Midterm

Liberal - Conservative Continuum

Views range from Conservative to Liberal, reflected by legislation and social policies as well as clinical work

Section 8 Housing

Voucher provided to qualifying low-income applicants to ensure that no more than 30% of income is spent on housing

qualifying to go homeless

You have to qualify to go homeless • One of the ways you qualify is by having spent one or more nights in a place that is deemed "unsuitable for human habitation" o Proof of this requires that police officers verify that they witnessed you sleeping somewhere unsuitable for human habitation o If you have children and you spend a night in such a place then Child Protective Services gets involved

International Social Work

social work activities that involve people who cross national boundaries and focus on the universal characteristics of human beings and human needs in various environments

Practical Application of Settlement Houses

- Two vibrant SH's still in Boston - United South End Settlement House and South Boston Neighborhood House - Harlem Children's Zone - Wrap-around services - Schools with clinics, social service benefits on site (WIC, TAFDC, SSI, etc.)

Transitional Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

- Work requirements - Means Testing/Eligibility

Social and economic justice, human rights and peace: The challenge for social work in Canada and the USA

- describes the Social Work profession's visions and framework for social justice, economic justice and human rights

1500's

Feudalism in England ends, people look for work, have no protection now that they do not live in feudal system

Our Nation's Safety Net Overview

"Government responsibility for welfare became an enduring principle with the passage of the Social Security Act of 1935"

Social Welfare Continued

"Social Welfare requires both a common understanding and a formal arrangement between a government and its people" Real life examples: TAFDC, Food Stamps, WIC, Medicaid, SSI, Public Housing/Section 8 Housing, Schools

Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP)

- *cash* assistance to help buy food - Does not cover diapers, cleaning supplies, soaps or other hygiene products

Significant Points of Global Social Work

• Minority of roles in direct service/clinical • More of a macro practice o Ex: setting up infrastructure and educating local people on how to provide services; setting up entire systems of service delivery • Public health - creating societal and environmental conditions favorable to known public health practices o Ex: setting up sanitation, access to food, access to clean water, access to healthcare, advocacy and policy work

Consequences of Eviction

• Prevents individuals from receiving public housing • Drops credit score • Other landlords then discriminate against you • Evictions show up on your credit record and any future housing application will ask you about your eviction history

Treatment First Model

• Requires that people qualify by going through programs for sobriety, mental health - requires that they meet certain thresholds before being declared "housing ready"

Housing Today

• Since 2000 income levels have stayed flat while rent costs have soared • Over 50% of poor families spend 50% of their income on housing • 25% of poor families are spending over 70% of their monthly income on rent In 2013, over 2.8 million homes thought they would be evicted soon

Interim Housing Conditions (Shelters)

• Strict rules enforced o Ex: curfews, cleaning schedules, kitchen and bathroom rules, rigid schedule • Overcrowded • No privacy (communal) - living with complete strangers who have depression/anxiety/mental health issues • Lots of theft • Undocumented women threatened

Fundamental Values of the Social Work Profession/Practice

- Service - Social Justice - Dignity/Worth of the Person (Includes respect for Self-Determination) - Importance of Human Relationships - Integrity - Competence: remain current in knowledge of accurate information regarding both clinical interventions as well as how different systems work and impact a client population

English Poor Law Reforms of 1834

- Significantly reduced relief benefits, brought back forced labor, created 3 important ideological trends: 1) Public attitudes toward poor became hostile 2) Public blamed poor for their poverty 3) Concept of being "less eligible" - idea that all benefits should be lower than the wages of the poorest working wages - people who received public assistance would always be more poor than the poorest people who worked

Social Work vs. Social Welfare

- Sometimes, the terms social work and social welfare have been used interchangeably because although many professionals deliver social welfare services, social workers have always been prominent social welfare providers - Social services came first, then methods of social work developed out of social welfare

Q: What does the N-B article examine?

A: Coping w/ stressors common to OA's such as bereavement, health problems and relationship difficulties (including: need for socialization, caregiver/patient relationships, esp. as the relationship dynamic changes spouse/spouse, parent/child)

Dementia

a general term for the decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life

International practice

advocating for rights and justice, exchange of information, social action and policy development - happens within international development organizations

Economic justice

all persons ought to have opportunities for meaningful work and an income that provides them with adequate food, shelter and a level of living that contributes to good health

CHIP

Children's Health Insurance - covers children from low-income families

Social Work education: Academic/Theory + Field Education (explanation)

- Bachelor's - completion of an undergraduate degree in Social Work provision inclusive of field practice = "Generalist Practice" = direct service, case management - Master's - completion of graduate level degree, inclusive of field practice (480+720 hrs) = Advanced Practice = provision of therapy, case management, billable hours - PhD - completion of graduate and post-graduate program = research + teaching - Licensure: Includes educational attainment + field practice + hours of supervision (LCSW, LICSW)

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

- Cash assistance for anyone whose income falls below the poverty line AND... 1) is 65 years or older, 2) is blind or 3) is under 65, has a disability (mental or physical) which prevents them from working - Children with disabilities are also eligible

What controversies are connected to social welfare?

- Conservative: Individuals' responsibility to take care of themselves independently of government - Liberal: Society's responsibility to take care of all its members, especially those who belong to oppressed groups

1795 - The Speenhamland System

- Cost of bread increases, even people working could not afford it - Speenhamland System guarantees supplemental income to all poor people so everyone had the "necessary income for survival" - Results: 1) Wages fall - why pay so much if gov. is going to pay the rest? 2) Unemployment soared because people didn't need to work to survive - if they did work, they had little chance of "getting ahead" anyway (no work incentives)

Poverty

- Federal Poverty Threshold: the absolute measures that identify the amount of before-tax cash income, based on family size and members' ages, that a family needs to be considered able to meet family members' basic needs

1865 - Congress establishes "Bureau of Refugees Freedmen and Abandoned Land"

- First "federal welfare agency" - Established a precedent for federal participation in social welfare during emergency periods - Under "War Department" - to emphasize "temporary, crisis-related" purpose in post Civil War era

How Are Social Workers Different from other helping professions?

- Focus on problems or cluster of problems - Targets not just individual, but environments for change - Provides advocacy for clients - Emphasis on/adhere to core professional values (NASW and CSWE) - Use of Supervisory Process - SWers partner with clients, not authority figures - Social work focuses on the person, the system, and the relationship between the person and the system - addressing problems that arise when there are "dysfunctional transactions" between a person and his or her environment

1601 - Elizabethan Poor Law

- Formally shifts responsibility from church to government, becomes basis for public social welfare in England - Anyone capable of working should work - forced into labor - Residency requirements - Who qualifies? Elderly, children, mental or physical disabilities - 3 Categories of Poor: A. Able-bodied poor = must work or be imprisoned B. Impotent poor = were to be kept in almshouses C. Dependent children = were to be apprenticed if parents / grandparents could not support them - Families, when possible, are to assume responsibility for family members who can't take care of themselves - In the American Colonies, this theory coincided with "Calvinism" and the result was "workhouses" to benefit both the economy and be "morally therapeutic" to the poor - Another reflection of EPL's in America was the beginning of public education at Boston Latin School in 1635 ☺

1900-1930's - The Progressive Period: Move from "Mediators" to "Professionals"

- Grassroots political advocacy of women was the driving force behind much reform during the Progressive Era - Many social service agencies (ex: Red Cross, Salvation Army, YMCA, YWCA, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts) - SWers began working in family welfare agencies, charity organizations, schools, hospitals and child aid societies - After WWI, SWers worked with wives, mothers, children, siblings, etc of those who lost loved ones - listened, guided and gave professional advice - SWers are seeking an expanded, grounded professional identity regarding what social work practice involved - Emphasis on new science and therapeutic approaches (evolved from COS's) = social casework: emphasis on therapeutically helping individuals and families solve their problems - thus, "Clinical Practice" begins as target of change is the individual or family - 3 Method Tracks (practice modalities) 1) Casework 2) Group work 3) Community organization

What do Social Workers do?

- Help people obtain tangible services (advocacy) - Provide counseling and psychotherapy to individuals, families and groups - Help communities or groups provide or improve social and health services - Participate in relevant legislative process

Inequality

Basic needs, basic needs, basic needs - poverty can not be overestimated as a fundamental social struggle

3 layers of Social Work education

Core of Education (3 Layers) - Generalist Practice (B..) - Advanced Practice (M..) - Field Education

Medicaid

- Splits the cost of medical insurance/expenses with states - Covers low-income, non-disabled adults

Why are negative images of aging still more powerful than the positive aspects?

• Western values characterized by a "strong performance orientation that celebrates economic productivity and independence" • Ageism influences scientific research, policies, programs and legislation that directly affect older people through "commonsense reality" • "Comm.. reality" = means to perpetuate stereotypic assumptions, especially through the usage of the concept, "dependency" • By "pushing against" the stereotype of "dependency", "aging well" has come to be defined by one's ability to be self-reliant • Therefore, passing judgment on those who are not able to be self-reliant has become our "commonsense reality" • Ergo, if you don't need any help, you have "aged well" and have also, in general, "lived a better life" • This premise not only exists but informs positions of policy makers in this country • "Obscures understanding of the aging process, reinforces structural inequalities and even shapes patterns of behavior in older people that are detrimental to their interests" • Ex: Studies on retirement largely focus on negative effects, therefore researchers learn mainly the down-side of retirement and use that knowledge to "inform"... • Where are studies about the benefits society reaps from the voluntary work done by retired folks? What about the money saved in childcare and other forms of unpaid work? • Q: Part of the "answer," logically, is to have more older people constructing policy around age-related issues. Is the trend in politics to vote for younger or older candidates? When was the last time "wisdom" was noted as a positive quality in a candidate?

Late 1800's - Industrialization, Urbanization & Immigration COS (Charity Organization Societies)

- Industrialization led to labor jobs with high instances of disease, debilitating injury and death, leaving many people unable to work, leading to poverty and dependency - The "Anti-Pauper Movement" produced "poorhouses" - created to 1) prevent starvation 2) deter pauperism, 3) minimize public relief costs, 4) "rehabilitate" the poor person, 5) prevent pauper children from becoming pauper adults - Charitable Organization Societies emerged - COS based practice on "scientific evidence" - wanted to establish a base of scientific knowledge and apply it to the helping process - "Scientific Philanthropy" - Just like current trends, business and professional groups called for more professionalism in health and human services - more evidence of their money being used effectively - later, we will discuss this trend as "evidence-based practice" - COS organized assistance to families by making sure there was no duplication in services to them from various agencies and offered "friendly visitors" to homes - Identified social problems, explored them, planned solutions EX: Social advocates worked to separate different segments of people all put together in poorhouses - i.e. the mentally ill, children, "deaf, dumb and blind" (we would say "differing intellectual and physical abilities"), criminals, the very old, etc. - COS did still hold view that people's poverty was the result of individual failure or "bad habits"

List of programs from our nation's social welfare system, or, "safety net" continued

- It is important to note that Soc Sec, OASDHI and Unemployment Insurance are methods of income transfer - these programs are paid into while people are employed - SSI and TANF are forms of public assistance - The latter clearly being more controversial in public policy and opinion

Settlement House Movement

- Jane Addams, from an educated and successful family, traveled to Europe and observed Tonybee Hall in the slums of London - the very first SH. - Tonybee created as a way educate college students about poverty through observation - 1889 Inspiration translates into buying an old brick home in one of the poorest areas of Chicago, called it Hull House - Neighborhood full of immigrants and others flocking to industry - No child labor laws or women's suffrage yet - 1890's: German, Italian, Irish, Greek, Bohemian, Russian & Polish Jews - 1920's: African Americans and Mexicans began to settle near SH's and attend clubs and activities

Early 1800's - 1st Social Welfare Agencies

- Mainly religious - Focus on basic needs - Mental/emotional help came from prayer/Bible - In the American colonies, poverty was viewed as a part of society; both gov. and citizens were responsible to help out - System of assistance was largely informal mix of gov. and private institutions, often calling on local churches - In Europe, the mentally ill, called "insane" came to be treated "with humane, sympathetic and personal care in a hospital or asylum setting" - In America, people held a moralistic view of the mentally ill: bad habits lead to tendencies toward mental disorders - Therefore, structured, "corrective" settings were thought to help "cure" mental illness NOTE: before Europeans came on these shores, Native American nations had a wide range of well-developed, self-sufficient societies who took care of all their people

Where are Social Workers found?

- Non-profit Sector: YMCA, Boys& Girls Clubs, Red Cross, Settlement Houses, Addiction/Treatment Centers, Domestic Violence Shelters, etc. - NGO's, International social work - For-Profit Sector: Employee Assistance Programs, corporate citizenship programs, volunteer management programs, community relations, etc. - Public Sector: State Child Protective Services, Schools, Veteran's Services, Adoption, Correctional Systems, etc.

Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

- Provides nutritional assistance to women who are pregnant through the child reaching age 5 years - Milk, formula, fruits, vegetables, high nutrient foods

Social and economic justice, human rights and peace: The challenge for social work in Canada and the USA Continued

- SW is described as "...the only helping profession..." which holds social justice, peace and human rights as fundamental values of the profession - a "great pressure to harmonize the economy, social programs, and policies guiding environmental and natural resource concerns", the authors examine both societal and SW responses from both Canada and the USA - One especially critical example of SWer's role in bringing about both social and economic justice is through examination of "basic human rights vs. basic human needs" in the case of shelter and food or violence against women. - Social Workers' professional insistence upon categorizing these issues as "human rights" (rather than "human needs") draws attention to the political nature of poverty, violence against women and the need to address structural inequalities and injustices while providing available resources - [As long as people are hungry and have inadequate shelter, they can not begin to concern themselves with or mobilize around personal liberties or participation in government/democracy] - Social workers have a responsibility to advocate for human rights and soc justice and to question exploitative structures - Therefore, SWers must begin by addressing the urgent need for economic security, social equality and better social services / programs

Market Failure/Inequality

- SW profession must consistently push back against an economic and political climate which is both inequitable and exploitive - EX: Insider information which alters "fair play" in the stock market - keeping the wealthiest wealthy and preventing "average citizens" from gaining ground on 401k's - EX: Policy reforms (Congressmen Frank-Dodd) put in place following the market crash - directly impacting the practices of risky/detrimental investments which caused the economic collapse of 2008 have not been implemented because the wealthiest of institutions continue to employ lawyers to pursue loopholes and litigation that holds up Congressional proceedings with hundreds of meetings and thousands of pages of paperwork

Beyond P-I-E, Strengths Perspective - A Baseline

- SWers seek to improve upon existing strengths in a person, group or community - Don't reinvent the wheel, use the tools already present - We must be creative, we must look very carefully and explore all possibilities - Many clients have never realized that they actually do have and are using their strengths to survive - Clients need hope.

Person-in-Environment Approach

- Social Workers are not judges, we do not have to stick with precedents set - Every human is unique and we have to truly sit with the concept of "normal reactions to abnormal situations" - Ex: soldiers come home from war, their mentality (rigid adherence to orders, heightened sensitivity to motion, noise, smells, addiction to caffeine or other substances) served them well/kept them alive. These are normal reactions to an abnormal situation. - Child soldiers - become orphaned, taken captive, must become soldiers to survive, seriously addicted to cocaine/marijuana/brown-brown/etc., to numb themselves from the act of killing so many. - In this case, here on local ground - social workers ask, "What is this individual's background of life experiences? Immigrant? Refugee? How was this teen raised? How did they survive their childhood?" EX: child of addict, sexual abuse at who-knows-who's hands, Mom provided no structure, nurturing or basic needs. Now the child doesn't WANT to have rules imposed, he gets rejected time after time by foster parents who return him to DCF, and now he is angry!! Is he SICK? Is he hopelessly violent? Does he have Oppositional Defiant Disorder? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? Or has this child survived a life of traumatizing experiences? Perhaps suffering PTSD? - "Everyone has a story" is a SWers obligation to understand and point to start from, not an excuse to dismiss a person's need

Cultural Understanding and Relevance

- Social Workers must understand the relationship between cultures and personal identity - Diversity (in Social Work) relates to not only race, but gender, age, class, physical ability and sexual orientation - Social Workers utilize knowledge and respect for differing cultures while basing our work on strengths found within each individual's diverse characteristics - Each individual is unique, each individual has worth - Regardless of the Social Worker's culture and set of beliefs, Social Work requires a professional and personal commitment to never imposing their own culture on a client

Ethics in Social Work

- Standards of professional conduct - NASW (National Association of Social Workers) Code of Ethics includes workers' responsibilities to clients, colleagues, to the Social Work profession and to society - NASW Code is used to help Social Workers choose between two options - sets guidelines for which course of action is more ethical

The "Culture of poverty"

- What are the stereotypes of the "culture of poverty?" • Lack of economic resources • Deprivation • Low expectations for what life can give • Lack of hope for the future & despair • Poverty passed from generation to generation - "this concept has become almost entirely identified with an emphasis on the individual characteristics of the poor, rather than on the structural forces that cause poverty" - Lends itself to social apathy or hostility toward the poor

How Do SWers Help Empower Older Adults?

1) Adaptation - using strengths to survive, adapt to new surroundings and experiences (moving through loss, grief) 2) Competence - focus on what you can do rather than what you can't do (Ex: part-time work or volunteerism increase feelings of self-worth while minimizing negative feelings associated with loss of occupational role) 3) Relatedness - help strengthen relationships with others (friends, family, caregivers, etc.) - help find/join social groups, activities, etc. 4) Autonomy - helping people live as independently as possible 5) When facing death: • Encourage clients to discuss their feelings, speak about their own death (when culturally appropriate), help make meaning of their lives and relationships; hopefully helping clients find some peace in closure • Provide assistance in making end of life decisions/planning • Within Hospice, help folks die with comfort and dignity, apart from the artificial, arguably inhumane prolonging of life in an institution setting

Who are the poor?

1) Children 2) Women (therefore female-headed households) 3) People of Color - If you belong to more than one of these groups, your risk of poverty increases dramatically - While white people make up the majority of the poor population, people of color are much more likely to be poor Q: Who is significantly less poor now as a population? A: 65+ Why? Because social security is working to reduce poverty among the 65+ population Q: What is the "Feminization of Poverty"? A. [60% of "poor" families are headed by women]

Jane Adams' work at the macro level

1) Helped pass laws involving child labor and mandatory education 2) Helped create legislation that protected immigrant workers from exploitation 3) Worked to limit the working hours for women 4) Recognized and promoted labor unions 5) Helped create legislation that mandated industrial safety regulations

List of programs from our nation's social welfare system, or, "safety net"

1) Medicaid 2) CHIP (Children's Health Insurance Program) 3) Unemployment insurance 4) Supplemental Security Income (SSI) 5) Transitional Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) 6) Women, Infants and Children (WIC) 7) Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) 8) Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 9) Section 8 Housing

3 Aspects of Settlement Houses

1) SH approach addressed problems of people in an environmental context instead of focusing on individual pathology 2) Environmental focus led naturally to an emphasis on advocacy and social reform - beginnings of Macro social work: when environment needs change to meet people's needs 3) Utilized principles of "scientific philanthropy" - Residence, Research & Reform = 3 R's of SH work ** Interesting note: NAACP created with support of SH workers** SH's NOT ABOUT PURE CHARITY - ABOUT SOCIAL EQUALITY, SOCIAL REFORM AND QUALITY OF LIFE - Jump-off for both clinical and macro focus'

Causes of poverty: structural factors

1) Structural factors: economics, politics, discrimination based on race and gender • Economic explanation - poverty occurs when wages are too low and not enough adequately paying jobs exist for people to earn what they need to survive EX: loss of jobs to foreign countries, increased # of high-tech jobs that require high skill level, plight of the farmers - if imported food becomes cheaper, where will they turn for work? • Loss of employment is the single event most likely to trigger entrance into poverty • Political explanation - politicians shape social policies that can decrease, maintain or increase poverty • Racial & gender discrimination explanation - our society reflects significant economic, social & political discrimination based on gender and race - especially for African American and Hispanic populations • What are some examples of this discrimination in housing? Employment? Access to Finance? Access to Groceries? o Discrimination in housing: Redlining - when people of color are only shown housing options in certain areas where whites are not living o Discrimination in employment: when employers discriminate against people with non-violent criminal backgrounds - this predominantly impacts black men who are disproportionately represented among this population o Discrimination in access to finance: Paycheck cashing locations charge to expedite cashing checks - disproportionately impacts people of color o Access to groceries: Lack of fresh produce in corner stores - lack of big grocery stores near areas where predominantly people of color live • Tell me how many grocery store chains you find in poor areas. • Tell me how many banks you find vs. check cashing establishments, western unions, etc. • Why do all the folks of color live in the same neighborhoods? • What about Immigrant population's lack of rights, legal status, etc. o Immigrants face high rates of exploitation and job discrimination since employers can threaten to "out" their legal status to law enforcement

Which 3 principles are Social Work and social welfare based on?

1) The person is important, 2) The person has personal, family and community problems resulting from interactions with others, 3) Something can be done to alleviate these problems and enrich the individual's life Note: No mention there of "healing," "curing," or "miraculous anything"

Secure housing includes three parts that are impacted by the market and market demand

1. Affordability 2. Availability 3. Income

What is the Social Worker's Role in Working with Older Adults? Differs Slightly by Living Arrangements...

1. Aging in Place and In-Home Health Care and Congregate Living • Link clients to services • Oversee and coordinate services provided: 1) Home-based services, including informal and formal support networks, respite care, Meals on Wheels, homemaker services, adult day care, adult foster care, etc. 2) Community Based Services, including adult day care, hospices, senior centers, congregate meal programs, senior home repair and maintenance programs 2. Long-Term Care Facilities • Discharge Planning in Hospital Settings and Nursing Homes • Service Provision in Nursing Homes including addressing the social and emotional needs of residents, work with their families, assist in financial planning and link residents with services when necessary • This includes everything from assisting with financial planning to helping with wheelchair accessible transportation • We tend to think "everyone" winds up in a nursing home... • Only 5% of OA's 85+ live in long-term care facilities • 1 in 5 OA's will be in a nursing home for short-term physical therapy or medical care 3. All Of the Above • Advocate/assist in financial planning, inclusive of SSI, Medicare, Medicaid - knowing the rules of who will pay for how long in which type of setting, knowing when you are/are not qualified to access these forms of assistance (dependent upon SSI, pension, savings, veteran's benefits, etc.) and how much you will need to produce "out-of-pocket" - helping clients navigate these monstrous systems • Always: promote self-determination and the dignity of the individual (Ex: Older woman doesn't want to speak to a Social Worker at the hospital, so the Social Worker finds out she would be more comfortable speaking to a pastor, priest, rabbi, etc. SWer arranges this visit.) • Helping the entire family unit: o women are most often (by far) the caregivers, whether spouse or child of someone in need. SWers are increasingly concerned with helping caregivers of OA's who may suffer physically, emotionally, socially, financially, etc. 1) Identify who is making decisions for/with the older adult (sometimes dependent upon culture) 2) Identify varying opinions on provision of care and who will assume responsibility for different aspects of care 3) Help family navigate differences that naturally arise or are at a boiling point and have an impact on care of the older adult 4) Keep the older adult's rights to self-determination (their wishes) at the forefront of conversation at all times 5) Provide resources of support for families (support groups, financial planning, end of life planning, counseling and/or grief work, etc.)

Intervention in Suspected Abuse/Neglect

1. File 51-A (Abuse & Neglect Report) 2. Voluntary/Anonymous or Mandated Reporting a. Voluntary Reporting: any individual can file a report of suspicion of abuse or neglect of a child - voluntary reporting can be anonymous b. Mandated Reporting: individuals who are in positions where they are responsible for the care and safety of children (e.g. teachers, principals) are legally obligated to report any suspicion of abuse or neglect c. As a mandated reporter you should always try to talk to the parents before filing a report for suspicion of abuse or neglect i. There are two exceptions for when not to talk to the child's parents before reporting: 1. If the parents are a flight risk 2. If the child's safety could be exponentially more at risk in the immediate 3. Process: a. Report is screened in or out b. Investigation c. Investigation is "Supported" or "Unsupported" d. If "Supported", case is opened, child may/may not be removed e. Service Plan put in place to address concerns, set clear goals and steps/interventions to achieve goals a. Service plans for parents can include: i. Parenting classes/parenting support groups ii. Treatment/recovery programs for drug/alcohol abuse iii. Counseling b. Service plans for children can include: i. After school programs ii. Daycare enrollment iii. Child meetings with a therapist or counselor iv. Attendance/behavior reports from school

10 Core Competencies of Social Work Practice

1. Identify as a professional social worker and conduct oneself accordingly 2. Apply social work ethical principles to guide professional practice 3. Apply critical thinking to inform and communicate professional judgments 4. Engage diversity and difference in practice 5. Advance human rights and social and economic justice 6. Engage in research-informed practice and practice-informed research 7. Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment 8. Engage in policy practice to advance social and economic well-being and to deliver effective social work services 9. Respond to contexts that shape practice 10. Engage, assess, intervene, and evaluate with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities

3 levels of Social Work intervention

1. Individual = clinical or micro 2. Groups = mezzo 3. Communities = macro

Services provided at Hull House

1. Kindergarten and day care for children of working mothers 2. Mother's groups 3. Clubs for teen boys 4. Children's clubs 5. Sewing and cooking classes for girls 6. Lectures from the most respected university teachers, students and social reformers of the day in Chicago 7. An employment bureau 8. Art gallery 9. Libraries 10. English and citizenship classes 11. Theater, music, art, history, dancing and language classes 12. Labor Museum 13. Jane club for single working girls 14. Meeting space for labor unions 15. Cultural events 16. 13 Buildings total

Abuse & Neglect

1. Physical Abuse: bodily maltreatment, sexual abuse (contact + non-contact) 2. Emotional Abuse: intimidation, threats, detaining is spaces, etc. 3. Shaken Baby Syndrome: shaking of infants resulting in swelling of brain 4. Neglect: failure to provide basic needs and safety (food, shelter, clothing, medical care, supervision, etc.) 5. Drug Addiction at Birth and Failure to Thrive (not meeting most essential growth milestones in first year) are both forms of neglect

What does this mean for SW practice with OA's?

1. SWers must help families recognize religious differences and needs of the OA; poss help OA get to church /synagogue /mosque/temple/etc. 2. Connect OA's to faith-based organizations (Catholic Charities local religiously-affiliated Adult Day programs or groups, church support, bereavement, prayer or social groups) 3. Assess OA's religious background and level of interest in using religiously based resources 4. Recognize wounds, guilt, shame that may be impacting an individual based on their religion; carefully proceed with care provision and counseling 5. Ensure provision of care/health services are reflective of and responsive to an individual's religious customs

Goals of International Social Work

1. Seek to eliminate barriers to development, which in every society have been used to oppress historically disadvantaged populations (e.g. women, people of color, people with disabilities, elderly, children) 2. The realization of more balanced approaches to social and economic development 3. The assignment of highest priority to the fullest human development 4. The fullest possible participation of people everywhere in determining both the means and the outcomes of development 5. The elimination of absolute poverty everywhere in the world 6. The promotion and protection of human rights for all citizens 7. The transformation of societies toward more humanistic values based on social justice, the promotion of peace and attainment of the fullest possible human development

social justice

An ideal condition in which all members of a society have the same basic rights, protection, opportunities, obligations and social benefits...entailing advocacy to confront discrimination, oppression, and institutional inequities

Spirituality/Religion in Social Work with OA's Continued

In a study of 79 OA's in America, 43% report prayer as their primary means of coping with stress and problems o "Altruism", "help-seeking" and "meditation" were also significant responses o Meditation: Worldwide, the population of OA's who report using meditation to cope would be very significant. o Ex: Ses and Maggie were meditating all along - would call it "prayer"

Social Welfare

Nation's system of programs, benefits, services that help people meet the social, economic, educational and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society

Spirituality/Religion in Social Work with OA's

Nelson-Becker article notes that although we (the Social Work community) shies away from the term "religion" because of it's connotation of a more rigid set of beliefs/practices, OA's in the US prefer to use the term Religion because they simply recognize the word and often ascribe spirituality to their religion

Who are Older Americans?

Population: • Currently, those ages 65+ comprise about 13% of the population (13% of the population) - ¾ of these OA's live independently of family or institutional care • By 2050, the group will constitute 21% of the population • "Young-old" = 65-74 years • "Old-old" = 75-84 years • "Oldest-old" = 85+ years - population increasing most rapidly worldwide, projected to increase by 233% by 2050 • The "graying of America" includes the fact that the fastest growing segment of the American population is the "oldest-old" • similar to the schools of medicine, schools of social work are providing more specialized education to prepare SWers for the increased need of this population

What is Social Work?

Professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal

Social Work Practice

Professional application of Social Work values, principles and techniques

Public Work Supports

Programs that provide assistance to working families to help access basics like health care, child care, food and housing could fill in the gaps between earnings and basic needs o Most low-income workers earn too much to qualify

Social Work shares similarities with many other helping professions: Which ones?

Psychiatry, psychology, sociology, "counseling"...even nursing, education, business and law

Why is Social Work recognized as a professional activity?

Recognized as a professional activity based on research, data collection, and evidence based practice

What do housing social workers do?

Social work includes advocacy, policy, and working with landlords to hold them responsible for healthy housing units, and ensuring that the individual community is safe • Macro social workers focus on community safety and working with local leaders on community needs In the United States there are currently over ½ million homeless individuals

Housing, Homelessness, and Communities at Risk

Social workers are involved in housing because it is critical to an individual and family's physical and mental well-being o People struggle to secure and keep housing o Difference between secure and insecure housing • Secure: You are on the lease • Insecure: You are not on the lease • Insecure is a variety of homelessnes

Cultural Pluralism

The concept of respecting and maintaining ethnic differences - especially as a minority population within a dominant culture - Cultural Humility must be developed by practitioners in order to support and respect cultural pluralism

Why Would Global Social Workers Not Engage in Direct Service?

• Because they lack the fine tuned knowledge of traditional customs in the culture • We have the resources to help the host country set up a service system of their own - when the ability to teach other in the are is transferred to the locals you create sustainable practices that can outlast any intervention efforts

Alzheimer's

The most common type of dementia - accounts for 60-80% of all cases • For every 1 person diagnosed with Alzheimer's there are on average 12 other people impacted

The Working Poor

o Most workers do not make ends meet on wages alone - over 1/3 of the poor work at some point during the year, and in 2007, 12% of the poor worked full-time and year-round o Working families with incomes below the poverty line earn, on average, 76% of the poverty threshold o Poor in the US work more hours per capita than in any other wealthy nation o Upper/moderate wage earners aren't self-sufficient either, receiving on-the-job benefits like health insurance or paid sick days o Workers in low-wage jobs often can not cover their basic family needs and do not get job-related benefits to supplement family earnings Despite playing by the rules, many families, especially those with one adult earner, are struggling to survive.

Social Innovation

o Taking system and service deliveries that already exist and connecting them to solve problems and improve overall conditions

Human rights

refers to specific universal standards relevant to freedom and well-being, personal and collective rights

Global Social Work

social work activities that are based on a special appreciation and understanding that globalization has made it possible for people around the world to experience multiple cultures and become involved in and affected by various social problems and causes

Comparative Social Policy

the social work history of expanding thought and ways of doing through the analysis of policies and service delivery in other countries • There are some cultural practices that have been proved detrimental...period o Ex: child brides; female genital mutilation • The goal is to adjust/make changes based on which cultural practices already exist and are working well - social innovation

Global practice

thinking globally, acting locally

Why is Case Management Essential?

• Case workers help clients pull together documentation required to declare homelessness (e.g. current income verification, proof of sleeping on the street, documentation of every place they have lived over the past five years)

Three Types of Affordable Housing

• 1. Subsidized (for the most low-income/no income folks) o Ex: Boston Housing Authority; Mass Housing; privately owned subsidized housing • 2. Income-restricted (depends on income - for working poor) o Based on average median income o Need to meet eligibility requirements in order to apply to be entered into the lottery • 3. Voucher programs o Ex: Section 8; VA o Section 8 is closed right now o You cannot move houses if you receive a voucher

Housing First Model

• Allows homeless individuals to have housing first, then receive wrap-around services - housing first does not require sobriety before people can receive housing • Providing housing for the homeless is actually cheaper than keeping them homeless - since homeless people are in and out of jail, hospitals, rehabs • First opened for folks who are most chronically homeless, folks with mental illness or substance abuse or other conditions that traditionally prevent them from obtaining and keeping housing • Premise: this population, the chronic homeless, will have superior housing and recovery outcomes if given immediate access to permanent, independent housing of their choice and provided with flexible case management services (wrap-around services) • Argues that housing is essential for human health - you can't work on sobriety or mental health until your basic needs are met

Most Common Intervention: Parenting Groups/Parenting Education

• Dr. Stephen Bavolek's "Nurturing Parenting Program" is widely accepted as a gold standard for parenting education programs across the country by Child Protective Services and Courts • Dr. Bavolek studied the beliefs/attitudes/practices of abusive parents and decided upon 5 main indicators that a parent is at high risk of abusive or neglectful parenting practices (see AAPI handout = pre/post testing = evidence based practice example) a. Inappropriate Expectations of Children (Ex: believing that your 2yr old should be able to sit quietly for lengths of time) b. Parental Lack of Empathy Toward Children's Needs c. Strong Belief in Corporal Punishment d. Reversing Parent-Child Family Roles (Ex: Parent insisting that eldest son, regardless of age, be "the man of the family" and provide protection or basic needs for the family) e. Oppressing Children's Power and Independence

What are the factors that impact an individual's ability to attain and keep housing?

• Economic • Individual • Community

Boston Office of Housing Stability

• Housing crisis support - connects clients with emergency housing • Advocacy and policy - helping create policies that help prevent displacement/eviction TENANT AND LANDLORD INFORMATION We provide information to tenants and landlords about their rights and responsibilities. PROGRAM AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT We develop tenant and landlord resources and programs. We want to promote the creation and preservation of stable and affordable housing in Boston.

Causes of poverty: Individual factors

• Human Capital - background and available opportunities from the day you are born 1) Skills, education and credentials people have when seeking employment have critical consequences for their ability to get a job/economic success 2) Poor people start out with less money=fewer resources=decreased access to quality education/lucrative opportunities 3) Poor people come from single-parent families=fewer resources 4) Poor people likely to have more children in their families 5) Poor people more likely to have some disability that affects their ability to work

Housing First in Boston

• In 7 years, over 900 long term homeless individuals were placed in permanent housing (27% sleeping in places "not suitable") • To date, over 90% remain in their houses and have not returned to the streets or shelters • Saves Boston over $13,000/person per year in healthcare and public safety to be safely home rather than in the streets • Prioritizes veterans in Boston

Common Causes of Eviction

• Job loss • Rent increases • Cannot pay rent • Family rift/Relationship break-up • Family in hospital/Hospital expenses • Conditions of the unit (unsafe, unhealthy) • Problems with the landlord

Finding/Keeping Housing - What Complicates These Goals?

• Transportation • Children/Older adults • Job/Employment/School • Physical barriers/Health issues