Midterm PSY CH 1-10
Schemes refer to
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Which of the following terms refers to a heightened self-consciousness of adolescents?
adolescent egocentrism
Carla is writing an article for a women's magazine. The article mainly highlights the child-care policies in different nations. She hopes that of the beneficial child-care policies in Sweden will also be implemented in the United States in the near future. Which of the following policies is she referring to?
inclusion of the father in parental leave
Dylan does his homework in front of the TV while listening to music on his ipod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. These actions are collectively known as
media multitasking
Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is
multidirectional
The idea that gifted children are maladjusted is a _____________, as Lewis Terman found when he conducted an extensive study of 1,500 children whose Stanford-Binet IQs averaged _____________.
myth 150
Parental employment can have both positive and ________effects on parenting.
negative
The Centers for Disease and Control Prevention (2018) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as
obese
The term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched is called ______________.
object permanence
According to Vygotsky, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms?
offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task
Only ________________ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.
one third
A major national health concern related to childhood in the U.S. is being ______________.
overweight
Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more
rapidly
Carrie's parents have brown hair. However, Carrie get genes for blond hair from both of her parents, and as a result she has blond hair. This indicates that the gene for blond hair is a ______________________.
recessive gene
T./F The life span is commonly divided into the prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood.
true
T/F All cells in your body, except the sperm and egg have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
true
T/F Gene X Environment (G x E) is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
true
T/F Peer statuses-popular children, neglected children, rejected children, controversial children, and average children-are important in middle and late childhood.
true
T/F Prenatal development can be divided into three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
true
T/F The United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any developed nation.
true
Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to ____________, with the majority of them involving ____________.
unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents
Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that
when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep on an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.
The technique of _________________ consists of measuring eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability.
eye tracking
T/F Babies' sounds and gestures go through the following sequence during the first year: crying, cooing, gestures, and babbling.
false
T/F Development is the pattern of change that begins at birth and continues through the life span. It includes both growth and decline.
false
T/F Heredity is the only influence on intelligence.
false
T/F One's weight is determined soley by nurture since it's what is in our environment that influences how much one may weigh.
false
T/F Only illegal drugs are known to harm an unborn child.
false ( Some Prescription, Some Nonprescription, and the Psychoactive Drugs)
T/F Three key developmental patterns are biological, cognitive and chronological.
false (biological, cognitive, and socioemotional)
T/F Most children in the U.S. get enough exercise, but some do not.
false , Most U.S. children do not get nearly enough exercise.
T/F Piaget theorized that the preoperational stage characterized children from about 7 to 11 years old.
false , concrete operational thought c
T/F Sigmund Freud created the strange situation which is an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
false, Mary Ainsworth
T/F Descriptive research involves a number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
false, correlational
T/F Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the grasping reflex, where she arches her back, throws her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.
false, moro (startle) reflex
T/F The gender identity theory stems from the view that in preschool a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
false, psychoanalytic theory
T/F The moral element of personality is called anxiety and guilt according to Freud.
false, superego
T/F According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development.
false, trust versus mistrust
Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of ___________ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.
17 to 19 year olds
Aiden is 18 years old. He has always found it harder to cope with his studies than his siblings do. He is always the last to finish any assignment or task in class. In a recent IQ test, his IQ score was 60. Which of the following is true of Aiden?
Aiden has an intellectual disability.
Anne, a 10 year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability?
Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant.
A widely used assessment of the newborn's health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth is called ________________.
Apgar scale
Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the_____________________.
Broca's area.
What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?
Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
According to meta-analyses, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying?
Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.
_____________ theory is a psychosocial theory in which eight stages of development unfold throughout the life span.
Erikson
T/F Males report experiencing and expressing more fear than do females.
False
T/F Unlike anorexics, individuals who have been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa typically have a positive body image.
False, negative body image
T/F During middle and late childhood, parents spend more time with children than in early childhood.
False, parents spend LESS time
Which theorist proposed the "storm and stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?
G. Stanley Hall
Which of the following statements is true about identity development?
Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.
Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States?
It increased by 30 years in the 20th century
Identify a true statement about sexual maturation and weight changes that occur during puberty.
Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty.
Which of the following statements is true of how neurons change in the first years of life?
The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear
According to a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families?
Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families were much more likely to be exposed to violence.
According to the DSM-5 psychiatric classification system, individuals have anorexia nervosa when there is a restriction in energy intake leading to significantly low body weight, a presence of intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or a persistent behavior that interferes with gaining weight, and:
a disturbance in how body weight or shape is experienced or lack of recognition of how serious the current low weight is
Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara, is an 11-month old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usually with strangers, a full-time nanny, who Cara grew fond of in a day, helps take care of her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as ___________________________.
an easy child
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
are contracted primarily through sexual contact.
Scientists have discovered that there __________________________the brains of children from ages 3 to 5.
are dramatic changes in local patterns within
When do the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex begin to specialize?
at birth
Human embryos must possess ___________ to be viable.
at least one X chromosome
_______________parenting style is most often associated with children's social competence.
authoritative
Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner on weekdays. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would
be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, activities.
Which of the following is a school-related reason for leaving school?
being expelled
Irene, a 16 year old girl, is a first generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a(n) _____________ identity.
bicultural
What causes autism spectrum disorders?
brain dysfunction and abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) ______________ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Which of the following is mainly driving the increased media use by adolescents?
cell phones
Whereas psychoanalytic theories stress the unconscious, ____________theories emphasize conscious thoughts.
cognitive
Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____________ stepfamily.
complex
The _________________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.
corpus callosum
When no evidence of organic brain damage can be found, cases are labeled ____________ intellectual disability. Individuals with this type of disability have IQs between 50 and 70.
cultural family
When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face _______________ and must adapt.
disequilibrium
Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis?
down syndrome
At what grade level does conformity to peers peak?
eighth and ninth grade
If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of
elaboration
Reggie, a 16 year old teenager, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around
everyday events of family life.
_______________________emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior.
evolution psychology
According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they
experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
The abstract quality of thinking during the __________stage is evident in an adolescent's verbal problem solving ability.
formal operational
_________________, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.
genes
The _________________is the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the fertilized egg (the zygote), cell division, and the attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall.
germinal period
Students with ___________ endorse such statements as " I know that I will be able to learn the material in the class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity."
high self-efficacy
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?
identity versus identity (role) confusion
The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to
increased myelination of the central nervous system.
Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of
inferiority
APA's guidelines address four important issues:
informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing and deception
According to Erikson, the psychological stage associated with early childhood is ____________________________.
initiative versus guilt
Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being ______________________________.
insecure avoidant
Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that
intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
Unlike the constructivist approach to instruction, the direct instruction approach
is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for a students' progress.
The nature-nurture issue:
is the debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature (biological) and by nurture (environmental) experiences.
Leila, a 14 year old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the ___________ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.
personal fable
Alberta is a school teacher who introduces children to reading by teaching them a rhyme that goes "A for apple, A says ah, B for ball, B says buh", and so on. This exemplifies the ____________ approach to reading instruction.
phonics
According to Erikson, _____________________are key to establishing a basic sense of trust in infants.
physical comfort and sensitive care
Advances in the ______________ of the brain are linked to children's ______________.
prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
According to Piaget, in the ______________stage children cannot yet perform operations, but they begin to represent the world with symbols, to form stable concepts, and to reason.
preoperational
Kohlberg studied moral development by
presenting children with a series of stories in which characters faced moral dilemmas.
The Carnegie Council evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that
smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.
Nurturing is a key aspect of _______________, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
the child centered kindergarten
The fear of strangers peaks
toward the end of the first year of life
