preserved and transmitted Greek and Roman culture

One of the major achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian was that he (1) established a direct trade route with Ghana (2) defended the empire against the spread of Islam (3) brought Roman Catholicism to his empire (4) preserved and transmitted Greek and Roman culture

(2) codified the laws of their empire

One way in which Hammurabi and Justinian are similar is that they successfully (1) established public education systems (2) codified the laws of their empire (3) instituted democratic governments (4) separated church and state

(2) established legal standards

One way in which the Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code are similar is that each (1) legalized monotheistic beliefs (2) established legal standards (3) provided records of economic activity (4) supported republican governments

(1) a standardized system of laws

One way in which the Twelve Tables and Justinian's Code were similar is that both provided (1) a standardized system of laws (2) a means of achieving social equality (3) the freedom to pursue their own religion (4) the right to a public education

(1) military strategies to defeat opponents

One way in which the actions of Alexander the Great and Saladin are similar is that each implemented (1) military strategies to defeat opponents (2) constitutions to define political powers (3) policies to increase religious persecution (4) legal changes to protect human rights

(4) Twelve Tables of the Romans

The Code of Hammurabi of Babylon and the Justinian Code of the Byzantine Empire served functions similar to the (1) Ziggurats of the Sumerians (2) Buddhist stupas (3) Maya hieroglyphics (4) Twelve Tables of the Romans

(2) written laws

The Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code are examples of (1) religious edicts (2) written laws (3) epic poems (4) democratic constitutions

(2) new forms of business were developed

The Commercial Revolution helped lead to the Industrial Revolution because during the Commercial Revolution (1) the barter system was instituted (2) new forms of business were developed (3) socialism was introduced to Europe (4) subsistence agriculture was promoted

(2) served as a model for European legal systems

The Justinian Code is considered a milestone because it (1) preserved many ancient Chinese legal decrees in writing (2) served as a model for European legal systems (3) became the first democratic constitution (4) united Muslim and Roman thought

(2) list of feudal rights that limited the power of the English monarchy

The Magna Carta can be described as a (1) journal about English feudal society (2) list of feudal rights that limited the power of the English monarchy (3) census of all tax-paying nobility in feudal England (4) statement of grievances of the middle class in England

(2) causing production to decline and prices to rise

The bubonic plague affected economic development in medieval times by (1) encouraging the introduction of new types of crops (2) causing production to decline and prices to rise (3) sparking the ideas of socialism and reform (4) destroying the guild system

(1) oath of loyalty to his lord

The code of chivalry emphasized a knight's (1) oath of loyalty to his lord (2) hardness to the suffering of others (3) lack of concern for music and manners (4) independence

(1) provided capital resources to merchants for investment

The development of banking during the Commercial Revolution in western Europe was significant because it (1) provided capital resources to merchants for investment (2) allowed peasant farmers to finance the construction of new homes (3) enabled the proletariat to challenge the bourgeoisie (4) created pensions for retired workers

(2) stable governments

The golden ages of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires can be attributed in part to (1) cultural isolation (2) stable governments (3) command economies (4) distinct social classes

(4) an exchange of land for services

What is a primary characteristic of a feudal society? (1) a representative government (2) economic equality for all (3) protection of individual rights (4) an exchange of land for services

(4) preserving Greek and Roman culture

What is considered one of the Byzantine Empire's greatest contributions to western European society? (1) spreading Hinduism throughout the region (2) supporting the Catholic Church (3) defeating the Mongols at Kiev (4) preserving Greek and Roman culture

(2) A shortage of workers developed.

What was a direct result of the Black Death in Europe? (1) The rate of urbanization increased. (2) A shortage of workers developed. (3) Food crops had to be imported from the Americas. (4) German states dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean.

(1) increase in trade

What was one of the primary reasons for the spread of the bubonic plague? (1) increase in trade (2) colonization of the Americas (3) development of the manorial system (4) economic decline

(3) Cultural diffusion increased.

What was one result of large armies traveling great distances during the Crusades? (1) Europe's population severely declined. (2) Democracy in the Middle East grew. (3) Cultural diffusion increased. (4) Slavery was eliminated.

(3) development of financial institutions

What was one result of the Commercial Revolution in Europe? (1) decrease in the size of the middle class (2) expansion of the manor system (3) development of financial institutions (4) wider use of the barter system

(3) the development of capitalism

What was one result of the European Commercial Revolution? (1) a decline in the spice trade (2) the destruction of the papacy (3) the development of capitalism (4) an increased reliance on bartering

(1) church

What was the most important force in providing unity and stability throughout western Europe during the Middle Ages? (1) church (2) nobility (3) inquisition (4) military

(1) trade with Asia

Which action is linked to the spread of the Black Death to Europe during the 14th century? (1) trade with Asia (2) conquest of Japan (3) trade across the Sahara (4) exploration of the Western Hemisphere

(1) Adapted the Roman principles of justice

Which action would best complete this partial outline? I. Byzantine Heritage A. Blended Christian beliefs with Greek art and philosophy B. Extended Roman engineering achievements C. Preserved literature and science textbooks D. ___________________________ (1) Adapted the Roman principles of justice (2) Used a senate as the chief governing body (3) Led crusades to capture Rome from the Huns (4) Helped maintain Roman rule over western Europe

(3) The Black Plague led to labor shortages.

Which cause-and-effect relationship is accurate? (1) The Russian Revolution led to an absolute monarchy. (2) Enlightenment thoughts led to manorialism. (3) The Black Plague led to labor shortages. (4) The Commercial Revolution led to the creation of traditional economies.

(3) Cultural exchanges between the Middle East and Europe grew.

Which circumstance best describes a long-term result of the Crusades? (1) Muslim control of Jerusalem ended. (2) Feudalism began in western Europe. (3) Cultural exchanges between the Middle East and Europe grew. (4) Christians and Muslims achieved a lasting peace.

(1) weak centralized authority and interference from outsiders

Which condition characterized Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? (1) weak centralized authority and interference from outsiders (2) renewed interest in artistic pursuits such as painting and sculpture (3) democratic rule and a coordinated economic policy (4) increased construction of roads, bridges, and other public works

(2) division of the Roman Empire

Which development is most closely associated with the beginning of the Byzantine Empire? (1) emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church (2) division of the Roman Empire (3) building of the Hagia Sophia (4) fall of Constantinople

(2) Magna Carta

Which document established the principle of limited monarchy in England? (1) Twelve Tables (2) Magna Carta (3) Act of Supremacy (4) Balfour Declaration

(1) Magna Carta

Which document limited the power of the English monarchy during the Middle Ages? (1) Magna Carta (2) Twelve Tables (3) Justinian Code (4) Rig Veda

(2) Reasons for Europeans to Fight the Crusades

Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. ______________________________ A. Escape feudal oppression B. Earn salvation from sins C. Recapture the Holy Land (1) Goals of the Hanseatic League (2) Reasons for Europeans to Fight the Crusades (3) Results of the Reconquista (4) Aims of Charlemagne

(2) Characteristics of Feudal Europe

Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. _______________________________ A. Decentralized governments B. Widespread usage of manorialism C. Increased power of the Roman Catholic Church (1) Results of the Spanish Reconquista (2) Characteristics of Feudal Europe (3) Essential Traits of the Italian City-States (4) Outcomes of the Glorious Revolution

(3) Feudalism Declines in Western Europe

Which heading best fits the partial outline below? I. ______________________________ A. People become more aware of the outside world. B. Merchant and craft guilds help commercial centers grow into cities. C. Trade routes develop to supply the growing demand for new products. D. Monarchs centralize control and increase their power. (1) Seljuk Turks Dominate Europe (2) Democracy Ends in Eastern Europe (3) Feudalism Declines in Western Europe (4) Religion Becomes Powerful Force in Europe

(2) European Motives for Fighting the Crusades

Which heading would be best for the partial outline below? I. _____________________________ A. Desire to be released from feudal obligations B. Defense of the Holy Land C. Forgiveness of sins D. Desire for wealth from the Middle East (1) Reasons for the Reformation (2) European Motives for Fighting the Crusades (3) Causes of the Fall of the Roman Empire (4) Reasons for the Split Between the Eastern and Western Churches

(3) Justinian — Byzantine Empire

Which historic figure is correctly paired with the empire he ruled? (1) Charlemagne — Spanish Empire (2) Peter the Great — Ottoman Empire (3) Justinian — Byzantine Empire (4) Sulieman the Magnificent — Russian Empire

(2) church

Which institution served as the primary unifying force in medieval western Europe? (1) legislature (2) church (3) monarchy (4) military

(2) The Catholic Church

Which institution was a stabilizing and unifying influence in Western Europe during the Middle Ages? (1) Feudalism (2) The Catholic Church (3) The Roman Empire (4) The Hanseatic League

(2) Commercial Revolution

Which period in European history is most closely associated with the emergence of trade fairs, the founding of guilds, and the creation of the Hanseatic League? (1) Age of Pericles (2) Commercial Revolution (3) Age of Reason (4) Glorious Revolution

(3) Feudalism

Which political system is best described in the outline below? I. _______________________________ A. Decentralized government B. Based on loyalty and service C. Code of chivalry D. Military elite (1) Oligarchy (2) Absolutism (3) Feudalism (4) Democracy

(3) Rome

Which region had the greatest influence on the historical and cultural development of the Byzantine Empire? (1) Mesoamerica (2) India (3) Rome (4) Egypt

(3) Muslims defended Jerusalem because it was sacred to them.

Which statement accurately describes the actions of Muslims during the Crusades? (1) Most Muslims converted to Christianity. (2) Muslims attacked and conquered Constantinople. (3) Muslims defended Jerusalem because it was sacred to them. (4) Many Muslims visited Europe for the first time to obtain luxury goods.

(2) Manorialism developed to meet the people's economic needs.

Which statement best characterizes Europe during the early Middle Ages? (1) A centralized government provided law and order. (2) Manorialism developed to meet the people's economic needs. (3) People adopted humanism and questioned the Church. (4) A standardized currency promoted international trade.

(2) Byzantine Empire

Which title best completes the partial outline below? I. --------------------------- A. Incorporation of European and Arabic ideas in architecture B. Preservation of Greco-Roman ideas C. Spread of Orthodox Christianity into Russia D. Development of Justinian Code (1) Age of Discovery (2) Byzantine Empire (3) Persian Empire (4) Crusades

(2) The interaction of people spread the plague.

• 1340s—Mongols, merchants, and other travelers carried disease along trade routes west of China. • 1346—The plague reached the Black Sea ports of Caffa and Tana. • 1347—Italian merchants fled plague-infected Black Sea ports. • 1348—The plague became an epidemic in most of western Europe. Which conclusion can be made based on these statements? (1) The plague primarily affected China. (2) The interaction of people spread the plague. (3) Port cities were relatively untouched by the plague. (4) The plague started in western Europe.

(1) Byzantine

• Justinian issues a new code of laws. • Greek culture is preserved. • A split develops in Christianity between the Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians. Which empire is most closely associated with these statements? (1) Byzantine (2) Persian (3) Mughal (4) British

(3) Gothic architecture

• Stained glass windows assist people in understanding Biblical stories. • Taller and larger cathedrals emphasize the grandeur and glory of God. These statements best describe elements of (1) the Four Noble Truths (2) Chinese pagodas (3) Gothic architecture (4) Greek ideas