Midterm biology

Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of _______ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

2

Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind the change in beak size in the finch population?

A change in gene frequencies in the finch population due to selective pressures from the environmental changes.

Which of the following phylogenetic tree best illustrates (with the X) the point which the mutation GULO gene most likely occurred during the evolutionary history of these organisms?

A. The X is placed where the lemur and then the mutation branches off to human chimpanzee and orangutan.

Which of the following is not part of Darwin's mechanism of evolution?

Acquiring traits because they are needed

Evolutionary modifications that improve the survival and reproductive success of an organism are called:

Adaptation

Anabolic reactions:

All of the above are generally endergonic; usually require ATP; are part of metabolism; may produce polysaccharides from monosaccharides

Which process does not match the products?

All the processes match the products

Bird wings are considered:

Analogous structures

In order to meet the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg predictions, a population must:

Be very large

Mothers and teachers have often said that they need another pair of eyes on the backs of their heads. And another pair of hands would come in handy in many situations. You can imagine that these traits would have been advantages to our earlier hunter gatherer ancestors as well. According to sound evolutionary reasoning, what is the most likely explanation for why humans do not have these traits?

Because these variation have probably never appeared in a healthy human. Tetrapods share four limbed, two eyed body plan; natural selection can only edit existing variations.

According to lamarck's hypothesis, giraffes have long necks:

By stretching during the lifetime and passing the trait to their offspring

Five new species of bacteria were discovered in Antarctic ice core samples. The nucleotides sequence of rRNA subunits were determined for new species. The table below shows the number of nucleotides differences between the species.

C. 3,4,2,1,5

The overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as:

C6H12O6 +6 O2 + 6 H2O > 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy

Cell respiration is the most accurately described as __________ process

Catabolic

The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:

Catabolism

A marsupial species found only in Australia has evolved to eat three leaves, be diurnal, and raise its young until they are of reproductive age. A grazing placental mammal species found in Africa has also evolved to eat tree leaves, be diurnal and raise its young until they are of reproductive age. This is an example of which of the following types of evolution?

Convergent evolution

This figure shows the change of population over town. Which statement best describes the mode of selection depicted in the figure?

Directional selection, which causes the average color to become darker over time.

Researchers are investigating the evolutionary relationships among organisms found near deep sea hydrothermal vents and similar organisms found closer to the ocean surface. Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the investigation?

Does water temperature at different ocean depths affect the relative levels of dissolved oxygen?

During chemiosmosis, _________ are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a(an) _________ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Electrons; protons

Overproduction, variation, limits on population growth, and differential reproductive success are components of:

Evolution by natural selection

Which of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctured equilibrium?

Evolution occurs in the rapid bursts of change alternating with long periods in which species remain relatively unchanged.

Which of the following statements might best explain the increase in the average beach size in the finch population during the drought?

Finches with bigger beaks are better able to crack thick-walled seeds and produce more surviving offspring.

Which of the following best explains the differences in the armor of the lake Washington stickleback population summarized in figure 1?

Fish exhibiting the low- plates phenotype were selected against in the Lake Washington stickleback population over 50 years

A population in which allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time is said to be in:

Genetic equilibrium

The condition in which there are barriers to reproduction between individuals of the same species because they are separated by a portion of mountain rang is referred to as

Geographic isolation

In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:

Golgi complex

Whose findings of evolution by natural selection were presented with those of darwins?

Gregor Mendel

Prior to this Lake Washington was highly polluted and underwater visibility was limited to one or two meters. In the late 1960s a large cleanup effort reduced pollution, resulting in visibility that increased to six to seven meters by 1976. Which of the following best explains how the change in underwater visibility affected armor plotting in lake Washington sticklebacks between 1957 and 1976?

Higher visibility allowed sickle backs more susceptible to large-toothed predators in the lakes, giving complete armor a selective advantage.

The front limbs of birds and bats, both wings, are considered to be:

Homologous structures

Which of the following ideas is not part of Darwin concept of evolution?

Individuals in a population are genetically variable

Chytridiomycosis is a potentially lethal fungal infection that adversely affects some frog populations. The incidence and severity of the fungal infection can vary over time. Which of the following statements best describes the changers in the frog population that are depicted in the model above?

Infected individuals gradually died out, and genetically resistant individuals became more common. The frog population recovered because of the increased frequency of resistant individuals.

Based on the morphological characteristics, the phylogenetic tree above has been developed for species I, II, III, IV. DNA sequencing has recently been completed for a particular gene found in all four species. The sequencing will provide additional information for answering which of the following questions?

Is species I the common ancestor of species II and III?

Speciation

Is the formation of new species from an ancestral population

The Hardy-Weinberg principle of useful because:

It identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies

Passing on traits or characteristics that were acquired during the lifetime of an organism to its offspring is a concept that is primarily attributed to:

Jean baptistery de Lamarck

On a large volcanic island, researchers are studying a population of annual herbaceous plants. Which of the following observations best supports the prediction that speciation will occur within the existing plant population?

Lava has separated the population into two areas: an upland forest and a lowland marsh.

According to the figure above, which pair of organism share the most recent common ancestor?

Lungfish and amphibian

MRSA can be a serious threat to human health. There is evidence that S. aureus infections are common in hospitals and that MRAS have become resistant to other antibiotics besides methicillin. Thai suggests that the rapid evolution of resistance in the bacteria poses a serious public health challenge. Which of the following best explains drug therapies?

MRAS exchange genetic material with other antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can spread resistance in the S. aureus population.

According to the figure above, the group most closely related to lizards and snakes are

Mammals

This phylogenetic tree illustrates the evolutionary relationships of tetrapods and was constructed using both anatomical andDNA sequence data. Using evidence from this tree, what statement most accurately reflects the relationships of mammals to amphibians and birds?

Mammals are more closely related to amphibians because they share anatomical similarities

Sympatric evolution occurred when a new species arises in the same area as an existing ancestral species. Which of the following can lead to sympatric speciation?

Migration of a small number of individuals to a geographical remote area.

Which of the following occurs in all species of living organisms and may lead to an increase in genetic variation?

Mutation in the genome

Over several years, bacteria were isolated from members of a human population and tested for antibiotic resistance. The percent of bacterial isolation that were found to be antibiotic resistant is presented in the graph above for each year of study. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information presented in the graph.

Natural selection over multiple generations is favoring antibiotic resistance in the population of bacteria

Evolution of new traits typically takes many generations. Yet a dramatic shift in the extent of armor plating in the Lake Washington stickleback population occurred in the 50 years following the cleanup of the lake. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of the rapid evolution of the armor phenotype in the Lake Washington stickleback?

New selective pressured favored individuals with the plates phenotype, causing the plated allele frequency in the population to quickly increase.

The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is:

None of the above

The rapid evolution of bacteria and fungi in certain environments is used in the field of:

Plant genomics

Evolution is genetic change in a(an) ________ that occurs over time.

Population

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that prevent fertilization are termed:

Prezygotic barriers

In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three carbon molecules of:

Pyruvate

In the plants, speciation can occurs when the offspring receive extra sets of chromosomes. This referred to as being polyploid. Which species of wheat shown in polyploid? The uppercase letters represent not genes but sets of chromosomes.

T. Turgidum

The prevention of genetic exchange between two species because they reproduce at different time of the day, season, or year is called:

Temporal isolation

Which of the following procedures most likely followed to determine the change in beak size?

The beak size in a large number of the finches was measured every year from 1981 to 1987

Which of the following includes the most likely change in the coloration of the beetle population are pollution and s correct rationale for the change?

The coloration in the population shifters towards more darker-colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lighter colored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the darker colored beetles.

A completely- plated sickle back from a marine population was mates to a low-plated stickleback from a fresh water population. The resulting F1 hybrids all displayed a completely plated phenotype. When F1 hybrids were allowed to interbreed, the resulting F2 generations included completely played offspring and low- played offsprings in an approximate 3:1 ratio. Which of the following conclusion is best supported by the results of the breeding experiments?

The completely-played phenotype is controlled by a dominate allele of a single gene

Arctic foxes typically have a white coat in the winter. In the summer, when there is no snow on the ground, the foxes typically have a darker coat. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the seasonal change in coat color?

The decrease in the amount of daylight in the winter cause a change in gene expression of high results in the foxes growing a lighter appearing coat

The biologist discovered that from 1988 to 1993 the average beak size declined pre- 1981 levels. The reversal in beak size from 1989 to 1993 was most likely related to which of the following events?

The end of the drought.

In an experiment, 100 mice were released into a field to which no other nice had access. Immediately after their release, a representative sample of mice was captured, their fur color was recorded, and they were returned to the field. After twenty years, a representative sample of mice was captured and distributed of fur color was again recorded. Which of the following could best explain change in fur color distribution?

The field was primarily composed of light colored soil and little vegetation, affording gray mice protection from predators

The lionfish is a venomous fish found primarily in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. In 1990s lionfish were accidentally released into the Atlantic Ocean, where they found abundant resources and favorable environmental conditions. Which of the following scenarios is most likely result in the lionfish having a major impact on communities into which they were introduced?

With no natural predators, the lionfish population will become very large.