MIDTERM-PARAMEDIC
In general, a child's immune system is not fully developed until he or she is between:
2 and 3 years of age
The main stem bronchus ends at the level of the:
Bronchioles
Reactive airway disease is characterized by:
Bronchospasm, edema, and mucous production
What term is used to describe a situation in which a patient experiences clinical effects from a medication that are opposite from the intended effects?
Paradoxical reaction
What is the study of a functioning organ in the presence of disease?
Pathophysiology
How to determine if patient is hyperkalemic?
Peaked T Waves (elevation)
A/an __________ receives a weak signal and retransmits it at a higher power on another frequency:
Repeater
When does depolarization begin in relation to Sodium and Potassium Channel?
Repolarization begins with the closure of the Sodium and Potassium channels, which stops the rapid inflow of Ions
What does decreased ventilation causes and leads to?
Respiratory acidosis
Cor pulmonale is defined as:
Right heart failure secondary to chronic lung disease
What classification of drug is heroin?
Schedule I
In which of the following situations would the paramedic MOST likely administer a drug via rectal route?
Seizure termination
A capsule is a:
cylindrical gelatin container enclosing a dose of medication
Distention of the jugular veins indicates:
increased venous capacitance
Product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance?
Blood pressure
Clinical Effects of Diazepam?
...
Name of the agency that holds records and certification?
...
What is the pediatric dosage for epinephrine?
0.01 mg/kg up to 0.3 mg. route is intramuscular.
By definition, infancy begins at:
1 month of age
Characteristics of Apnistic (Apneic) breathing?
1. Prolonged 2. Gasping inhalation followed by short ineffective exhalation
Child ventilating rate during Cardiac Arrest?
15:2
At birth, a pulse rate of up to ____ beats/min and a respiratory rate of up to ____ breaths/min are considered normal:
180, 60
A healthy person loses approximately ___ to ___ liters of fluid daily through urine output, through exhalation, and through the skin.
2, 2.5
An elderly man with congestive heart failure and shortness of breath requires an IV line in case medication administration is necessary. Which of the following IV catheters is MOST appropriate to use when starting the IV?
20 gauge, 1-¼
You are treating a 29-year-old man who was struck in the abdomen with a steel pipe. He is confused, has weak radial pulses, and has a blood pressure of 88/58 mm Hg. You should administer:
20 mL/kg saline fluid boluses until his mental status and radial pulses improve.
0.2 mg equals:
200 micrograms
Fluid challenge?
20mL/Kg up to 2,000 mL
The air you breathe is _______ oxygen, and the air you exhale is _______ oxygen.
21% 16%
A unit of RBC contains approximately ____________ to ________ mL of concentrated red blood cells?
225, 250
A mouth-opening width of less than ______ centimeters indicates a potentially difficult airway.
3
How many large boxes on the ECG graph paper represent 6 seconds?
30
What is the % of total body fluid lost to cause homeostasis and cause illness?
30% in adult 10-15% in children
Adenosine dose in 50Lb child?
50/2.2=22.7 x 0.1=2.27mg
How many mg/ml are in a pre filled syringe of 50% dextrose in 25 grams?
500 mg/ml
The US Pharmacopeia (USP) recommended temperature range for MOST medications in the prehospital setting is?
55-86 degrees F
Approximately ___% of an adult male's weight is constituted by water:
60
The pulse rate of a 16-year-old adolescent typically ranges between:
60 and 100 beats/min
A 130-pound patient weighs ____ kilograms?
62
A drug that possesses the same desired clinical effect in smaller doses as it does in a larger single dose has demonstrated:
A cumulative action
The first signs of intravenous occlusion are:
A decreasing drip rate or the presence of blood in the intravenous tubing.
What is orthostatic pressure?
A fall in blood pressure when standing. The Tilt test is used to take measurement's of a patient's blood pressure and pulse in the supine and sitting or standing positions.
While caring for a critically injured patient at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, an emergency physician bystander stops at the scene to assist. Which of the following procedures performed by the physician would require the physician to accompany the patient to the hospital in the ambulance?
A pericardiocentesis
What is CISD?
A resource available for emergency personnel who have been involved in particularly traumatic calls or incidents
You are attempting to intubate a 5-year-old girl when you note that her heart rate has fallen from 120 beats/min to 80 beats/min. A patent IV line has been established. The MOST appropriate action is to:
Abort the attempt and ventilate with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen
What does a buffer do?
Absorb or donate hydrogen
Signs of PTSD?
Accident flashback, Withdrawl from friends and co-workers, loss of appetite, nightmares
The MOST major challenge to pH homeostasis is:
Acid Production
Which of the following conditions or situations is the BEST example of a critical life threat that needs immediate care:
Acute presentation of a chronic condition
You are dispatched to a residence for a young woman with difficulty breathing. When you arrive, you find the patient sitting in a tripod position, noticeably dyspneic and tachypneic. She tells you that she experienced a sudden sharp pain to the left side of her chest and then started having trouble breathing. She denies any past medical history and states she only takes birth control pills. Based on this patients clinical presentation, you should be MOST suspicious for:
Acute pulmonary embolism
Which of the following is the BEST example of a teachable moment?
Advising the unrestrained passenger with minor injuries following a motor vehicle accident that she easily could have been killed
The rapid trauma assessment is usually performed:
After all life-threatening conditions have been identified and addressed in the initial assessment.
Medications for wheezing?
Albuterol (Proventil) 2.5mg/3ml and Atrovent, 0.5mg
When performing CPR on an adult in cardiac arrest, it is important to:
Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions
What drugs block sodium channel and myocardial potassium channel?
Amiodarone blocks sodium and myordial potassium channels
Which of the following statements regarding anemia is MOST correct:
Anemia results in a decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen
What type of medication dries secretions in the airway and prevents the cilia from removing them effectively?
Antihistamine
The Semilunar valves are?
Aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve
Compared to enterally administered medications, parentally administered medications:
Are absorbed into the central circulation at a more predictable rate
Which of the following best describe the difference between assault and battery?
Assault means threatening a person with bodily harm with no physical contact.
An inflammatory condition of the respiratory system that results in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production is called:
Asthma
What is it called when there is not insufficient surfactant?
Atelectasis Infections, smoking, and trauma
What is the most effective drug to induce non vagal bradycardia?
Atropine
Drugs derived from plant sources?
Atropine, ASA, Digoxin, morphine
Objective patient information is:
Based on fact or observation.
In a person who is not bedridden, most pulmonary infections occur in the:
Bases of the lungs
What are signs and symptoms of Basilar Skull fractures?
Battle signs, Raccoon eyes, Rhinorrhea
Type of receptors cause airway dilation?
Beta 2 receptor
The hypoxic drive is a phenomenon in which:
Bicarbonate ions migrate into the cerebrospinal fluid of a chronically hyperventilating patient, making the brain think that acid and base are in balance
The percentage of an unchanged medication that reaches the systemic circulation is referred to as?
Bioavailability
_________ respirations are characterized by a grossly irregular pattern of breathing may be accompanied by lengthily periods of apnea
Biot
A patient takes Coumiden, Lasix, Monagin what would they most likely have?
CHF
Frothy sputum that has a pink tinge to it is MOST suggestive of:
CHF
When to use venturi mask?
COPD patient with a Respiratory Disease
What 2 drugs mitigate Cardizem overdose?
Calcium Chloride and Calcium gluconate
An ET tube that is too large for a patient:
Can be difficult to insert and may cause trauma
The by-product of cellular respiration is:
Carbon Dioxide
Drugs to fix A-Fib?
Cardizem=0.25mg/kg (Max of 20mg). 2nd dose of 0.35mg/kg given 15 mins later (Max of 25mg)
You and your partner are caring for an 82-year-old man who is obviously confused at the situation. It is MOST important for you to:
Carefully explain what you are doing and frequently talk to the patient
What is pyrogines?
Causes fever to develop
When should you consider terminating resuscitation efforts?
Chance of return seems slim to non existant
What to do before transmitting over radio?
Check volume, make sure channel is clear.
Digital Clubbing is indicative of:
Chronic Hypoxia
Digital clubbing is indicative of?
Chronic Hypoxia
Emphysema is caused by:
Chronic destruction of the alveolar walls
First step after defibrillating a patient?
Compressions
Which of the following patients is LEAST likely in need of positive-pressure ventilation?
Conscious 36-year-old man with difficulty breathing, symmetrical chest rise and fall, and flushed skin
The ________ cartilage forms a complete ring and maintains the trachea in an open position:
Cricoid
What method does infants use to communicate distress?
Crying
One of the hallmarks of a pulmonary embolism is:
Cyanosis that does not resolve with oxygen therapy
The fight-or-flight syndrome is characterized by all of the following physiologic responses, EXCEPT:
Decreased sympathetic tone and pupil constriction
Which of the following statements regarding Pharmacology is correct?
Despite the advanced science of Pharmacology, adverse reactions are commonplace
Drug Classification as Carbohydrate?
Dextrose
A 71-year-old woman presents with tachypnea, flushed skin, and postural hypotension. Which of the following chief complaints is MOST consistent with these clinical findings?
Diarrhea
Which of the following medications is appropriate to administer via the rectal route:
Diazepam (Valium).
Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate may mitigate hypotension or bradycardia following an overdose of:
Diltiazem
First Rule for medical practice?
Do not harm
The effect on the velocity of electrical conduction is referred to as the _________ effect:
Dromotropic
What type of rhythm a patient has with slurred speech?
Dysarthria is a condition in which you have difficulty saying words because of problems with the muscles that help you talk.
What additional skill can be performed by an EMT-Intermediate who was trained in accordance with the 1999 EMT-Intermediate National Standard Curriculum:
ECG monitoring
Lipid-soluble meds require higher weight-based doses in elderly patients because?
Elderly patients have a higher body fat % and fat distribution
Hyperakalemia?
Elevated serum potassium level
Disease Chronic destruction of Alveolar walls?
Emphysema
Ignoring one's circadian rhythms may result in all of the following, EXCEPT:
Enhanced social functioning
You have just performed synchronized cardio version on a patient with unstable ventricular tachycardia. Upon reassessment, you note that the patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulse less. You should:
Ensure that the synchronizer is off, defibrillate, and immediately begin CPR.
A critical step when using a CPAP unit to treat a patient with severe respiratory distress is:
Ensuring an adequate mask seal with minimal leakage.
The ____ route of medication administration refers to any route in which medication is absorbed through some portion of the gastrointestinal tract.
Enteral
Alkaline Solution deactivates what drug?
Epinephrine
Difference between law and ethics?
Ethical issues involve choices within oneself (moral conscience)... they are not law. Legal issues involve external, controlling authority (i.e. legislature or city council)
Respiratory alkalosis is the result of:
Excess carbon dioxide elimination
What do Dendrites do?
Extensions from neurons that receive electrochemical messages. Help make connections between adjacent cells.
Which of the following clinical findings is most suggestive of pneumonia in a patient with COPD?
Fever and localized crackels
The destruction of a blood clot is called:
Fibrinolysis
In which of the following conditions would you be LEAST likely to encounter pulsus paradoxus:
Moderate asthma attack
The __________ name of a medication is generally derived from the chemical name, but is shorter and simpler:
Generic
HIPAA?
Health INsurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996)
What does loud S3 sounds signify?
Heart failure
Stimulation of alpha and beta receptors affects the:
Heart, lungs, and blood vessels
Stretch receptors in the lungs are responsible for the _________ reflex, which causes you to cough if you take too deep a breath
Hering-Breuer
What leads show the lateral and inferior wall?
High lateral=Lead I, aVL Low Lateral=V5,V6 Inferior= II,III, aVF
The diaphragm of the stethoscope is designed to auscultate:
High pitched sounds
Hyperkalemia would MOST likely result in:
Hyperstimulation of neural cell transmission.
Signs and symptoms of circulatory overload include:
Hypertension
Solution not given to patient with Renal (Kidney) problems?
Hypotonic
Syncope is probably NOT caused by a life-threatening arrhythmia if it occurs:
In a person whose cousin has syncope
The Narcotic Control Act of 1956:
Increased the penalties for violation of the Harrison Narcotic Act, made the possession of heroin illegal, and outlawed the acquisition and transportation of marijuana.
Where is the Apex of the heart?
Inferior portion, proximal to the diaphragm
Changes in cardiac contractility may be induced by medications that have a positive or negative ___________ effect. :
Inotropic
Digoxin Classification?
Inotropic agent, Cardiac glycoside
Cerebrospinal fluid and intraocular fluid are types of:
Interstitial fluids
What types of fluid cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are
Interstitial fluids
The surrogate decision maker:
Is legally obligated to make decisions as the patient would want
While on duty, a paramedic unit stops at the scene of a traffic accident to which it has not been dispatched. During the course of providing patient care, one of the paramedics purposely manipulates the patient's neck to elicit a painful response. This paramedic:
Is not a Good Samaritan and did not perform as any other paramedic with similar training would have performed
Know characteristics of isotonic solution
Isotonic solution consists of 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline), LR. Tonicity is the concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in a relation to the sodium levels inside and outside the cell. Because an isotonic solution has the same concentration of sodium, as does the cell, water does not shift and no change occurs.
Which of the following statements regarding isotonic solutions is correct?
Isotonic solutions have almost the same osmolarity as bodily fluids.
A medication is called an antagonist if?
It has a higher inffinity for the receptor site than the chemical mediator
For which of the following conditions may a patient be prescribed furosemide (Lasiks)?
Kidney dysfunction
A common cause of overhydration is:
Kidney failure
What are pertinent negatives?
Lack of certain signs and symptoms to specific illness
Common cause of right side heart failure?
Left side heart failure
If a colometric ETCO2 detector turns purple during the exhalation phase through an ET tube, approximately how much carbon dioxide is being exhaled?
Less than 0.5%
What is surfactant?
Liquid protein that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension and keeps alveoli expanded A low level in premature babies contributes to respiratory distress syndrome.
In general, ALPHA-adrenergic receptor antagonists:
Lower the blood pressure
Transdermal medication patches?
May alter a patient's clinical presentation or interfere with medications administered by the paramedic.
What happens when you hyperventilate a patient (apneic)?
May decrease venous return to the heart. Carbon dioxide falls below normal
In up to 1/3 of all patients, Morphine Sulfate causes?
Nausea and vomiting
Tidal volume is MOST effectively assessed by:
Observing for rise and fall of the chest
Difficulty with exhalation is most characteristic of:
Obstructive lung disease
Which of the following statements regarding ethics in the workplace is MOST correct:
Off-duty misconduct on the part of the paramedic may lessen the public's confidence of EMS in general
What forms the posterior oral Cavity?
Oropharynx
The most common inhaled medication is:
Oxygen
What is the skin color when RBC (red blood cell) capillary perfussion is poor or low?
Pale
The action of the body in response to a medication is called?
Pharmacokinetics
Which of the following steps is usually necessary when administering a drug via the IO route, but not necessary when administering a drug via the IV bolus route?
Placing a pressure infuser device around the IV bag
Which of the following statements regarding plasma-protein binding is correct?
Plasma protein binding releases medication as circulating levels of a particular medication begin to fall, leading to a longer duration of action.
Bedridden patients with excessive pulmonary secretions are MOST prone to developing:
Pneumonia
Samples of Primitive Reflexes?
Primitive Reflexes are reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants, but not neurologically intact adults, in response to particular stimuli. These reflexes are gone due to the frontal lobes as a child transitions normally into child development. These primitive reflexes are also called infantile, infant or newborn reflexes. Babinski reflex is obtained by stimulating the outside of the sole of the foot, causing extension of the big toe while fanning the other toes. Grasping is when an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp. Sucking Signs causes the child to instinctively suck anything that touches the roof of their mouth, and simulates the way a child naturally eats.
Under normal conditions, the renin-angiotensin system functions by?
Promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention in response to hypotension or hypoperfusion
Side effects of Albuterol?
Pulmonary edema, hypertension, chest pain, tachycardia, palpitation, dysrhythmia, Nausea and vomiting
What to do after unsuccessful jaw thrust maneuver?
Rationale: AHA Guidelines state that after an unsuccessful attempt at opening the patient's airway with the jaw thrust maneuver, you should use the head tilt chin lift maneuver. Opening the airway is priority.
What do you do after Nitro administration?
Reaccess Vitals
You apply the Automated External Device pads to a pulseless 68 year old woman, you see normal sinus rhythm what is the next step?
Reasses the patient.
A 66 year old man with chronic bronchitis presents with severe respiratory distress. The patients wife tells you that he takes medications for high blood pressure and bronchitis, is on home oxygen therapy, and has recently been taking over-the-counter antitussive. She further tells you that he has not been compliant with his oxygen therapy. Ascultation of his lungs reveals diffuse ronchi. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's respiratory distress?
Recent Antitussive use
The rectal route is preferred over the oral route for certain emergency medications because?
Rectal medications are usually not subject to 1st pass metabolism
What is Proximal nocturnal dyspnea?
Severe attacks of Shortness of Breath and Coughing that wakes up patient while sleeping.
What happens during refractory period?
Short period after depolarization in which myocytes are not yet repolarized and unable to fire or conduct and impulse
Signs and Symptoms of RHF?
Shortness of breath, Extremity Edema, Jugular vein distention, Palpitations, Irregular heart beat, fatigue, fainting, weakness
Nonstriated muscle is also called _________ muscle:
Smooth
What medication is used for a tryicyclic antidepressant overdose?
Sodium bicarb alkalizing agent
Difference between standard precaution and universal precaution
Standard: Designed to approach all body fluids as being potentially infectious. Universal: Assuming that only blood and certain body fluids pose only a risk for infectious disease.
What delivers blood to right atrium of the heart?
Superior and Inferior Vena cava
An elderly woman with COPD presents with peripheral edema. The patient is conscious but agitated. She is breathing with slight difficulty but has adequate tidal volume. During your assessment you note that her jugular veins engorge when you apply pressure to her right upper abdominal quadrant. She tells you that she takes a "water pill" and Vasotec for high blood pressure. You should:
Suspect acute right heart failure and administer oxygen.
What is a sign of intrapertioneal hemorrhage?
Symptoms of shock and bruising
A patient receives several dosages of the same drug within a short period of time, after which point the medication does not relieve his symptoms. Which of the following has most likely occurred?
Tachyphylasis
You reassess your patient after administering a medication via the IV bolus route and note that his clinical condition is unchanged. What is the LEAST likely cause of the patient's unchanged condition?
The IV tubing was occluded proximal to the injection port.
Communication is MOST accurately defined as:
The act of transmitting information to another person
1st pass metabolism of a medication occurs when?
The bioavailabilty of a med is reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation
While attempting to resuscitate a middle-aged woman in cardiac arrest, you perform effective CPR but do not evaluate the patient's cardiac rhythm until 10 minutes into the resuscitation attempt. When the cardiac monitor is finally applied, the patient is in asystole. The patient is transported but is pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is correct?
The delay in evaluating the patient's cardiac rhythm constitutes a breach of duty and could be proven to be the proximate cause of her death.
Lactated Ringer's (LR) solution may be beneficial to patients who have lost large amounts of blood because:
The lactate contained within LR is converted to bicarbonate in the liver and can help combat intracellular acidosis.
Which of the following is NOT a required element needed to prove negligence:
The patient's condition was life threatening
Medical Asepsis is MOST accurately defined as:
The practice of preventing contamination of the patient
What type of waves a patient with STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) will show?
The presence of a pathologic Q wave,
What is the Therapeutic Index?
The relationship between median effective dose and media lethal (toxic) dose
What space does the kidneys occupy?
The retroperiotoneal space
Know the phases of cardiac cellular action potential
There are 5 phases in the cardiac cellular action potential. Starting with phase 4, cardiac cells are at rest waiting for depolarization (also coincides with diastole). Phase 0 is a rapid influx of sodium ions and potassium ions slowly begin to exit. This is known as depolarization. Phase 1, sodium decreases while potassium continues to exit. Phase 2 begins with the movement of calcium into the cell. Phase 3 begins when calcium movements cease and continued outflow of potassium. Re-polarization is occurring during phases 2 and 3.
The presence of diffuse rhonchi (low pitched crackles) in the lungs indicates:
Thick secretions in the large airways
The most obvious external landmark of the larynx is the:
Thyroid Cartilage
Decreased efficacy or potency of a medication when taken repeatedly by a patient is called:
Tolerance
In contrast to an antiseptic, a disinfectant is:
Toxic to living tissues and should never be used on a patient.
If the ET tube is placed in the trachea properly, the colorimetric paper inside the ETCO2 detector should:
Turn yellow during exhalation.
The entity that was created in 1966 and that provides authority and financial support for the development of basic and advanced life support programs is the:
USDOT
For which of the following conditions is sodium nitroprusside used?
Unstable vascular aneurysm
In which of the following structures contains epithelial cells that create a continuous barrier to medication absorption?
Urinary tract
When infusing crystalloid solutions through an IO catheter in an unconscious adult, you should:
Use a pressure infuser device
________ breath sounds are the most commonly heard breath sounds and have a much more obvious inspiratory component
Vesicular
The upper airway of an adult consists of all the structures above the:
Vocal cords
What function do the nasal turbinates serve?
Warming and humidifying inhaled air
Osmosis occurs when:
Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
When should you not use CPAP?
When a patient has altered mental status.
What constitutes battery?
When a person touches another person without his or her consent
When to use CPAP?
When oxygen saturations are less than 90%, Patient is alert, rapid breathing more than 26 beats a minute
In order to call a cardiac rhythm "paroxysmal" supraventricular tachycardia, you would have to:
Witness its onset and/or spontaneous termination
-A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is MOST accurately defined as a:
Written order designed to tell health care providers when resuscitation is or is not appropriate.
Approximately 20 minutes after starting an IV on a 40-year-old man, he begins complaining of a backache and chills. You should be MOST suspicious of:
a pyrogenic reaction.
In situations where the environment is a factor, the most accurate means of determining a person's core temperature is to use:
a rectal thermometer that is capable of measuring extremes of temperature
The term affinity, as it applies to Pharmocology, is most accurately defined as the?
ability of a medication to bind to a receptor
The peak of a medications effect depends on _______, whereas the duration of effect depends on __________.
absorption, metabolism
As an advocate for your patient, you must:
act in the patient's best interest and remain respectful of his or her wishes and beliefs
You are treating an unconscious 39-year-old man who overdosed on heroin. You are unable to establish an IV line because his veins are severely sclerosed, and your protocols do not allow for IO cannulation. You should
administer naloxone via the mucosal atomizer device.
A construction worker fell approximately 15 ft and landed on his head. He is semiconscious. His respiratory rate is 14 breaths/min with adequate depth. Further assessment reveals blood draining from his nose. You should:
administer oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and continue your assessment.
All neuromuscular blocking agents:
affect the parasympathetic nervous system and induce paralysis
If the amount of pulmonary surfactant is decreased:
alveolar surface tension increases
Ascites is defined as:
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
In contrast to dementia, delirium is:
an acute change in mental status.
The paramedic should be most suspicious that a controlled substance has been tampered with if?
an appropriate dose of the drug seems ineffective, especially when patient tolerance is unlikely
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe:
any group of clinical symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischemia
Compared with enterally administered medications, parenterally administered medications:
are absorbed into the central circulation at a more predictable rate.
The paramedic should always address a patient:
as the patient wishes to be addressed
Hypoventilating patients:
become hypercapneic and acidotic
In order to cause a negative inotropic effect on the heart, you would have to administer a/an:
beta-1 adrenergic antagonist
The most effective injury prevention program is one that is:
broad and ongoing
A medication that possesses a negative chronotropic effect will:
cause a decrease in the heart rate
Severe, prolonged stress:
causes the body to lose its ability to fight disease
What substance plays a major role in neurological function?
cerebrial spinal fluid
You will MOST likely make your field diagnosis of a patient based on the:
chief complaint and patient history
What type of questions to asks to get a specific answer from patient?
closed-ended
What type of solution that contain molecules (usually proteins) that are too large to pass out of the capillary membranes and, therefore, remain in the vascular compartment?
colloid solutions
The tonicity of a solution is determined by the:
concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to the sodium levels inside and outside the cell
which of the following statements regarding connective tissue is most correct?
connective tissue binds other types of tissue together
Hypoventilation causes a/an _______ and leads to _______. :
decreased minute volume; hypercarbia
A microdrip administration set
delivers 1 milliliter for every 60 drops
Unlike bacteria, viruses:
die when exposed to the environment
The movement of compounds or charges across a cell membrane to an area of lower concentration is called:
diffusion
The three MOST significant indicators of anaphylactic shock are:
dyspnea, hypotension, and tachycardia
If used properly, and under the correct circumstances, sedation during airway management:
effectively increases patient compliance, thus making definitive airway management safer to perform
In contrast to a needle cricothyrotomy, an open cricothyrotomy:
enables the paramedic to provide greater tidal volume
A 50-year-old woman presents with acute respiratory distress while eating. Upon your arrival, you note that she is conscious, coughing, and wheezing between coughs. Further assessment reveals that her skin is pink and moist. In addition to transporting her to the hospital, you should:
encourage her to cough and closely monitor her condition
The site MOST commonly used for inserting an intraosseous needle is
flat bone of the proximal tibia
Overhydration occurs when:
fluid is forced from the engorged interstitial compartment into the intracellular compartment
What should you do when administering fluid bolus to a child?
frequently assess breath sounds
A patient with orthopnea:
has dyspnea while lying flat
Hypotonic solutions:
hydrate the cells while depleting the vascular compartment
Hypotonic solutions:
hydrate the cells while depleting the vascular compartment.
A solution that has a lower concentration of sodium than the cell does?
hypertonic?? (check)
The oropharynx and nasopharynx meet in the back of the throat at the:
hypopharynx
The two MOST common causes of inflammation are:
infection and injury
Approximately 45% of a person's body weight is:
intracellular fluid
In contrast to upper airway emergencies, lower airway emergencies:
involve restriction of air flow during exhalation
Synchronized cardioversion and steps
is a LOW ENERGY SHOCK that uses a sensor to deliver electricity that is synchronized with the peak of the QRS complex (the highest point of the R-wave). When the "sync" option is engaged on a defibrillator and the shock button pushed, there will be a delay in the shock. During this delay, the machine reads and synchronizes with the patients ECG rhythm. This occurs so that the shock can be delivered with or just after the peak of the R-wave in the patients QRS complex. 1st: 50-100j 2nd: 200j 3rd: 300 j 4th: 360j
Intubation is absolutely contraindicated if the patient:
is unconscious but breathing
In the prehospital setting, the most commonly used intravenous solutions are:
isotonic crystalloids
Pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell has the added benefit of:
moving glucose into the cell at the same time.
The milliequivalent (mEq) represents the chemical combining power of the ion and is based on the:
number of available ionic charges in an electrolyte solution.
You are moving from one state to another and plan to continue your career in EMS. The state to which you are moving will most likely require that you:
obtain state certification and maintain adequate continuing education.
A 36-year-old man experienced significant burns to his face, head, and chest following an incident with a barbeque pit. Your assessment of his airway reveals severe swelling. After administering medications to sedate and paralyze the patient, you are unable to intubate him. Furthermore, bag-mask ventilations are producing minimal chest rise. The quickest way to secure a patent airway in this patient is to:
perform a needle cricothyrotomy
If chest compressions and repositioning of the airway are unsuccessful in removing a severe airway obstruction in an unconscious patient, you should:
perform laryngoscopy and use Magill forceps (
Cations are electrolytes that have an overall ______ charge, and anions are electrolytes that have an overall ______ charge.
positive, negative
A 29-year-old woman is in active labor. During your visual exam, you see a limb protruding from the vagina. Upon noting this, it is MOST important to:
prepare for immediate transport
A Bourdon-gauge oxygen flowmeter
reduces the high pressure in the oxygen cylinder to a safe pressure.
Wheezing is resolved with medications that:
relax the smooth muscle of the bronchioles
Promethazine (Phenergan) is primarily used in the prehospital setting to:
relieve nausea.
Health care powers of attorney are also called "durable" powers of attorney because they:
remain in effect once a patient loses decision-making capacity
Apneustic breathing is characterized by:
short, brisk inhalations with a long pause before exhalation
Pharmacology is MOST accurately defined as the:
study of medications and their effects or actions on the body
Medication routes, from slowest to fastest rates of absorption, are
subcutaneous, intramuscular, sublingual, inhalation, intravenous.
The interaction of two hazardous materials that produces a much greater impact than either chemical alone is called:
synergism
When administering Naloxone (Narcan)to a patient who overdosed on an opiod, it is important for the paramedic to remember that?
the duration of action of naloxone in the body is less than that of many opiod chemicals
Paradoxical respiratory movement is characterized by:
the epigastrium and thorax moving in opposite directions
When communicating with older patients, it is MOST important to remember that:
their illnesses may be more complex because they may have more than one disease process and may be taking several medications concurrently
The wrongful act that gives rise to a civil suit is called:
tort
Physiologic drug antagonism occurs when:
two medications, each producing opposite effects, are present simultaneously, resulting in minimal or no clinical changes
The leading cause of death from injury is:
unintentional motor vehicle crashes
All of the following are adventitious breath sounds, EXCEPT:
vesicular sounds
The MOST appropriate way to wash your hands following patient care involves:
washing vigorously with antibacterial soap for at least 30 seconds
In contrast to ethics, morality is:
what you think about a given issue
Anaphylactic shock is characterized by:
wheezing and widespread vasodilation
The EMS network begins:
with citizen involvement
Implied consent is based on the premise that a patient:
would consent to care because of the seriousness of his or her injury
When would be MOST appropriate to ask a patient a closed-ended question when:
you are trying to obtain medical history information
