Midterm 3 Study guide
What is a harmonic? A. integer multiple of the highest frequency component B. integer multiple of the lowest frequency component C. integer multiple of the fundamental frequency D. both B and C
D
What is a simple wave? A. A single pure tone sign wave B. A wave that is composed of two or more sine waves C. A pure tone D. A and C
D
What is the 2nd harmonic? A. f1 x 2 B. f2 C. a component that is 2x the fundamental frequency D. all of the above
D
The vocal folds continuously adduct and abduct during phonation T/F?
false
What are some different names for the 'vocal tract filter function'?
filter curve or vocal tract filter transfer function
Rather than a string in space being flicked to make a transverse wave, what happens when the string is secured on one end to a soft boundary?
it reflects but not negatively
what is important about the output spectrum during nasalization?
its a combination of oral and nasal effects
What are types of waveform aperiodic (perturbation) measures?
jitter (frequency) shimmer (amplitude)
How do we measure jitter?
jitter (local): units = % average absolute difference between consecutive periods, divided by the average period >1.04% is supposed to be pathological
For fricatives, where could the possible places of constrictions be?
laryngeal, velar, palatal, alveolar, labial
What is the third Steven & House rule, regarding effects of articulators on formants.
lip rounding (lip configuration)
In relation to speech rate what duration with a slow vowel have?
long duration
In relation to consonant context, what duration will voiced vowels have?
longer duration
In relation to height, what duration will a low vowel have?
longer duration
In relation to stress, what duration will a stressed vowel have?
longer duration
In relation to tension, what duration will tense vowels have?
longer duration
In relation to utterance position, what duration will a ending vowel have?
longer duration
In reference to anti-resonances, what does a large enclosed space equal?
low frequency anti-resonance
What does the term nasal murmur refer to?
low frequency resonances only
what do SLM measure
measures sound pressure level (dB SPL) calculates pressure of the sound waves traveling through the air from a source of sound
what are resonant frequencies?
multiples of a half a wave length
What are some disorders related to hyperfunctional dysphonia?
muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) adductor spasmodic dysphonia, laryngitis, cancer, or other broad mass lession
How is a flexible endoscope administered?
nasally with small diameter
What are formants also called?
natural frequencies of vibration (a.k.a. resonant frequencies, or resonances) of the vocal tract NOT VOCAL FOLDS
Do you have to have formants in order to have fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration?
no
Can the source-filter theory discussed in the context of vowels be used for consonants without modification?
no it must be adjusted
Do you have to have a fundamental frequency in order to have formants?
no, fundamental frequencies come from the VFs. You can have formants just by opening your mouth
What are people listening to in order to determine vowel identity since Formant frequencies are so different for women men and children due to vocal tract size?
not actual formant values, formant frequency ratios (F2/F1)(F3/F1) because they are more consistent from one person to the next
How is a rigid endoscopy administered?
orally it has a large in diameter (9 mm)
What appears out of your mouth when a glottal source signal passes through the filter function for normal vocal fold vibration?
output spectrum, certain frequencies (harmonics) were amplified and some were damped
For fricatives, what is turbulent air flow?
the sound source can be turbulent air flow, molecules are bouncing all around, or laminar air flow which is nice fluid stream lines of air
in an open-closed tube -vocal tract-, what happens if we breath in helium?
the speed of sound travels 3x faster through helium than normal air 340 m/s --> 1000 m/s THUS the resonances of the vocal tract go up (resulting in a higher voice)
in an open-closed tube -vocal tract-, what happens if we visit mars?
the speed of sound travels slow on mars so the resonances in the vocal tract would go down (resulting in a lower voice) 340 m/s --> 244 m/s
For fricatives, what is the possible secondary constriction (obstacle)?
the teeth
Which frequency does an open-closed tube like to resonant at and why do they like those harmonics?
the third and fifth harmonics, because they have frequencies that are greater than the fundamental frequency of a sound (overtone)
What acts like a system or filter for the driving frequencies produced by the VFs?
the vocal tract
What is the term for the spectral envelope that depicts the spectral shape of the natural resonant frequencies of the vocal tract?
the vocal tract filter function
What happens if a string is flicked but BOTH ends are secured down?
the waves keep reflecting off ends and you get standing waves!! (good representation for VFs)
On a spectrogram, what do the formants look like for liquids and semivowels?
there is a point of constriction from the vowel to the semi vowel or liquid, this is called a constriction interval
What is the position of the VFs during phonation?
they are continuously adducted alternating between open and closed phase but mostly are held in the adducted position
What do HNR values for children and elderly adults look like?
they are typically lower than for young and middle-age adults
What are the different challenges of using perturbation measure to measure acoustics?
they require high-fidelity recording different software
What is the second Steven & House rule, regarding effects of articulators on formants.
tongue advancement
What is the first Steven & House rule, regarding effects of articulators on formants.
tongue height
Regarding lip rounding, the effect compounds what?
tongue height; the higher the tongue, the more F2 lowers with lip rounding
What type of aerodynamic variations in vocal fold would jitter and shimmer perturbation reflect?
transglottal pressure airflow
What are the sound sources for fricatives?
turbulent air flow at least one constriction possible secondary constriction (obstacle)
what is destructive interference?
two waves approaching each other completely cancel each other out and quickly continue on AND reappear
What is constructive interference?
two waves perform super position and their amplitudes are added together. they interfere with each other but in a constructive way and run into each other, appear then move on
How can traveling waves also appear during destructive interference?
two waves will NOT match up. It will go peak-to-trough peak-to-trough. Superposition will cancel out both waves which they have same frequency and amplitude but are offset
How can traveling waves also appear during constructive interference?
two waves will sync up peak-to-peak and trough-to-trough. When superposition is done the wave becomes a single wave and doubles in peak-to-trough length
What type of neural control in vocal fold would jitter and shimmer perturbation reflect?
variations in neuronal firing
How does our auditory system perceive jitter and shimmer?
vocal roughness or breathiness
what does excessive glottic closure mean?
voice quality is tight/pressed, rough or strained less periodic (many non-harmonic partials <2.5 kHz long closed phase
What can the mixed sound source be for fricatives?
voiceless (aperiodic) and voiced consonants (aperiodic noise + voicing)
is the source-filter theory more straight forward for vowels or consonants?
vowels
What are the different forms of acoustic measure?
waveform aperiodic (perturbation) measures: jitter shimmer spectral measures: (harmonics to noise ratio (HNR) cepstral peak prominence smoother (CPPS)
What clinical information is obtained by performing a stroboscopy and how does the procedure work?
we are sampling the mucosal wave Triggered by microphone, EGG, or stethoscope at throat Only works if VF vibration is mostly periodic One snapshot every one or more cycles These get put together to provide illusion of slow motion ◼ Therefore, cannot see details of cycle-cycle variations (e.g., jitter, shimmer)
How do we tell the /s/ strident phoneme apart from the /ʃ/ strident phoneme?
we have to look at the central tendency (peak frequency)
What is a complex wave? A. A single pure tone sign wave B. A wave that is composed of two or more sine waves C. A pure tone D. A and C
B
In speech, which sounds are considered complex aperiodic waves? A. /s, sh, t, p, k, f, th/ B. fricatives C. affricates D. A and B
D
What are the different numbers that an EGG will spit out?
Open quotient closed quotient speech quotient contact quotient
What do dark and light areas of a spectrogram indicate?
dark areas have a lot of energy or amplitude while light areas have no energy
What is the cause of a decreased MPT?
deficits in respiratory system inefficiency in vocal fold vibration (high airflow)
how does hyperfunctional dysphonia occur?
excessive glottic closure (VFs pressed together tightly)
what is something to note about the vowel /i/?
it has the lowest formants of all the vowels because it has both tongue height and tongue advancement
What does a higher harmonics-to-noise (HNR) ratio indicate?
it is good, harmonic sound dominates over the noise
What are partials? A. waves that are not repetitive B. any of the frequency components of a complex wave C. may include non-harmonic frequencies D. B and C
D
A = 1/h (harmonic) This amplitude equation is for A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. A and B
E
How do we determine if an individual has shimmer?
Normal shimmer: 3-4% >4% too much aperiodicity may reflect interference with vocal fold vibration and mucosal wave
tongue advancement what happens when the tongue is more forward, what happens to F1
it is lower and weaker
what is contact quotient
(CI) = (CP - OP)/CP
What is closed quotient?
(CQ) = CP/P [time spent closed / period]
What is Open quotient ?
(OQ) = OP/P [time spent open / period]
What is speech quotient
(SQ) = OP/CP [time spent open / closed]
Who can perform an indirect laryngoscopy?
***certified**** SLPs
Which is not true of fundamental frequency of component sine waves? A. always the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave B. usually the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave C. the greatest common denominator of the component frequencies D. frequency of which all higher frequencies are integer multiples
A
What are the non-strident phonemes and why do we call them non-stridents?
/f/ and /ɵ/ they are not as loud as the stridents, they are much quieter
Which phonemes are liquids (laterals)?
/l/ and /r/
What are the strident phonemes and why do we call them stridents?
/s/ and /ʃ/ They have this name because they are louder (dB SPL)
Which phonemes are semivowels (glides)?
/w/ and /j/
What is the closed phase for modal phonation using EGG
0.5-0.6 closed phase
frequency components are displayed on the x-axis, including how strong each frequency is. You can tell the individual frequencies that are used to form it. A. spectrum plot B. waveform plot C. bar graph D. none
A
glottal source signal has a steep closing phase A. true B. false
A
What are perturbation measures?
cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency and/or amplitude
What is the typical range of HNR for the average normally speaking adult?
15-20 dB
What kHz is the /s/ strident phoneme peak around for adults?
2.5-3.5 kHz (higher for children)
what is the MPT for typical adult males, females and children?
25-35 seconds 15-25 seconds 10 seconds
How many quarters of a wave length here?
3 quarters of a wavelength
How many Hz wide is a wideband spectrogram?
300-500 Hz frequency bands
What is the typical hz for males and females falsetto register vocal fold vibration?
300-600 500-1100
What kHz is the /ʃ/ strident phoneme peak around for adults?
4-6 kHz (higher for children)
How many Hz wide is a narrowband spectrogram?
45 - 50 Hz sized frequency bands
How many quarters of a wave length are seen here?
5 quarters of a wave length
What is the typical hz for males and females pulse register vocal fold vibration?
50-90 hz 50-150 hz
What is the typical hz for males and females modal register vocal fold vibration?
80-450 150-500
A line spectrum shows _______. A. only certain discrete wavelengths B. a continuum of wavelengths
A
A. spectrum B. waveform C. spectrogram
A
Does our voice have a fundamental frequency? A. Yes B. No
A
For a sawtooth wave and square wave, what is the slope of the spectral envelope and what does it mean? A. They both have -6dB octave. Going from the 1st harmonic to the 2nd harmonic you lose 6 dB in amplitude, doubling fundamental frequency B. They both have -12 dB octave. Going from the 1st harmonic to the 2nd harmonic you lose 12 dB in amplitude, doubling fundamental frequency C. They both have -6dB octave. Going from the 1st harmonic to the 2nd harmonic you lose 6 dB in amplitude, halving the fundamental frequency D. They both have -12 dB octave. Going from the 1st harmonic to the 2nd harmonic you lose 12 dB in amplitude, halving the fundamental frequency
A
Glottal source signal is similar to the _____ wave because they have a similar frequency component, all even and odd harmonics A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. A and B
A
Going from the 1st harmonic to second harmonic you double the fundamental frequency. Once you reach the 2nd harmonic and double the fundamental frequency you would reach the 4th harmonic. When you double the 4th harmonic you would have the 8th harmonic. A. true B. false
A
If the fundamental frequency is not equal to the frequency of its lowest component then what happens to the vibration? A. it has a missing fundamental B. it increases C. it decreases D. stays the same
A
Line spectra is used to plot a pulse train A. true B. false
A
Regarding harmonic spacing for a glottal source signal, if the fundamental frequency is low, how will the harmonic spacing look? A. smaller spaces between harmonics B. equal spacing between harmonics C. larger spaces between harmonics D. A and B
A
Superpositon is the sum of amplitudes at each moment in time A. true B. false
A
Waveform, spectrum and spectrograms are all ways to display acoustic signals A. true B. false
A
What are the two categories of complex waves? A. periodic/aperiodic waves B. periodic/simple waves C. simple/single waves D. none of the above
A
What happens if two vibrations that are out of phase 180 degree, with equal frequency and duration, are combined? A. opposite magnitudes cancel each other out B. the magnitude doubles C. the magnitude stays the same D. the magnitude increases logarithmically
A
What type of spectra is used to plot a pulse? A. continuous spectrum, because all frequencies present B. line spectrum, because all frequencies present C. line spectrum because only a single pulse is present D. Continuous or line spectrum
A
What type of waves best describe a whisper A. complex aperiodic waves B. complex periodic waves C. sine wave D. both B and C
A
odd and even harmonics (multiples of the fundamental) the amplitude decreases as the harmonic number increases -6dB octave; Going from the 1st harmonic to the 2nd harmonic you lose 6 dB in amplitude A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. pulse train
A
real voices have non-harmonic partials A. true B. false
A
what is the glottal source signal closed quotient? A. small amount of time the VFs are closed divided by the period B. the time the VF spend open divided by the period C. the amount of time it takes for VFs to close divided by the period D. the time the VF take to open divided by the period
A
What are the different weighting scales for SLM?
A-weighting B-weighting C-weighting
How do longitudinal standing waves appear?
Air in tube, closed at one end, open at other (good representation vocal tract)
What are some advantages of using a flexible endoscope?
Allows imaging of velar function (from above) for speech Especially useful for evaluation of velopharyngeal function Allows imaging of velum during swallowing ("FEES") Allows imaging of larynx during normal speech and singing Can evaluate laryngeal function (and hyperfunction) in more naturalistic context
what is the benefit of using narrowband spectrograms for analysis?
Allows visualization of F0 and harmonics (can't see formants as well as wideband spectrograms)
If the fundamental is missing then what do we call it? A. aperiodic B. repetition rate C. overtone D. periodic
B
The human voice has perfect repeating patterns T/F? A. true B. false
B
The shorter the click the ____________ the spectrum, for a single pulse click A. bigger B. flatter C. thicker D. A and C
B
How does stoboscopy appear?
Apparent slow-motion, not true slow-motion
anti resonances have which distinct feature?
Are sharply tuned (have narrow bandwidths) vs. troughs which are at least as broad if not a lot broader
What are approximants?
Articulators approach, but do not make contact (they "approximate" each other)
A continuous spectrum shows A. only certain discrete wavelengths B. a continuum of wavelengths
B
A. spectrum B. waveform C. spectrogram
B
By using _____ you can convert a waveform into a spectrum A. waveform synthesis B. fourier analysis C. inverse fourier transform D. headphones
B
Does a complex wave need to consist of all harmonics of the fundamental frequency? A. yes, it must contain all to be considered complex B. No, it may just be composed of some C. need more information
B
For a triangular wave, what is the slope of the spectral envelope? A. -6dB B. -12dB C. -3dB D. -15dB
B
What is the glottal source signal open quotient? A. small amount of time the VFs are closed divided by the period B. the time the VF spend open divided by the period C. the amount of time it takes for VFs to close divided by the period D. the time the VF take to open divided by the period
B
What is the term name for the process of adding or combining sign waves together? A. fourier analysis B. superposition C. superimposition D. periodicity
B
frequency components of a complex periodic wave ALWAYS have to have a harmonic relation to the lowest frequency component A. True B. false
B
glottal source signal has no fundamental frequency. A. true B. false
B
is a mathematical procedure for taking any complex waveform and determining the simpler waveforms that make up that complex pattern A. superposition B. fourier analysis C. wave refraction D. complex waveforms cannot be broken down
B
odd harmonics the amplitude decreases as the harmonic number increases -6dB octave; Going from the 1st harmonic to the 2nd harmonic you lose 6 dB in amplitude A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. pulse train
B
overtones only include harmonics _______ the fundamental frequency A. below B. above C equal to D. overtones includes all harmonics
B
what happens if two vibrations are combined that are in phase and have equal frequencies and duration time? A. magnitudes cancel each other out B. the magnitude doubles C. the magnitude stays the same D. the magnitude increases logarithmically
B
what is the definition of a complex periodic wave? A. any wave of a regularly repeating pattern that is a single sine wave B. any wave of a regularly repeating pattern that is not a single sine wave C. any wave of irregular pattern that is not a single sine wave D. any wave of irregular pattern that is a single sine wave
B
What is the benefit of using a wideband spectrogram for analysis?
Better to visualize Formant bands and aperiodic phonemes
A = 1/h^2 This amplitude equation is for A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. pulse train
C
A. spectrum B. waveform C. spectrogram
C
Glottal source signal similar to the ____ wave because roll-off of frequency components 12 dB per octave A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. A and B
C
If you have a spectrum, how can you convert it to a waveform? A. waveform synthesis B. fourier analysis C. inverse fourier transform D. none
C
Regarding harmonic spacing for a glottal source signal, if the fundamental frequency is high, how will the harmonic spacing look? A. smaller spaces between harmonics B. equal spacing between harmonics C. larger spaces between harmonics D. A and B
C
The frequency of each of the components of a complex periodic sine wave often have a _______ relation to the lowest frequency component. A. periodic B. synchronise C. harmonic D partial
C
What do we call the sign waves that make up a complex wave? A. complex periodic waves B. complex aperiodic waves C. components D. partials
C
What is the 1st overtone known as? A. the 1st harmonic B. the fundamental frequency C. 2nd harmonic D. inverse fundamental frequency
C
What is waveform synthesis? A. B. C. the process of using superposition to combine several individual sine waves into a single complex waveform
C
Which of the following is not true of the glottal source signal? A. voicing B. waveform speed at which air passes through the glottis C. it is acoustic sound D. It comes from our respiratory system E. shape is similar to both the sawtooth and triangular waves, it is quasi periodic
C
Which type of waves best describe the human voice, which does not have perfect repeated patterns. A. complex aperiodic waves B. complex periodic waves C. quasiperiodic waves D. both B and C
C
odd harmonics successive amplitudes drop off faster than similar waves its loses -12 dB every octave jump A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. pulse train
C
What is stroboscopy and what does it use?
Can be done with either rigid or flexible endoscope Strobe light allows "stop-action" type imaging
Who can perform a direct laryngoscopy?
Can only be performed by physician, with patient under general anesthesia
What is considered the BEST acoustic measure no matter how severe or rough the patient's voice is?
Cepstral peak prominence (CPP)
how are anti-resonances created in nasal murmurs?
Closed spaces (ie: closed oral cavity, sinuses) produce antiresonances
What type of signal does a EGG produce?
Complex (quasi)periodic waveform
Constriction for _________ divides the ________ cavity
Constriction (for non-labials) divides oral cavity
What is the fourier series? A. B. an important mathematical function. Any and all complex waves can be represented by the sum of a number of sine waves with differing, amplitudes, frequencies, and/or phases C. the series of sines waves added together to form a specific complex wave D. B and C
D
What is the shape of a complex wave dependent on? A. frequency of components B. magnitude of components C. phase and duration of components D. all of the above
D
When looking at a waveform plot, what can you not tell are in it? A. the strength of the frequency components B. the number of frequency components C. you can determine the number of different frequencies but not their strength D. A and B E. A nd C
D
Which harmonic is the fundamental frequency? A. f1 B. f3 C. the first harmonic D. A and C
D
a single rectangular shaped waveform, aperiodic with no period A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. pulse train
D
waves that are not repetitive, there is no fundamental frequency and no harmonics A. complex aperiodic waves B. complex periodic waves C. Noise D. A and C E. B and C
D
what may the fundamental frequency be? A. lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave B. the greatest common denominator of the component frequencies C. frequency of which all higher frequencies are integer multiples D. All of the above
D
What is important regarding how anti-resonance formants decrease?
Decrease higher formants by about 1.6dB/octave
How is a spectrum different from a waveform? A. acoustic signal in the frequency domain B. x-axis is frequency domain and y-axis is amplitude C. display acoustic signals in the time domain D. x-axis is time domain and the y-axis is amplitude E. A and B
E
What are the different examples of complex waves? Which is not a complex wave? A. sawtooth B. square C. triangular D. single pulse E. all are complex waves
E
What do complex aperiodic waves sound like? A. white noise B. brown noise C. prink noise D. blue noise E. all of the above
E
What do complex periodic waves encompass? A. partials B. fundamental frequency C. overtone D. harmonics E. all of the above
E
When plotting on a graph which is true of a waveform? A. acoustic signal in the frequency domain B. x-axis is frequency domain and y-axis is amplitude C. display acoustic signals in the time domain D. x-axis is time domain and the y-axis is amplitude E. C and D
E
Which of the following is not a type of spectra? A. line B. amplitude C. phase D. continuous E. complex
E
Describe the instrumentation of an indirect laryngoscopy
Endoscope Rigid (trans-oral) or flexible (trans-nasal)
What frequencies (equation) is an open-closed tube happy to vibrate at?
F = n*C/4L length is a quarter wavelength where n is, (1, 3, 5, 7, etc) fundamental plus odd harmonics
What is the formula for finding resonant frequencies?
F = n*c/2L
What can EGG be used to calculate?
F0, jitter, shimmer, HNR
What is the formula for for the fundamental frequency and length of the first harmonic (third, fifth, seven, nine etc.)?
F1 = v/ 4L
What is something to note about F3?
F1 and F2 are strongly affected by articulatory configurations; F3 less so
How does tongue advancement affect F(1) format 1?
F1 varies inversely with tongue advancement
Which formants are most affected by lip rounding?
F2 more then F1 and F3
what did they notice for vowels that are categorized by tongue advancement
F2 varies directly with tongue advancement The more forward the tongue, the higher F2
What is the result of the VF's driving frequencies filtering through the vocal tract?
From among the source frequencies (i.e., vocal fold fundamental, harmonics, and partials), those source frequencies that are close or equal to vocal tract's natural frequencies will resonate (get amplified) Those vocal fold frequencies far from vocal tract's natural frequencies of vibration will be damped down
What are some challenges of using a rigid endoscope?
Gag response Someone needs to hold the tongue out and down Awkward, uncomfortable posture (they have to learn far forward) Can't examine how patient uses larynx during speech and singing (only during vowel /i/ and breathing) Unable to view all structures (esp. velar function)
What are the advantages of using a rigid endoscope?
High resolution image for both types of light sources Image is often magnified
what clinical features can be determined using an EGG signal?
How well the VFs are touching together and too much of a gap or not and effects of voice quality and register. They call it an LX waveform instead of acoustic waveform
Regarding the shape of the oral cavity during the production of laterals, what is/are some of their salient acoustic features?
On a spectrogram, there is a large drop in amplitude around 2000 Hz and a white space may occur where there is no energy due to anti-resonance
What happens to the formant frequencies when lip rounding (lip configuration) is involved?
Increased lip rounding decreases all formant frequencies
What is EGG and what does it look like?
It is a commonly used hardware/ software platform for EGG. It looks like a velcro strap around neck with two disks, placed on thyroid laminae
Give a small summary for nasal murmurs
Low frequency formant Decreased energy at antiresonances Decreased energy overall (vs. conjugate vowel) Thus, overall quieter than conjugate vowel
What does the term 'acoustic features of nasals' refer to?
Low frequency resonance Antiresonances Higher formants have less energy than vowels
What does EGG measure
Measures change in impedance (resist of flow of energy) over vocal fold vibratory cycle
What action does the EGG perform?
Mild electric current passes from pad to pad, going through Vocal Folds During open phase, current drops
Within non-stridents, can we tell the difference between /f/ and /ɵ/
NO, there's no good acoustic way of telling them apart, they sound virtually identical. We can only really semantic context and shape of mouth.
_____________ of source (vocal fold) vibrations provide ____________ for the filter(vocal tract)
Natural frequencies of source (vocal fold) vibrations provide driving frequencies for the filter
How do we determine if an individual has jitter?
Normal jitter 0.2-1.0% if >1% then too much aperiodicity (too many non partials) may reflect interference with vocal fold vibration and mucosal wave variable
___________ oral cavity is like an enclosed space -produces an ______________ (shunt resonator)
Posterior oral cavity is like an enclosed space -produces an antiresonance (shunt resonator)
Do laterals produce anti-resonance?
Posterior oral space produces antiresonance
what is the simplified equation for source-filter theory?
Source + Filter = Output spectrum
what are the aperiodic items that a wideband spectrogram shows
Stop frication/aspiration Fricatives Affricates
What is the relationship b/w harmonics & formants?
THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP, they are independent
In regards to the Source-Filter theory, what happens to THE TUBE if you put a string at one end of an open-closed tube?
The Tube (filter) gets driven by the source [like vocal tract] The tube will simultaneously vibrate at all of the driving frequencies coming from the string, however... Those driving frequencies from the string that are close to the natural frequencies of the tube will get amplified, and The driving frequencies from the string that are far from the natural frequencies of the tube will get suppressed by the tube
Describe the nature of this breathy EGG signal (hypofunctional)
The open phase is long and the closing phase is fairly shorter
The vocal tract is modeled as a tube closed at one end, open at the other. Why?
This matches the conditions for the pressure waveform (needing a node at open end, antinode at closed end)
The vocal tract __________________ frequencies that are very different from its own_____________ of vibration
Thus, the vocal tract filters out those vocal fold frequencies that are very different from its own natural frequencies of vibration
Describe what a direct laryngoscopy is used for
To give a direct line of sight from physician's eyes to patient's larynx uses no fiberoptics, prisms, or other imaging devices
What are some challenges of using a flexible endoscope?
Uncomfortable procedure, so need topical anesthetic MD must be present in facility May not be able to perform, if structural issues with nasal passages
What type of biomechanics in vocal fold would jitter and shimmer perturbation reflect?
VF mass, tension, mucus
What is the configuration of the vocal folds during pulse register?
VFs are short and think with high medial compression creaky quality low vibratory amplitude - can't shout 90% long closed phase possible involvement of the false VFs several irregular "quiverings" of the mucosal edge in each vibratory cycle (multiphase closure)
Vocal Folds produce ________ driving frequencies simultaneously
Vocal Folds produce many driving frequencies simultaneously fundamental frequency, even and odd harmonics, partials
What millimeters will a high or low vowel be?
a high vowel will have a small number of millimeters a low vowel will have a large number of milimeters
what are semivowels?
a subcategory of approximants
If you see nice dark bands in a wide-band spectrogram like this, what could you possibly be looking at
a vowel or approximant
How do you calculate the nasalance score?
acoustic energy from nose / (acoustic energy from mouth + acoustic energy from nose)
What are some instrumental measures for voice?
acoustic measures electroglottography (EGG) endoscopy low tech- pinna/keyboard tuning fork
In regards to the Source-Filter theory, what happens to THE STRING if you put a string at one end of an open-closed tube?
acts as a sound source [like vocal folds] The natural frequencies of vibration of the string (the source) provide the driving frequencies for the tube (called the "filter"), if the tube doesn't like the frequencies that the VFs are putting out, then it will vibrate only some of the natural frequencies
what does incomplete glottic closure mean?
air escapes
What is the configuration of the vocal folds during modal register?
all VFs participate body and cover wide range of frequencies widest range of amplitude closed phase longer than open 60%
What is the y and x-axis for waveforms?
amplitude and frequency
what are two other names for anti-resonances?
antiformants zeroes
What would a close-closed tube have at both ends?
antinodes
Which CONSONANT is the most vowel-like?
approximants
How do we measure shimmer?
average absolute difference between the amplitudes of consecutive periods, divided by the average amplitude >3.810% is supposed to be pathological
What is a nasometer?
baffle (board) separates acoustic energy from mouth vs acoustic energy from nose. Has two microphones one above and one below the baffle.
How do we tell stridents apart from non-stridents?
based on the amplitude or dB SPL
How do we identify vowels?
based on the particular pattern (spacing) of the formants
how is it that we perceive very different speakers (e.g., a child, an adult male, adult female) as producing the same vowel when the absolute values of F1 and F2 are so different?
because the formant frequencies go up as the tract gets larger. Smaller vocal tract creates smaller formant frequencies
what does escaping air cause?
breathy voice quality less periodicity (many non-harmonic partials >3 kHz) low harmonics-to-noise ratio long open phase
Explain stops in a wideband spectrogram
brief pause where airflow is stopped and a burst occurs followed by frication of affrication
What is/are the primary characteristics that determine vowel identity when the formant frequencies (F1,F2,F3) are so different for women, men and children due to vocal tract size?
by looking and listening for the formant frequency ratios F2/F1 F3/F1
In relation to clinical application, what can you compute using formant transition?
change in F3 divided by formant transition time
what is shimmer?
cycle-to-cycle variability in amplitude, if the frequency is regular but the amplitude is disturbed
What is jitter?
cycle-to-cycle variability in frequency
what does frequency-weighted mean in relation to SLM
filters can be set to give greater weight to certain frequencies than others, emphasizing portions of the frequency range (like bass and treble controls on home sound system) linear setting
Why do nasal murmurs occur?
for nasal consonants when the oral port is closed and the Velopharyneal port is open
for tongue height, __________ is much greater for front vowels than back vowels
for tongue height, effect is much greater for front vowels than back vowels
What are the peaks resonances of the vocal tract and vocal folds?
formant "peaks" are natural resonances of the tract, while harmonics "peaks" are natural resonances of the vocal folds.
What did they notice for vowels that are categorized by tongue height?
formant 1 (F1) varies inversely with tongue height
What are two other names for resonances, for nasal murmurs?
formants and poles
What is the term for natural resonant frequencies of the vocal tract?
formants only for the schwa vowel not other vowels
Where does the sound produced at the point of constriction travel?
forward and backward
What is the y and x-axis for spectrograms?
frequency and time
Which phonemes are obstruents?
fricatives affricates and stops
What can affect the formant frequencies?
from speaker to speaker vocal tract shape and size, as well as articulation and coarticulation of loudness (intensity) vary
What do the thin vertical lines on a wideband spectrogram indicate?
glottal pulses
what you do with your voice ONLY affects what?
glottal source signal
What do the vocal folds (source) produce?
glottal source signal, looks like a sawtooth waveform Fundamental frequency and all even and odd harmonics
What is a challenge of using narrowband spectrograms for analysis?
hard to see formant bandwidth and other features
What are the types of spectral measures?
harmonics to noise ratio (HNR) cepstral peak prominence smoother (CPPS)
In reference to anti-resonances, what does a small enclosed space equal?
high frequency anti-resonance
What is the configuration of the VFs during falsetto register?
high tension is CT muscle lengthening VFs less vibration in muscle and deep layers of VFs most vibration in cover local ligament is taught VFs are thin and sharp phonatory edges slight glottic gap causes breathy quality Wide range of frequencies Vibratory amplitude is less than modal smaller dynamic range
What do the darker spots on a spectrogram indicate?
higher intensities
What are the two broad categories of dysphonia?
hypofunctional and hyperfunctional
What is important to remember regarding stoboscopy?
if we always take the snapshot at the same phase of the cycle, VFs will appear to be stationary/"frozen" Therefore two strobe modes: "freeze" vs. "slow motion"
How is HNR measured?
in dB 20*log(harmonic amplitude/ noise amplitude)
how does hypofunctional dysphonia occur?
incomplete glottic closure due to paralysis, mass lesions, or VF bowing
Describe what information a indirect laryngoscopy provides for an SLP
indirect view of larynges (no direct line of sight) performed with patient under no general anesthesia
What does this 'constriction interval' represent in relation to the anatomical position of the articulators?
interval of time where you are constricting your mouth
Describe the phases on an EGG signal
it begins at closed phase, at the peak the VFs are touching each other the most and then slowly the glottic gap starts open phase and the trough shows open no contact between the VFs
What something to remember about this formula F = n*c/2L?
it can only be used to tell the length relative to the vibration of a string tied down on BOTH ends
What is the Harmonics-to-Noise ratio (HNR)?
proportion of harmonic sound to noise in the voice
What are the three different modes of vocal fold vibration?
pulse register (glottal fry) modal register (chest voice) falsetto register (head voice)
what is tongue advancement
refers to the relative frontness or backness of the major constriction
What does tongue height refer to?
refers to the relative height of the tongue at the location of the major vocal tract constriction
What is is representative of standing waves?
resonance!! (natural frequency of vibration)
What are two filter properties of nasal murmurs?
resonances and anti-resonances
what is the formant transition pattern for F1 F2 and F3 in the approximant /j/?
rise falling falling
what is the formant transition pattern for F1 F2 and F3 in the approximant /l/?
rise rise falling
what is the formant transition pattern for F1 F2 and F3 in the approximant /w/?
rise rise flat
what is the formant transition pattern for F1 F2 and F3 in the approximant /r/?
rise rise rise
Why does the schwa vowel like to resonate at Formants 1 2 3 with odd numbers?
schwa only vowel that uses odds other vowels don't
what are they two types of approximants?
semivowels (glides) and liquids (lateral)
In relation to consonant context, what duration will voiceless vowels have?
shorter duration
In relation to height, what duration will a high vowel have?
shorter duration
In relation to speech rate, what duration will a fast vowel have?
shorter duration
In relation to tension, what duration will lax vowels have?
shorter duration
In relation to utterance position, what duration will a beginning vowel have?
shorter duration
in relation to stress what duration will an unstressed vowel have?
shorter duration
What is SLM?
sound level meter (SLM) type of acoustic measure
what represents the glottal source signal, what's sent into the vocal tract?
source or input spectrum
what is visible in wideband spectrograms?
stops nasal murmur aperiodic items
What identifies fricatives uniquely?
strident vs non-stridents
What do jitter and shimmer perturbation reflect?
subtle difference in vocal fold biomechanics, aerodynamic variations, neural control
What is dysphonia?
term for any kind of dysfunctional phonation
What do the peaks on a spectrum correspond to on the spectrogram?
the dark spots on the spectrogram
What represents the vocal tract, which formants are amplified and damped from the source?
the filter function
If a source (e.g., vocal folds) stimulates/drives a system (e.g., the vocal tract) then what will the output spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if you change the F0 of vibration of the vocal folds, by decreasing it?
the filter function (Shape of mouth/formants) won't change for the vowel but the spacing between the frequencies will be smaller but the shape will stay the same
If a source (e.g., vocal folds) stimulates/drives a system (e.g., the vocal tract) then what will the output spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if you change the F0 of vibration of the vocal folds, by increasing it?
the filter function won't change for the vowel but the spacing between the frequencies will be bigger but the shape will stay the same
What is something important relating to the filter curve for the vowel /i/?
the formants are not uniformly spaced apart so we can't use just the odd number for formants (F1, F3, F5)
For the filter curve for the schwa vowel what is something to remember?
the formants are odd and even and are uniformly spaced apart
The dark thick bands in wideband spectrograms represent what
the formants in the vocal tract
Describe the resonant frequencies in a tube that is closed at one end and open on the other
the frequencies of resonance are odd multiples of the lowest frequency
Describe the resonant frequencies in a tube that is closed at one end and closed on the other end OR open at one end and open on the other end
the frequencies of resonance would be odd AND even multiples of the lowest frequency
the thinner horizontal lines in narrowband spectrogram represent what
the fundamental frequency and the even and odd harmonics
If a source (e.g., vocal folds) stimulates/drives a system (e.g., the vocal tract) then what will the output spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if you change the voicing to a hoarse source?
the input spectrum will have a bunch of vertical lines that are just random noise (frequencies) in between the fundamental and even/odd harmonics, but the formants (shape of mouth) will remain the same
What is maximum phonation time (MPT)?
the maximum time (in seconds) for which a person can sustain a vowel sound when produced in one deep breath at a relatively comfortable pitch and loudness "maximum phonation duration"
Same pattern of formants can sometimes be achieved by different articulatory placements - i.e., there is ambiguity in the articulatory configuration, what is this problem called?
the non-uniqueness problem
Describe the nature of this EGG signal (hyper functional)
the open phase is very short compared to the closed phase
What does harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) highly correlated to?
the perception of vocal quality for hoarseness, breathiness, and roughness.
What does HNR quantify?
the relative strength of harmonics over noise
in an open-closed tube, what happens if we change the length of the tube -vocal tract- to small (child size)?
the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract would shift up because kids have higher resonances (higher voices)
the resonant frequency values for schwa vowel - 500, 1500, 2500 Hz Schwa represents a _________ vocal tract
the resonant frequency values for schwa vowel - 500, 1500, 2500 Hz Schwa represents a neutral vocal tract
For the filter (Vocal tract tube), what vowel does it best model?
the schwa Like an open-closed tube, the resonant frequencies consist of a "Fundamental" and only the odd harmonics
If a source (e.g., vocal folds) stimulates/drives a system (e.g., the vocal tract) then what will the output spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if you change the source to noise (e.g., whispering - where the noise comes from partially open vocal folds)?
the shape of the mouth or formants will remain the same, but every frequency in white noise will be present so there will be no gap between frequencies
What does changing the shape of vocal tract ONLY affect?
the shape of your mouth or the place of the formants depending on if u change the phoneme
What is different about the displacement vs. pressure in a tube that is closed at one end and open on the other end?
when comparing displacement to pressure the displacement nodes are 180 degrees out of phase with pressure so they would match up with the pressure's antinodes and vice versa, the displacement's antinodes would match up where the pressure's nodes are
Clinically, how can using jitter and shimmer be useful?
when testing individuals with ALS, Parkinson's, endotracheal intubation, laryngeal cancer, stuttering, functional voice problems
What do the terms "vocal tract filter function" and "vocal tract filter transfer function" refer to??
which frequencies of the VT are natural frequencies, and which get damped, is called the "vocal tract filter function"
What frequencies (equation) is an open-open tube happy to vibrate at?
with nodes at both open ends, it becomes a string and the equation is F = n*C/2L length is a half of a wavelength where n is (1, 2, 3, 4, etc) fundamental with both even and odd harmonics
How is phase spectrum illustrated?
x-axis frequency and y-axis is phase
is the harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) similar to signal-to-noise ratio?
yes
Rather than a string in space being flicked to make a transverse wave, what happens when the string is secured on one end to a hard boundary?
you get reflection, and there is a phase change on reflection. Incidence reflects the hard boundary and reflects negatively
What is something to remember about pressure and resonances in an open-closed tube?
you have nodes at the open end you can't have nodes at the closed end, antinodes are at closed end
what is one way to tell approximants from other consonants?
you look at where the constriction interval goes into the vowel, F1 and F2 and F3 all appear to be rising (in /w/ only F1 and F2 rise)
Why is jitter a particularly harder perturbation measure?
you need enough cycles to calculate period, cycles can be variable making it harder. It is also harder to measure higher Fundamental frequency. you need a sustained vowel which may make it harder to use on dysphonic patients who can do this perfectly
