Midterm exam

1st Great Awakening

(1730s-1740s) a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies. Led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. A religious revival led by Jonathan Edwards, it represented a "New Divinity" and a restatement of Calvinism. Which called for a closer relationship with God(a God that has absolute say over whether a man is saved. As much as it tried, the Great Awakening had not eliminated sports from the colonial scene. It would be the Revolution itself that would have more success in suppressing idle recreation.

Folk games

-stool ball, foot races, quoits (like horse shoes), skittles & ninepins (bowling). Allow single men to show off - and, perhaps - attract a woman.

Knickerbockers

A New York base ball club that was comprised of gentlemen who socialized and played baseball. They played in the first organized game of baseball at Elysian Fields.

Kolven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. The embrace of science and reason and a departure form religion and superstition. Them movement started to trickle into the colonies helped by a printer named Ben Franklin.

Elysian Fields

A park that was originally part of John Cox Stevens family's estate in Hoboken. The fields had many uses over the years, like playing fields for St. George Cricket Club and NY Athletic Club. He started a NY Yacht Club and built a club house and held balls and dinners there.

Strenuous Life

A phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt to describe his ideal of a vigorous, athletic new approach to life at the turn of the century. Young boys needed to strengthen their bodies as well as their minds. Roosevelt had been a sickly child afflicted with asthma, and his father encouraged him to make himself stronger, and he did.

Tavern pastimes

A place where people of all classes would mingle, get excessively drunk, gamble, play/watch sports. They played games like cards, dice, shuffleboard, Board Tables, Lotteries, Bowling greens, Horse races, Bear Baiting, bull baiting, and such like Sports.

AAU

Amateur Athletic Union

Barn ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick.

2nd Great Awakening

Between 1800 - 1860, the number of evangelical protestant churches grew twice as fast as the population. The leading evangelical denominations were the Methodists and Baptists, and their membership far surpassed the dominant colonial denominations, the Anglicans and puritans. They condemned horseracing, cockfighting, and bear-baiting, but also boating, fishing, checkers, chess, croquet, and even storytelling. The Evangelical Protestants of the Second Great Awakening did their best to curtail or even abolish all sorts of entertainment and recreation, but they could not.

Caledonian Clubs

Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

Paper Chases

Called "hare and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses

4 Folkways

Chesapeake, New England, Backcountry, and Middle Colonies

"King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887.Kelly may not have had the average that Anson did (career .308), but he was more colorful. He was known for a flamboyant style on and off the field.

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man.

Walking City

Describes settled areas where they were no more than two miles from the center of town, and the pedestrian was the principal method of locomotion.

Playground Movement

Development beginning in the late 1800s and early 1900s in Canada and the United States that had the purpose of providing safe places for children to play in order to prevent delinquency and promote healthy development.

William Cammeyer

First to charge admission for baseball games. --Enclose his baseball field in Brooklyn, 1862, with a fence and charged admission, in 1876 he was president of Brooklyn mutuals who voted to make the league a charter member and set a fixed rate of 50cents/game

Harry Wright

Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. he was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Who would be the player-manager of the club, the Red Stockings amassed an incredible record of 57 wins, zero losses, and one tie in their inaugural season of 1869.

James Gordon Bennett

Founder of the New York Herald in 1835. He initiated features found in modern newspapers, including a financial page, editorial commentary, and public-affairs reporting

"Nouveau Riche"

French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s.

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs. Sporting Fraternities would feature their favorite sports and their most talented participants.

Lawful Sport

Games that were believed to foster drinking and gambling were expressly forbidden. Games that refreshed the mind, body , and spirit were allowed. To be lawful the recreation had to satisfy two requirements: no association with the British festive culture and it had to refresh the participants so they could perform their worldly duties.

Violent games

Games viewed in a negative light by the monarchy, due to the fact that these games were very dangerous. These games were very violent and resulted in broken heads and legs and even death sometimes. Games like football and hurling(rugby).

Rough and Tumble

Gentleman paritcpated in a dual, the men were usually of lower classes. No rules regulating the fights and as a result the participants were usually left bloodied and quite often maimed or even blind.

Positive Sports Ideology

Good, clean sports could serve as an alternative to those undesirable elements of the city and serve to "promote morality, build character, enhance public health, and serve as a substitute for the lost world of small-town America and its values.

Leonard Jerome

He was a Wall Street investor who was also a playboy who lived a lavish lifestyle. He was part of a group of new millionaires in the 1860s known as NY's "parvenu". They decided to revive the struggling race industry. In 1866 Jerome and two of his friends, William Travers and August Belmont, founded the American Jockey Club and purchased 200 acres to build the nation's finest race track.

John Cox Stevens

He was a wealthy heir to a steamboat fortune and he wagered a small fortune, watches, diamond breast pins on Eclipse winning. Steven won enough from the race that he bought both horses, Eclipse for 10k and sir Henry for 3k. Steven was widely known as the premier horseman of the North by the 1820s.

Quarter Horses

Horses that was much smaller with large hindquarters that excelled at sprinting shorter distances of a quarter mile or less.

YMCA

In the early years of the organization, it focused on the Christian part of its name and offered more spiritual guidance to youth. After the war the YMCA began to broaden its programs to include more rigorous physical components. By the 1890s the YMCA began to attract not only youth but also younger male workers from the industrial economy who were no longer experiencing physical exercise in their work.

Moses Fleetwood Walker

It is believed the last black player to play in the major leagues before Jackie Robinson in 1946 was Moses Fleetwood Walker, who played for Toledo in the American Association.

"Book of Sports"

It was a list of acceptable sports for his sons to play and the nation as well. It included what games weren't allowed like bear baiting and football. 1618 order by James I of England which permitted games on Sunday for people who attended the Church of England services; this upset the Puritans, who believed quite the contrary was appropriate; rescinded after many clergies refused to read this order from the pulpit.

Toli

It was called "stickball" by Europeans, it appeared to be an early version of lacrosse. It was physical and dangerous and often resulted in serious injuries for not only participants but also spectators. The game was popular w/ the original tribes of the American southeast(Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole).

John Montgomery Ward

John Montgomery Ward was a very good player who would later be voted into the Hall of Fame for his exploits both as a pitcher and a hitter (he amassed over 2,000 hits in his career), but he became more famous for what he contributed to the game in 1885. While playing for the New York Gothams (later the Giants), he used his skills as an attorney to form the (at first) secretive BrotherHood of Professional Baseball Players.

Sabbatarian laws

Laws were passed throughout the colony to enforce that strict observance of the Sabbath. The laws also banned recreation of any kind, sexual intercourse, unnecessary traveling, and any kind of frivolity.

Oliver Cromwell

Led the parliamentary forces who wanted to bring back the power of the parliament, lessen the power of the king, and reform the Church of England. Cromwell was backed by the puritans, and they ended up winning.

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work. The Victorians did their best to permeate all American culture and exert their values of hard work and self-restraint throughout society. These values had no room for the spontaneity and impulsiveness associated with sports. Many Americans were craving that spontaneity and impulsiveness.

N4A

National Association of Amateur Athletes of America

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base. Two bases were now involved, and the feeder (pitcher) would throw the ball from one base to the catcher behind the other base with the striker (hitter) standing between them attempting to hit the pitched ball. All the rules of barn ball would apply, but instead of running to the barn and back, the hitter would run to the pitcher's base and back to his to score before he was thrown out.

"Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (something the National League did not do)

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually this. It most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game. In all these games, only the hitter would earn a score, and the person with the most "tallies" or bases at the end of the game would be declared the victor.

Public Schools Athletic League

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school. The league would organize competitions between the city's schools and sponsor city championships in over a dozen sports.

AG Spalding

Owner and coach of the Red Stocking, and owned an equipment company. Sporting goods magnate and former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings, wanted to prove that baseball was truly an American sport. In 1888 he sponsored an around-the-world tour promoting baseball as well as Spalding sporting goods.

Britain's Festive Culture

People would play games to coincide with large gatherings of people either in celebration of religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating everyday life

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876. The "Czar of Baseball"; he developed the National League of Professional Baseball Players

Baseball Fraternity

Sporting fraternities began to emerge in the middle part of the century and the most popular of them all would be the baseball fraternity.

Sporting Fraternity

Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood. They followed, promoted, and participated in their favorite sport such as horseracing or boxing and the associated gambling and drinking that went with them.

New York Clipper

The New York game spawned a number of publications devoted to baseball. The Clipper began publication in 1853 and covered not only baseball but other sports and entertainment as well. It should be given its due credit for helping the rise of the game in its formative years. The Clipper followed all the emerging New York clubs during the 1850s and reported the scores of the games and news from the teams.

Rational Recreation

The activities were limited to the private sphere so the chances of the rowdy actions that they abhorred could be avoided. Things like reading newspapers and books and playing musical instruments or even some forms of exercise were deemed appropriate

Republicanism

The belief that the new nation that would emerge after the war would be very different than any European nation at the time. A republic that would give the power to its people

19th Century changes

The century saw great changes in the economy, 58technology, and transportation. There was a massive movement to the cities from the country and from other countries. Instead of hurting the spread of sports throughout society they each in their own way served as a positive force for the emerging sports world.

National League

The first professional baseball league, begun in 1876 with eight teams. National League's official title substituted the word clubs for players, and that was no accident. forbade any teams from entering the association who were owned by the players. Two restrictions of joining the league were a minimum population of 75,000 and approval of the existing teams. Appealing to the Victorians by banning the sale of alcohol at games as well as Sunday play.

Alexander Joy Cartwright

The first was organized by New York bank clerk and volunteer firefighter. Cartwright and his friends were meeting informally as a social club and played baseball as a sidelight near their meeting place at the corner of 27th Street and 4th Avenue in Manhattan.

Puritans

The puritans were on the rise in Britain during the early 17th century, and along with purifying the church of England of these catholic tendencies while also purifying the sabbath. Which meant no work or recreation on sunday

Separate Spheres

The rigid division of sexes where the male area was known as the public sphere and it included business and politics. While the female area was to provide a refuge for the male in the home "the private sphere". Women were the moral arbiters of the home by nurturing their children and keeping their husbands from succumbing to their impulsive tendencies.

College crew

The start of college sports, Yale and Harvard were rivals who originally competed in Rowing.

"Muscular Christianity"

The view that vigorous physical expression was not incompatible with spiritual life. Also, there was the view that young urban boys, in particular, needed socializing to become real, not effeminate, men. Physical health achieved by way of being a muscular Christian was also a condition of a successful life. A movement beginning in the 1850s stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise.

Royal Sports

These were sports/games that the monarchy participated in and wasn't against. They used to play Round Table and joust, but due to the dangerous game leading to Henry VIII getting extremely hurt, they stopped. Games they later played were tennis, running, leaping, wrestling, fencing, dancing, bowls, archery.

Quakers

They called themselves the Society of Friends. Members exhibited when they received what was refereed to as the inner light. During a religious service. They had pacifist beliefs, refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. Member William Pen banned activities - prizes, stage plays, cards, dice, May games, masques, revels, bull-baiting's, cock-fighting's, bear-baiting and the like. Blood sports were especially looked down upon. They believed no person had the "right to make a pleasure of that which occasions pain and death to animal-creation." While killing "for the pot" was allowed, killing for fun was condemned.

Victorian Counterculture

They did not follow the restrictive nature of Victorian culture, They put a much higher value on their leisure time than their work time.

Players' League

Took players from seven of the eight National League teams and set up rival teams in the some of those same cities. National League leaders were shocked by this move, and Albert Spalding declared war on the Players, whom he referred to as "hot-headed anarchists." . The Players' League folded after one season and the following year, so did the American Association. The players reluctantly went back to the National League—the only game in town.

Turner Societies

Turners are members of German-American gymnastic clubs

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning.

Pageant of Misrule

When most males got together and elected a "Lord of Misrule". The lord would always be a young bachelor, and he would mock the upper class older married men. If you donated to the pageant you would be given badges and if you didn't you were mocked and flouted"

Primogeniture

When the firstborn son inherits the family fortune, this is caused many of the non-firstborn took a chance on the new world to get property. Right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son.

"Race of the Century"

considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers - it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island. When northern champion eclipse versed a southern thoroughbred Sir Henry, it became very popular due to the growing rift between the NORTH AND SOUTH. "In all the papers, and in every man's mouth, were the questions, 'Are you for North or the South?' 'The Free or the Slave States?' 'The Whites or the Blacks?'" 250k was wagered by both sides.

Southern Gentry

controlled most of the land and enjoyed enormous political and economical power. Leaders of every aspect of southern colonial culture. It would also be the gentry who would lead the cause in breaking away from Britain in the next century.

Henry Chadwick

launched a campaign to not only rid the game of its unseemly elements but also to change rules to make it, in his words, more "manly" and "scientific." Chadwick believed the two biggest obstacles standing in the way of the success of ballplayers were "wine and women," and he proposed clubs have "prohibition planks" in players' contracts to keep them away from alcohol and brothels.

Cap Anson

played first base for Chicago, and for 22 seasons he was one of the best hitters in the league. He only failed to achieve a batting average of .300 twice during his career and finished with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits.

Self-restraint

the ability to control yourself...

Needful Recreation

useful/needful sports like swimming, ice-skating, and hunting, fishing were allowed if it put food on the table. Gardening which led to increase in Quaker Farmers.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

were the first announced all-paid team in 1869. Young attorney Aaron B. Champion thought putting together a baseball team would be a good way to advertise his city and help local businesses. He made this argument to Cincinnati businessmen, who bought stock in the team at such a rate that Champion was able to lure the best players in the east to come to Cincinnati to play.

Reserve Clause

which allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their career. When the clause was first introduced in 1879, many players had no problem with it because it was a guarantee of a job for the next season, but it increasingly became unpopular with players because it gave them very little power in negotiating contracts.