Midterm Part 2

Carla is a first semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should

"think outside the box" in order to succeed in college

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ______ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

70 or below

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Jeff wakes up a few seconds before his alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical

Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism?

Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them

Science

a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws

Theory

a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations

Operational Definition

a definition that provides an objective description of how a variable to going to be measured and observed in a particular study

Biological Approach

a focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

Operant Conditioning

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence

How long does information last in sensory memory?

a fraction of a second to several seconds

Independent Variable

a manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are

Survey

a method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?

a pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth

Scientific Method

a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results.

Neutral stimulus

a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention

Empirical Method

a test method, the usefulness of which depends on a correlation or association between the endpoint measured and the biologic effect of interest, rather than on known or demonstrated mechanistic relationships

Hypothesis

a testable prediction that derives logically from a theory

An _____________ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem

algorithm

An _______________ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem

algorithm

William James

american philosopher and psychologist, a leader of the philosophical movement of pragmatism and of the psychological movement of functionalsim

Evolutionary approach

an approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors

Sociocultural Approach

an approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behaviors

Case Study

an in depth look at a single individual

In operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when

an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy's memories f her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from

anterograde amnesia

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through ___________, whereas observational learning involves learning through _________________________________

association/watching and imitation

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

_________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

aversive conditioning

According to E. C. Tolman,

behavior is goal directed

According to Thorndike's law of effect ____________________

behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened.

Recognizing problems involves

being aware of and open to experiences

open mindedness involves

being receptive to other ways of looking at things.

Correlation Coefficient

can be calculated when there are tow (or more) sets of scores for the same individuals or matched groups. a correlation coefficient describes direction (positive or negative) and degree (strength) or relationship between two variables

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of _____________.

chunking

______________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

classical conditioning

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning in humans is FALSE?

classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others.

Complexity

cognition along a simplicity complexity axis. it is the subject of academic study in fields including personal construct psychology, organisational theory and human computer interaction

Why are computers considered to be an oversimplified model of the mind's processing of information?

computer information input is precoded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports.

concept

_______ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

concepts

________ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

concepts

______ may help us to generalize, whereas ________ may help us accomplish a goal.

concepts/ problem solving

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as an ______________ to condition Albert.

conditioned stimulus

___________ means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way

contingency

_____________ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

counterconditioning

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably

culturally biased.

According to Garner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence?

dancers

According to ______, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.

decay theory

Which of the following involves being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it?

declarative memory

Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with a few of these students in an all county musical presentation. If he assumes that these particular students will also be rich and snobby, he is using ________

deductive reasoning

your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of ____________, a task that only humans can perform.

developing new learning goals.

Brainstorming is an example of

divergent thinking

Lionel is a CEO of a company that is in financial crisis. He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to keeping the company in business. Lionel is asking his employees to engage in _____________

divergent thinking

__________ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

elaboration

Humanistic Approach

emphasizes a persons positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose ones destiny

Cognitive Approach

emphasizes the mental process involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems

Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud

emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences

which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

episodic memory

you go to a hypnotist to help you quit smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe things that you did differently before you started smoking. which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?

episodic memory system

Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the US. This behavior suggests that Jillian's ___________ is impaired, but her _________________ is still functioning

episodic memory/semantic memory

Tolman said that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, an organism acquires certain

expectations

Which of the following can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?

explicit memory

___________________ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events whereas ________________ memory involves non conscious knowledge derived from past experience

explicit/implicit

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior?

extinction has occurred.

According to the textbook, _________ is the first step in the problem solving process.

finding and framing the problem

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

fixed ratio

In the context of the neural impulse, the membrane that encases the axon is called semipermeable because

fluids can sometimes flow into and out of it

in operant conditioning, ______________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

generalization

when using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's ____________ and cognition is described as its _____________________.

hardware/software

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had sever epilepsy, H.M. underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured, but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H. M.'s memory?

he developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory

Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

he will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating

hindsight bias

long term potentiation is a concept that explains ______________

how memory function at the neuron level

Classical conditioning can produce _______, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

immunosuppression

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

implicit memory is related to con consciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions

Which of the following is true statement about an axon?

it is extremely thin and has many branches

Which of the following is true of short term memory?

it is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

it often takes less time than operant conditioning

Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?

judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called ________________, in which the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes

learned helplessness

Information can last up to a lifetime in ______________________

long term memory

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____________, whereas you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on __________

long term memory/short term or working memory

______________ involves retaining information over time

memory

Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking?

mindfulness and open mindedness

Short term memory has a ________ capacity than sensory memory and a _________ duration

more limited/longer

_________, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the model's actions.

motor reproduction

a __________ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

myelin sheath

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called

negative reinforcement

Glutamate

neurotransmitter in nerve cells which binds to all glutamate receptors located on neuron membranes, and is an example of a transmembrane receptor

Miranda is learning to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes Miranda's learning process?

observational learning

The adage "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" best reflects which of the following types of learning?

observational learning

Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high quality research paper, so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?

observational learning

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills

Retrieval is the memory process that

occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through

operant conditioning

Spanking is a form of ________; time out is a form of _________

positive punishment/negative punishment

Hudson works in the product development department of a large toy company. His job is to take abstract theories of child development and implement them in functional ways so that they can be used to create a toy. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Hudson would likely score high on a measure of ________________ intelligence

practical

A ________ reinforcer is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

primary

Belinda and John were best friends through their school years. Belinda now works in a cafe and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Blinda often finds herself referring to Jim as John, even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Belinda's confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of

proactive interference

The connectionist view of memory _______________.

proposes that memories are organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized.

Confidentiality

protect their clients privacy by not revealing the contents of therapy

Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a ________ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a __________ task.

recall/recognition

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called

reinforcement

Correlational Research

research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together

Random Assignment

researchers assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups

You are taking both a Spanish ad a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of

retroactive interference

__________ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier

retroactive interference

The __________ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

serial position effect

According to the Atkinson Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short term memory

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds

short term memory

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two

stimuli

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require interpersonal intelligence?

teachers

Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except

telepathy

cognitive psychology studies all of the following except

telepathy

Primacy Effect

that items at the beginning (primacy) and items at the end (recency) of a list or string of information are more easily recalled than items in the middle

Pavolov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because

the bell had become a CR

Adaptability

the capacity to adjust oneself readily (without great difficulty) to fit changed circumstances

In operant conditioning _________________

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior

Causation

the demonstration of how one variable influences (or the effect of a variable) another variable or other variables

Population

the entire group about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions

Experimenter Bias

the influence of the experimenters expectations on the outcome of research

Behavior Critical Thinking

the manner in which one acts or behaves disciplined thinking that is clear rational, open minded, and informed by evidence

Control Group

the participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable.

Experimental Group

the participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study--those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents

Mental Processes

the performance of some composite cognitive activity, an operation that affects mental contents; the process of thinking, the cognitive operation of remembering

Integration

the process during which both the individual and collective unconscious are integrated into the personality

Informed Consent

the purpose of the research, expected duration and procedures; their right to decline

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions

Psychology

the science of the mind or of mental states and processes

Behavioral Approach Skinner and Watson

the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants

Validity

the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment.

Sample

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for the study

Generalization classical conditioning

the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Descriptive Research

they describe situation; three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case study methods, and survery methods

The type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something but cannot quie pull it out of memory is known as

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

traumatic memories

Dendrites are

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it towards the neuron's cell body

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Typically, before he conducts a pop quiz for his students, he shuts the classroom door. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In this case, closing the door has become a

unconditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is an

unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning situations, the ______ is unlearned, but the __________ is learned

unconditioned stimulus/conditioned stimulus

You have been asked to review a set of test items that are being considered for a standardized intelligence test. The test constructors want to eliminate all items that contain any possible culture bias. With this task in mind, which of the following questions would you eliminate first?

what is the name of the main character in "The Wizard of Oz?"

If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long term memory, then _____________ , like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.

working memory

Recency Effect

you remember the end the best

You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem solving strategy of subgoaling, you would do which of the following?

you would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence.