Midterm
Family systems theory explains how families arrange finances with banking institutions, interact with neighbors, and practice family traditions.
False
Humans do not need extensive education or preparation for parenthood since these skills are instinctive.
False
Morphogenesis describes the desire of a family system to remain stable over time by attempting to retain its organization, structure, and patterns.
False
Parents socialize their children only through lessons given in formal, verbal instruction.
False
Strict, strong discipline has been found to be the most effective with children.
False
The contemporary concept of parenthood focuses exclusively on the reproductive aspect of this family role.
False
The dominant culture of the United States is considered to be collectivist rather than individualistic in nature regarding parenting and childrearing.
False
The median age at first marriage is higher for women than for men.
False
There is no such thing as a normal behavior problem. Behavior problems indicate that something's not right developmentally for a child.
False
There was little thought give to what parenthood should be like in ancient Greece and Roman cultures.
False
When applied to parenting, culture means the proper ways to raise children to maturity in accordance with cultural values and beliefs.
False
Certain environmental agents or conditions can harm the healthy development of a baby during pregnancy. These have their greatest and most detrimental effects during the ________ of pregnancy. A) first three weeks following conception B) the embryonic stage C) the fetal stage
b
Childbirth may be managed medically via ________________ administered to the mother. A) amnestics B) analgesics C) herbal medicines D) the first and second choices only
b
Erikson proposes that people become parents in order to fulfill a sense of: A) identity B) generativity C) industry D) integrity
b
A central family function in the United States is producing future citizens by having children and becoming parents.
False
Adolescents continue to have a higher number of children than other groups of women in the United States.
False
Children usually are not affected in any way when one of their parents experiences a serious disease such as cancer.
False
Colonial Americans held the views that children were either inherently evil or that they were ignorant of how to behave appropriately.
False
Discipline is defined as effective methods for punishing children's misbehavior.
False
A competent parent may be characterized by the ability to teach and encourage children to be flexible in their approach to dealing with their world.
True
A hallmark feature of American family life by the end of the 20th century is the diversity in family forms and structures.
True
A healthy family will seek to maintain its health by changing rules that are no longer effective in managing family functioning, for example.
True
Boundaries serve the purpose of maintaining the delineations of family systems from one another. They also help to distinguish one person from another within a family system.
True
Communication styles observed in family systems usually consists of verbal, nonverbal, and contextual forms.
True
Culture is a significant influence on parenting because this defines what families value and believe to be important that guides behavior of all members.
True
Discipline can be defined as ways that help a child learn to get along with others as well as behaving in acceptable ways.
True
Discipline is the most effective when provided to children within an atmosphere of nurturance.
True
Ecology of parent-child relations refers to an understanding of the various environments that influence the behavior and development of both parents and children.
True
Ethnocentrism can be problematic when studying cultures because of the tendency to judge these through the lens of one's own cultural experiences.
True
Family systems are continually challenged to maintain their stability in the face of constantly changing conditions.
True
Generally speaking, morphogenesis is preferable to morphostasis when a family is experiencing stress.
True
In providing a healthy program of discipline for children, it is appropriate for parents to teach structure through rules that are both negotiable and nonnegotiable.
True
In the systemic family development model, families are recognized as being composed of several generations that interact with and thus affect one another. This illustrates the concept of reciprocal interaction from family systems theory.
True
One of the major schools of thought about the nature of children that emerged in the eighteenth century was that an adult's nature was determined by childhood experiences.
True
One reason why children misbehave is that they wish to have their parents' attention.
True
Prior to modern times, parents did not believe that children had special needs or needed special treatment.
True
Spanking and other forms of physical punishment are ineffective means for achieving desired behavior from children.
True
The basic contextual nature of parenting children probably has not changed over time.
True
The notions of parenthood during the Middle Ages existed perhaps because of the likelihood that many children would die from diseases before they reached adulthood.
True
The number of different methods of discipline used by different family systems illustrates how the concept of equifinality operates in this aspect of family functioning.
True
The relationship between parents and children is described as being a bidirectional model of socialization.
True
The systemic family development model explains changes in families as adaptations to stressors being experienced.
True
There are fewer married couples today in the United States than 30 years ago.
True
In early childhood, parents provide structure to children by: A) introducing and enforcing rules for appropriate behavior B) providing children with library cards and computer equipment C) allowing children to have numerous types of toys and play equipment
a
The notion of goodness of fit is: A) the closeness of match between the temperament of the baby and that of their parents and family system B) how well a child's clothes matches their body size C) how parents are able to adjust their married life to the demands of caring for developing children
a
The process of transmitting cultural attitudes, beliefs, values, and social rules is known as: A) socialization B) technology C) parenting
a
Which of the following is not a structural factor discussed in relation to the decision about assuming parenthood? A) place of residence B) ethnic group membership C) socioeconomic status D) size of family desired
a
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in childhood in the United States? A) accidental death in relation to cars or being a pedestrian B) experiencing an infectious disease C) child abuse and neglect
a
Which of the following applies to research conducted on first-time parenthood? A) first-time parenthood is a crisis even in a couple's marriage career B) first-time parenthood is a transition even in a couple's marriage career C) children improve a couple's marriage satisfaction, so marriages become happier when people become parents for the first time
b
Which of the following would represent a fatalistic reason for becoming a parent? A) having a child in order to make one's parents become grandparents B) having a child because it is one's destiny as a man or woman C) having a child because of a love for children
b
Which of the following applies as a meaning given to the role of parent? A) becoming a parent meets a moral obligation to procreate B) parenthood is a statement of one's sexual identity and capability C) both of these D) neither of these
c
Which of the following is a procedure used to analyze amniotic fluid to detect the presence of genetic illness before a baby's birth? A) medical genetic counseling B) episiotomy C) amniocentesis D) chorionic villi sampling E) artificial insemination
c
Which of the following may occur as a normal behavioral problem in early childhood? A) difficulties in going to bed and in sleeping B) eating difficulties C) substance abuse or addiction disorders D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
e
A toddler should be expected to accomplish which of the following? A) toilet learning B) resist cooperating with parental demands C) speaking well enough to understand simple directions and communicate with parents and others D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Attachment in infancy is promoted by: A) interactions with parents that reinforce the desire to be near them B) providing the children with opportunities to visually inspect the faces of their parents C) having opportunities to touch and be touched by their caregivers in nurturing ways D) all of the above are correct E) none of the above are correct
d
Cognitive changes in early childhood may be characterized by: A) egocentrism B) an inflexible and rigid perception of the environment C) reasoning that is based on intuition and cognitive distortions such as jumping to conclusions D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Economic considerations in deciding about parenting focus on: A) costs relating to pregnancy and childbirth B) long-range costs C) losses to family income due to the mother's unemployment D) all of the above
d
Gender identity is: A) the knowledge that people are either male or female B) based first on parents' interpretations of masculinity and femininity for preschoolers C) composed of both behavioral and cognitive components D) all of the above are correct E) the first and third choices only
d
Good parenting begins with learning about one's pregnancy. Good parental care prior to a child's birth includes: A) having adequate prenatal medical supervision B) having proper, adequate nutrition C) appropriate exercise D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
In meeting the needs of preschoolers, parents should: A) be supportive of their desire to learn and to be curious about their world in a safe manner B) understand that they have small appetites and help them learn healthy eating habits C) childproof their home to protect their child from accidents and injuries D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Low birth weight is due to a number of factors including: A) age of the mother B) large multiple births C) improper or inadequate prenatal care of the mother D) all of the above are correct E) the first and third choices only
d
Parents can promote an infant or toddler's cognitive development by: A) providing them with a wide variety of play materials B) playing with them C) talking with them D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Prosocial behaviors include: A) comforting others when they are hurt B) empathy C) sharing one's belongings D) all of the above are correct E) the first and third choices only
d
Which of the following applies to adjustments to pregnancy? A) coping with the stresses involved in a woman's pregnancy such as changes in body image B) experiencing favorable feelings and reactions to becoming a parent C) dealing with any negative emotional reactions such as not wanting to become a parent D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Which of the following are trends in childbirth currently observed in our society? A) increased medical support in providing prenatal care and delivery services B) birthing rooms in medical facilities that make the experience more informal and comfortable for all concerned parties C) use of methods that are more considerate and the humane treatment of the baby at birth D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second only
d
Which of the following are types of supplemental child care used by parents of young children? A) day care B) preschool programs C) specialized curriculum programs D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Which of the following are values or functions of children for adults? A) providing for a continuation of a family name B) providing a major source of affection C) adding an element of delight and excitement to adults' lives D) all of the above are correct
d
Which of the following is a developmental landmark of early childhood? A) having all primary teeth erupted B) experiencing a high degree of egocentrism in thought processes C) learning quickly D) all of the above are correct E) the second and third choices only
d
Which of the following is accurate regarding an infant or toddler's sleep? A) for the first several months following birth, an infant is awake only long enough to feed B) around two years of age, many infants are sleeping only 10-14 hours every day C) toddlers continue to need both a morning and afternoon nap D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
d
Which of the following is accurate regarding the concept of responsible fathering? A) it includes nurturance within a traditional male gender family role B) it emphasizes the moral duties of men to children once they have taken the steps to create a human life C) it refers to the duty of men who father children to support women and children financially D) all of the above are correct
d
Which of the following is accurate regarding the use of structure with infants and toddlers? A) parents should be providing most assertive care with infants and toddlers B) using an authoritative style to provide structure for children these ages works best in securing their cooperation rather than an authoritarian style C) parents need to be aware that children over two can be negative and not punish them accordingly; the negativism is a means for how they learn about personal boundaries D) all of the above are correct E) the first and third choices only
d
Which of the following is an outcome that may occur from becoming a parent for the first time? A) the adults can expect to experience changes in their committed relationships after becoming parents B) new routines, roles, policies, and rules will need to be evolved C) a new psychosocial attitude will now be developed by most adults D) all of the above are correct E) the second and third choices only
d
Which of the following is not an appropriate toy or play equipment for an infant or a toddler? A) simple picture book B) shape sorter C) tricycle D) finger paints
d
Which of the following should a woman avoid when she is pregnant? A) smoking cigarettes B) being under 20 and over 40 years of age C) not having adequate prenatal medical supervision D) all of the above are correct
d
In meeting the needs of infants and toddlers, parents should: A) decide whether to breast- or bottle-feed B) provide well-baby care C) provide greater amounts of structure versus nurturance D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only
e
Prepared childbirth methods have advantages that include: A) involvement of the father in the childbirth preparation and delivery B) the possibility of improving marriage relations following use of these procedures C) less negative health implications for the infant born using these procedures D) all of the above are correct E) the first and third choices only
e
Which of the following is an example of a prenatal diagnostic tool or equipment? A) ultrasound B) genogram C) screening through blood tests D) all of the above are correct E) the first and third choices only F) the first and second choices only
e
Which of the following is more accurate regarding infant day care? A) the potential for being harmed psychologically and emotionally is still a major concern of many parents for their baby B) nonparental care of infants can offer an enriching experience that enhances and stimulates their developmental progress C) children who have attended infant day care may display some less desirable behaviors at older ages D) the first and second choices only E) the second and third choices only
e
An infant should be expected to accomplish which of the following? A) ride a tricycle B) enjoy watching television C) tie their shoes D) know the difference between right and wrong behavior E) the first and third choices only F) none of the above are correct
f
Which of the following does not apply to cesarean deliveries? A) these can only take place once during a woman's reproductive years B) elective cesareans are chosen by some couples C) the procedures are administered only in emergency situations that threaten the well-being of the baby being delivered D) all of the above are correct E) the first and second choices only F) the first and third choices only
f