midterm 3 BA
The Danish Solution?
-8000 jews went into hiding and smuggled from Denmark to Neutral Sweden -Week 1 after Germans move to begin deportation of Jews: -universities across Denmark shut down -Lutheran Church- pulpit protest and campaign to hide Jewish Torahs and other sacred objects -Public institutions (hospitals, schools, etc) hid jews -Police, doctors, nurses, teachers, clerks fishermen, people from every class and walk of life all helped in heroic ways. Results: -Neutral Sweden housed 90% of Denmark's Jews for more than almost 2 years -51 Danish Jews died at Nazi hands -3000+ Danish Resistance Fighters died -Danes tended Jewish homes & property until Jews returned
Attaining Moral Courage
-Act with morality (fairness, respect, responsibility, honesty, and compassion) even when its risky -Conscious awareness of the risks -Moral courage is not formulaic: it requires constant vigilance against its opposite (moral timidity) and its counterfeit (moral foolhardiness) -It can be taught and encouraged
Why do we study ethics?
-Businesses exist to make profits -Ethics exist to create boundaries and parameters within which businesses (actually, the people who work for businesses) must operate while seeking to make those profits
Teaching Moral Courage
-Distinguish courage from cowardice -Study the lives of moral heroes -Engage in acts of moral courage
Business initiatives in place to protect privacy
Ethical Leadership Privacy Policy Chief privacy officer data discolsure policy and disclosures
Milgrams experiments
Experiments on teaching morality. Directly related to the war crimes tribunal after ww2. Following nuremburg trials, he recruited citizens from outside yale to participate in a research study. over 1000 ppl from all walks of life participated. Even after the participant was screaming in pain from the shock the participant was giving, the scientist encouraged them to keep going. 85% of participants continued to shock the participant after they demanded they be released. 62.5% continued to shock until the very end. Women shocked just as much as men but felt more guilt. Milgram thought tht majority would stop torturing after they demand release but was wrong.
True or false: the first amendment is not designed to protect whistleblowers and is not the whistleblowers primary defense mechanism in the eyes of the law.
FALSE ••The primary legal protection for whistle blowers SHOULD be the First Amendment
Kantian rights state 3 basic grounds
Humans have a clear interest to be provided with work, food, clothing, and housing needed to LIVE Humans have a clear interest in being free from injury and in being free to think and live how they choose Humans have a clear interest in preserving the institution of contracts
Potential threats posed to us by the internet
ID theft Unintentionally disclosing your info fake websites (like the emails where you reset your amazon password through some third party and not actually amazon.) Victims of cyberstalker/spying.
whats the top reason an employer checks an employees social media according to the article
INFORMATION THAT SUPPORTS THEIR QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE JOB and whether or not they have a professional persona
Correlative Duty
If person X has a right that person Y do (or not do) something, then person Y owes a correlative duty to person. X to do (or not do) that thing. ex: child support, not to trespass on person X's property
Correlative duty
If person x has the right to do something then person y also has the right to pursue that same exact thing.
what are some of the top online scams?
Phishing scams Fake antivirus software Internet service provider scam Internet auction fraud Pyramid scams Business opportunity/work at home/get rich quick/investment schemes. travel/vacation fraud Health care fraud
Consequentialist rights
RIghts & entitlements depend on the situation--utilitarian decision making takes priority over individual rights. Correct action depends on best outcome
The libertarian objection: NOZICK
Says that freedom from ALL restraints is good. Restraints on others are evil UNLESS needed to protect the greater human constraints ONLY human basic right people possess is the negative right to not be coerced by others.
Stake and stakeholder mean
Stake--an interest or share in some effort/undertaking. Or a claim/right to something. stakeholder--ANy individual that can affect or be effected by something
T/F in WW2 SOldiers always fire at their enemy 100% of the time when their leader is there, but when not present only 20-25% fire on their enemies.
T
T/F •18 additional pieces of Federal legislation contain whistleblower protection provisions including Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act)
TRUE
T/F most whistleblowers are motivated by a deep sense of loyalty to their employers and are exercising both a high degree of professional ethics and a belief that their employers will address the problem.
True
T/F workers who report problems internally do not consider themselves whistleblowers--rather, they contest that they are just doing their job
True
true or false There are laws at both the state and federal level which help to protect whistleblowers.
True •In United States, both federal and state laws are aimed at protecting those who undertake whistle blowing.
t/f in the whistleblower clause, the whistleblower is awarded a portion of the settlement from the damages to the government
True--think of floyd landis.
why do we often see ethical problems in IT
because its often left to IT heads... who dont understand the ramifications of their ethical/unethical actions w our data.
How nd why do People in the corporate ethics and compliance sector try to steer workers away from whistleblowing
by creating a "speak up" culture so that they can handle problems internally.
Who jeff gilberts
chief of police--quartzite, AZ he would use his resources against the town hall citizens by pulling up embarrasing info and stuff,... 7 other officers and one civil servant reported this and all were fired. faced many many allegations and was fired in 2012 by al johnson although he was fired and gilberts reinstated in 2015 many lawsuits are authorized by the az sc although all are dropped or dismissed by 2017. once gilberts was actually fired in 2014 he recieves 117,000 per year severance pay.
what are the three things that represent moral rights
closely correlated with duties. provide individuals autonomy and equality in pursuit of happiness provide basis for justifying ones actions or aid provided to others.
Negative rights
duties assigned not to interfere with the person who has the right--like privacy--there are duties and responsibilities to others to not interfere with our privacy
t/f a leaker is the same as a whistleblower
f they are not the same at all Whistleblowing is defined under the Whistleblower Protection Act , the primary law that covers nonintelligence federal workers, as disclosure of information that an employee "reasonably believes" demonstrates "a violation of a law, rule or regulation; gross mismanagement; a gross waste of funds; an abuse of authority; or a substantial and specific threat to public health and safety." This describes misconduct that is of serious concern to the public interest. Leaks typically don't reveal this level of misconduct, instead sharing information that may be salacious, embarrassing or otherwise interesting, even if sometimes quite important.
THe concept of a right is what and indicates what?
indicates the absence of prohibitions against/preventing a person from doing something. indiciates they are authorized to do this to protect themselves/others.
But, how do you teach moral courge?
lDistinguish courage from cowardice lStudy the lives of moral heroes lEngage in acts of moral courag
Moral Courage
"The quality of mind and spirit that enables one to face up to ethical dilemmas and moral wrongdoings firmly and confidently, without flinching or retreating." -Rushworth Kidder in his book "Moral Courage"
Problems with Consequentialist Rights
-Rights are entitlements, according to the law -Relies upon adequate capability (and information) to decide what is best for "all" -Motives- positive or negative -rationale -not a viable defense
Consequentialist Rights
-Rights, entitlements are situational...utilitarian decision making takes priority over individual rights -The correct action in a specific situation is validated by the best outcome possible (based upon available options) -Individual rights or entitlements are secondary; the Action required (Moral Agent's Responsibility), is based upon the actions available in that circumstance, that will produce the best outcome (impact) for the most recipients
Stake
-an interest or share in some effort or undertaking -a claim or right to something
Stakeholder
-any individual or group that can affect or be affected by business decisions or undertakings
Moral rights have 3 important features defining them...
-closely correlated with duties -provide individuals with autonomy and equality in the free pursuit of their interests -provide a basis for justifying one's actions and/or aid provided by others
The Concept of a Right
-indicates the absence of prohibitions against of preventing a person from pursuing some interest or activity -indicates that a person is authorized or empowered to do something either to secure the interests of others or to secure one's own interests -indicates the existence of prohibitions or requirements on others that enable the individual to pursue certain interests or activities -the most important rights are those that impose requirements or prohibitions on others, and therefore influence people to choose whether or not to do something
Ethical situations generally involve...
-moral agent: responsibly for action (the doer, or the actor, to which praise or blame is typically assigned) -action: something that occurs as a results of the moral agent's decision making process -consequences: result from action -recipient: receives the consequences of the moral agent's action(s)
Union carbide bhopal 1984
40 tons of chemicls leaked hurt alot of ppl in india. India had 49.1% ownership in co. Rest of co was owned by hq in Connecticut. executive team members pointed the fingure at the indian gov and the co did as much as they could to divert blame from them. The union carbide company sold was charged fines. LESSON: excercise as much control over the operations overseas as you do in your backyard.
more than what percent of employers have found content on a social networking site that caused them to hire the candidate?
44
_________________ percent of prospective employers said that if they couldn't find a job candidate online, they were less likely to call that person in for an interview.
47
what percentage of employers screen employee social media
70 percent
IT commerce issues (5)
Access--who has access to what in the system. think databases... Intellectual property--how as a business can we remain competive through exchanging our property. The risk of someone sharing company secrets is high so how do we protect our ideas. Privacy and informed consent--where and how do organizations make policies so that if i do business with them in any way, where and how do i have consent for them sharing my info? how is my info is protected once we done doing business?? where is my shit being sent to! Protection of children--what if a kid tries saying hes an adult n goes through with an illicit transaction because he was a child not adult Trust--how can i actually trust tht my info is actually protected by these ppl
How does one attain or act with moral courage
Act with morality even when risky--fairness, respect, responsibilty, honesty Conscience awareness of the risks Moral courage is not formulaic, it requires constant vigiliance agiainst moral timidity and moral foolhardiness can be taught as well as encourged
How do we consider whether or not the whistleblowing is justified in the first place?
Ask some of these questions. Was it in good faith? Does it matter if the whistleblower is right/wrong? Did the whistleblower first seek internal solutions before going public? Does it make sense to do so? •Were the actions of the whistle-blower proportionate to the public interest at stake AND is the whistle-blower acting in the public interest? Does the whistle-blowing even contribute to protecting the public interest?
what are some examples of unethical actions of employees which warrants monitoring?
BLaming human error on tech glitch, using company software for personal use, using office equipment to search for job,
Why do we study ethics in business?
Because businesses exist to make profits--ethics exist to set boundaries to the parameters from which they may be able to obtain those profits.
How can we train our business heads to be more ethical with our data and how do we get them to act more ethically>?
Business managers must be able to understand and be charged for the large overall effects of their decisions. Must be able to make broadminded, objective, ethical decisions based on business and ethics create an environment where ethical dilemmas are openly dicussed
Direct/Primary Stakeholders vs. Secondary/Indirect Stakeholders?
Direct/Primary- employees, customers, shareholders, owners, suppliers Secondary/Indirect- general public, community, environment, press, regulators, others
Positive rights
Duties of other agents (it is not always clear who) to provide the holder of the right with whatever he or she needs to freely pursue his or her interests ex: the rights to food, life, and healthcare
Negative rights
Duties others have to not interfere in certain activities of the person who holds the right ex: privacy
What are the four key things companies look for when looking at social media
Information that supports their qualifications for the job (61 percent) If the candidate has a professional online persona at all (50 percent) What other people are posting about the candidates (37 percent) For any reason at all not to hire a candidate (24 percent)
The Libertarian Objection: Nozick
Libertarian philosophers claimed: -freedom from constraint is necessarily good -all constraints imposed on one by others are necessarily evil except when needed to prevent imposition from greater human constraints -the only basic right everyone possess is the negative right to be free from the coercion of other human beings.
What are some of the things we learned to look into following the theranos incident>
Look out for a "cult of a personality" in leaders--her baritone voice threw investors off and they invested in the company following the media storm over her awesome persona lol think elon musk today but if he had no proof of his concepts. To look into the leader/cos transparency--yea they say alot but can they back it up Look for a toxic environment--employees were pinned against one another to outproduce other empoyees. key is to build long lasting relationships h
Ethical situations involve a Moral agent Action consequence recipient what do these individually mean
MOral agent: responsible for action. (the doer) Action:something that occurs as a result of moral agent decision making process Consequence: ensuing result Recipient: recieves consequence of moral agents decision making
Who is floyd landis, and what did he do in order to contribute to whistleblowing?
Member of the USPS cycling team along with lance armstrong. •in 2009: Floyd Landis publicly accuses Armstrong of doping, and the UCI and other organizations of False Claims and cover up actions •the team's bus driver feigning engine trouble during the 2004 Tour de France and pulling over to the side of a remote mountain road so Armstrong, Landis and other cyclists could receive illicit blood transfusions
Problems of the Libertarian View:
The freedom of one person imposes constraints on other persons, if those others must be constrained from interfering with that person ex: if most employees at a company seek the right to unionize, the union will constrain the right of the employer to treat one as he/she sees fit... and may constrain the rights of non-union employees to receive equal opportunities to work.
Kantian Rights
Three basic rights that can be defended on Kantian grounds: 1. Humans have a clear interest in being provided with the work, food, clothing, housing and medical care they need to live. 2. Humans have a clear interest in being free from injury and in being free to live and think as they choose. 3. Humans have a clear interest in preserving the institution of contracts.
BUt what are the problems with kants theories?
laws not precise enough to be useful today. Remember the main premise of kantian view was one should always respect the humanity in others, and that one should only act in accordance with rules that could hold for everyone. limits of these rights were not recognized on large level so the rights often contradicted one another theory sometimes went wrong--ex) a male employer discriminates against women and he says if i were a women i should be discriminated against too
Does the public genuinely take the ethics of IT as serious as they should when it comes to their own information?
no, not as much as they should
Problems with Consequentialist theory
rights are ENTITLEMENTS AND DO NOT SHIFT , according to the law. have to ask yourself, how much can these laws bend for the common good?
What is workplace survaillance?
spying on your employees at work its monitoring your employees: email/internet usage fax usage workers via video camera cell phone usage gps equipped vehicles
Positive rights
the duty of other agents to give them the resources to pursue their interests--right to food/healthcare.
Problems with the libertarian view??
the freeedom of one person implies constraints on another, so long as others are constrained from interfeering with that person.
What did the company "automatic" do that was different when it came to resume screening?
they interview/screen by putting people to work on a project and paying them for their time n evaluating results.
t/f 3 former merill lynch employees who were The former Bank of America executives provided information that showed the bank's Merrill Lynch brokerage misused customers' cash from 2009 to 2012 to finance its own trading and generate profits, said Jordan Thomas, who chairs the whistleblower representation practice at law firm Labaton Suchow. This lead to them paying the gov over 400mil n 3 ppl who whistleblew split 88million
true
t/f Whistleblowers who report externally typically do so because the problem is significant and their employers have failed to address it or engaged in reprisal (or both).
true if they feel like their employer will not act than they know the public will.
T'/F under most whistleblower protection laws, employees have rights to report wrongdoing both internally and externally, free from reprisal.
true. a whistleblower can be someone who reports the problem both internally and externally.
Kant's basis of moral rights states what...
we must have laws to be a civilized society but we also must be free and equal.
stakeholder analysis
you have to be aware of your stakeholders. theyre seperated from either direct or indirect. determine if your actions are harming co performance or reputation
what is the legislation or laws that help whistleblowers asides from the first amendment .
•One primary direct protection law the Federal Whistle Blower Protection Act of 1989 •Another Federal Law is the False Claims Act, which has been around since 1863
What is the actual purpose of whistleblowing when done correctly?
•Purpose is to draw attention to unethical or inappropriate conduct which has/may have detrimental effects either for the INSTITUTION or for THOSE AFFECTED by its functions
What law protects workers from retaliation after whistleblowing?
•The Occupational Health and Safety Act protects workers from retaliation
When someone whistleblows, are they expected to bear the burden and other consequences whether it be financial or social when it comes to the ramifications of whistleblowing?
•The whistleblowers MUST BE prepared to take FULL responsibility for their actions •Whisteblowing represents a concern for the preservation of ethical values which overrides a concern for self-preservation •Whistleblowers OPEN themselves to the RISK OF LOSING BOTH personal and financial security, counter-accusation and alienation and yet they feel compelled to make the disclosure and to stand by it
Did floyd landis receive monetary compensation for his whistleblowing?
•YES in 2018: Landis receives $1.1 million of the $5 million settlement that Armstrong paid the federal government (negotiated) AND Landis is awarded an additional $1.65 million from his civil complaint against Armstrong as a whistleblower for the federal government.
What if someone is unaware of the effects of their conduct
•extends to situations where an individual believes that an activity is harmful while others involved are not aware of it or reject the perception that is involved
Whistle Blowing is a term used to refer to what kind of behavior? What must this behavior always uphold in order to actually be considered a whistleblower?
•the term used to refer to unauthorized reporting or disclosure of confidential information in institutional settings. •The unauthorized public disclosure of privileged information by an employee MUST BE TO protect the public interest in order to be a whisteblower. If you do it for personal clout it is not whistleblowing that is just lame