mim, Unit 3, Chapter 24 Homework, Chapter 24: Urinary System, Chapter 24: Urinary system, Urinary System, Ch. 24, visible body urinary system practice quizzes, Urinary System MC, Chapter 24: Urinary System, Ch 25 - Urinary System Set 2, [LS] Chapte...
The Renal corpuscle is composed of?
The Glomerulus and glomerular capsule
The renal cortex is more superficial than the renal medulla.
True
True or false: Blood components that do not exit the glomerulus as filtrate exit the renal corpuscle through an efferent arteriole.
True
The ___________ inside the bladder is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening.
trigone
What are the names of the characteristics usually associated with urine? Check all that apply
Volume, pH, color, smell.
What are the chronic problems that account for the majority of progressive renal failure?
autoimmune conditions high blood pressure diabetes
Renal __ is the intrinsic ability of the kidney to maintain a constant blood pressure.
autoregulation
principal cells
most prominent with receptors for ADH and aldosterone
The ______ lines the urinary bladder lumen.
mucosa
The layer that lines the urinary bladder lumen is called the __________.
mucosa
The lining of the ureter is called the ______.
mucosa
voluntary control of micturition involves which nervous system structure(s)
spinal cord, thalamus, and cerebral cortex
The structure that is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening is the _________ of the bladder.
trigone
Which substances escape into the filtrate?
vitamins B and C, water, glucose, amino acids, ions
In most of us, urine is composed of which of the following?
waste products, ions, water
The ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to ________.
water
The descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to _______.
water
normal urine is composed of about 95%
water
Which of the following have regulated reabsorption?
water, K+, Ca+, Na+, HCO3-
Which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?
water, Na+, Ca2+, K+, HCO-3
The female urethra has two functions: to transport urine to the exterior of the body and to transport unfertilized eggs to the exterior of the body.
False
The glomerulus is part of the renal tubule.
False
The internal urethral sphincter is formed by skeletal muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm.
False
The podocytes have long processes called or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.
Blank 1: pedicels or Pedicels
The filtration slits between the permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space.
Blank 1: pedicels, podocytes, Pedicels, or Podocytes
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called .
Blank 1: podocytes or Podocytes
The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the pole.
Blank 1: tubular, urinary, Tubular, or Urinary
The is a fibromuscular tube that conducts urine outside of the body.
Blank 1: urethra or Urethra
The originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body.
Blank 1: urethra or Urethra
Tubular reabsorption in response to ADH is referred to as?
Falcutative water reabsorption
Each nephron drains into a collecting duct which, in turn, drains into a collecting tubule.
False
Formed substances such as RBCs, leukocytes, and platelets are referred to as freely filtered substances.
False
Glucose and protein are common solutes with urine.
False
Incontinence occurs among the elderly and most frequently in men.
False
Increases in the levels of plasma proteins result in increases in net filtration pressure.
False
Large proteins and red blood cells normally pass freely through the filtration membrane.
False
True or false: A human kidney is divided into 20 renal lobes.
False
True or false: In tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron.
False
The macula densa cells continuously monitor________in the tubular fluid.
NaCl concentration
Each renal papilla projects into a funnel-shaped space called the ______.
minor calyx
The kidneys are located ___________ the peritoneum.
posterior to
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- PCT B- DCT C- nephron loop
under normal circumstances, urine contains which of the following
Na+, K+, Cl-, waste products, and drugs
Glomerular capsule
(Bowman's capsule); 1. visceral and parietal layers 2. Podocytes - simple squamous cells in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule; forms inner wall of capsule
Fenestrations
(pores); allows all solutes in blood plasma to exit but nothing else
kidney characteristics
-Kidneys are two symmetrical, bean-shaped organs -Size of hand to second knuckle -Concave medial border, hilum (Where vessels, nerves, ureter connect to kidney) -Lateral border convex -Adrenal gland rests on superior aspect of kidney
a minimum of about ___ L of urine per day is required to eliminate the wastes from the body
0.5
Put the following portions of the nephron in order, beginning at the renal corpuscle and heading toward the collecting tubules.
1 Glomerular capillaries 2 Proximal convoluted tubules 3 Nephron loop 4 Distal convoluted tubules
What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?
1%
The female urethra has ______ function(s) and is about ______ centimeters long.
1,4
How much filtrate is excreted by urine?
1-2 Liters
solute concentration exiting the nephron loop
100 mOsm
in the urinary system, there is/are normally ______ kidney(s).
2
Use numerals to indicate how many of each organ there are in the urinary system. There are __ kidney(s), __ ureter(s), __ urinary bladder(s) and __ uretha(s).
2, 2, 1, 1
use numerals to indicate how many of each organ in the urinary system. There are _______ kidneys, _______ ureters, ______ urinary bladders, and ______ urethras
2, 2, 1, 1
In the urinary system, there is/are normally ______ ureter(s) and ______ urethra(s).
2,1
solute concentration entering the nephron loop
300 mOsm
The following is a list of blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. interlobular artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. pertibular capillary
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
The normal pH for urine ranges between ______ with an average value of ______.
4.5 and 8; 6
the normal pH for urine ranges between _______ with an average value of ______
4.5 and 8; 6
Approximately ______ of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by osmosis from the PCT.
60-65%
Approximately __% of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
65
Approximately ________% of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
65
The pedicels are separated by thin spaces called which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space.
Blank 1: filtration or Filtration Blank 2: slits or Slits
Conditions of extreme dehydration result in subsequent high concentration of __ in the blood.
ADH
Conditions of extreme dehydration result in the subsequent high concentration of ______ in the blood.
ADH
Urine volume can be several liters per day if there is a decrease in the release of __.
ADH
Urine volume can be several litres per day if there is a decrease in the release of
ADH
When the urine is extremely dilute and appears a light pale color, a decrease in the release of ___ is evident
ADH
with the release of the hormone called ______, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appear darker yellow in color
ADH
______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.
ADH, aldosterone
______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.
ADH; aldosterone
Urine may develop an ________ smell if allowed to stand from the breakdown of proteins, and urine may smell fruity due to the presence of ketoacids in a person with _________ mellitus.
Ammonia Diabetes
Water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called :
Aquaporins
The hormone ________ ________ is released from the atria in response to distension of these chambers.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Renal _________ is the intrinsic ability of the kidney to maintain constant blood pressure.
Autoregulation
An afferent arteriole enters a structure called a renal corpuscle and forms a capillary network called the .
Blank 1: glomerulus or Glomerulus
The inability to control the expulsion of urine is called .
Blank 1: incontinence or Incontinence
The urethral sphincter is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder.
Blank 1: internal or Internal
In order to urinate, the and urethral sphincters must relax.
Blank 1: internal or Internal Blank 2: external or External
The two types of nephrons are cortical nephrons and nephrons.
Blank 1: juxtamedullary or Juxtamedullary
The glomerular capsule has two layers, which are a visceral layer and a layer.
Blank 1: parietal or Parietal
The kidneys aid in acid-base balance by altering the rate of reabsorption of which of the following?
Bicarbonate Hydrogen
and kidney transplant are the two main treatments for kidney failure.
Blank 1: Dialysis, dialysis, Hemodialysis, or hemodialysis
is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle.
Blank 1: Filtration or filtration
As the interlobular arteries enter the cortex, they extend small branches called arterioles.
Blank 1: afferent or Afferent
The wider diameter of the arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.
Blank 1: afferent or Afferent
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a(n) space.
Blank 1: capsular , Bowman, Capsular, or bowman
The renal is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of the kidney.
Blank 1: capsule or Capsule
The hilum of the kidney is where which connects to the kidney?
Blood vessels Ureter Nerves
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Choose the correct order of urine formation and flow through the kidney.
Collecting tubules Collecting ducts Papillary duct Renal papilla
As the net filtration pressure decreases, the GFR __________.
Decreases
Each nephron loop has 2 limbs, a _________ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a _________ limb that returns back into the renal cortex.
Descending / Ascending
pelvic kidney
Developing kidney fails to migrate from pelvic cavity
What are the chronic problems that account for the majority of progressive renal failure?
Diabetes Autoimmune conditions High blood pressure
would result in a more dilute urine
Drinking a large volume of water on a day when you rested and stayed inside Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks action of angiotensin II. Overproduction of aldosterone A new virus that attacks and damages the pituitary gland.
Click and drag each word from the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right. Not all terms will be used.
Each nephron is composed of two parts: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. This area is where the filtrate is formed from the plasma. Leading away from the corpuscle is the renal tubule, which consists of three regions. The regions include the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle.
When blood leaves the glomerulus, it enters the __________ arteriole.
Efferent
What is the daily volume of glomerular filtrate for females and males?
Females = 150L Males = 180L
filtration membrane
Filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule
The fluid that is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space is called _________.
Filtrate
Which of the following happens first in urine formation?
Filtration
Which of the following happens first?
Filtration
which will increase due to an increased net filtration pressure in the kidney
GFR amount of filtrate formed solutes and water remaining in tubular fluid substances in urine
Which of the following are the most accurate descriptions of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?
Glomerulal endothelium Filtration slits
The renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?
Glomerular capsule Glomerulus
__, along with frequent urination and thirst are classical signs of diabetes mellitus.
Glucosuria
Indicate the relative strength (highest to lowest, regardless of direction) for each of the pressures that contribute to the net filtration rate. Assume normal conditions.
Highest Pressure Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Blood colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Lowest Pressure
Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease filtration.
Increase: an increase in blood pressure Constriction of the efferent arteriole Decrease: An increase in capsular pressure An increase in plasma protein concentration An obstruction i the proximal tubule
Which of the following are primary organs of the urinary system? Check all that apply.
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change?
Increase
Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?
Increased blood pressure.
As net filtration pressure increases, the GFR ______.
Increases
Atrial natriuretic peptide ______ GFR to eliminate fluid when there is a(n) ______ in blood volume and/or blood pressure.
Increases Increase
Water reabsorption regulated by ADH near the end of the tubule is ___________ of Na+ reabsorption.
Independent
The segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that travel through the renal columns.
Interlobar
The arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex.
Interlobular
What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?
Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system?
It allows distension.
The sympathetic axons extend to the which blood vessels of the kidney?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole
There are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons, and __________ nephrons.
Juxtamedullary
Blood is carried to a kidney in a renal artery, which arises and extends from descending abdominal aorta at the level of ______.
L1 OR L2
which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption
Na+ water K+ HCO3- Ca2+
The ___________ __________ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells.
Macula Densa
Aldosterone stimulates the protein synthesis of __ and __.
Na+ channels, Na+/K+ pumps
Several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces.
Minor Major
Several_______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces
Minor / major
Explain the order of kidney structures (and thus urine flow) leaving the renal papilla until reaching the urinary bladder.
Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis Ureter
An increased HPg causes what effects on the NFP, GFR, and reabsorption in the nephron? Check all that apply.
NFP increase filtrate reabsorption decreases GFP increases
secreted into filtrate
NH4+ drugs H+
Many substances have regulated reabsorption. One substance plays a pivotal role in the reabsorption of these other substances. Choose this substance from the list below.
Na+
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
Negatively charged proteoglycans found in the basement membrane prevent most proteins in the blood from exiting the glomerular capillaries. Filtrations slits are formed by podocytes. Small openings in the capillary endothelium called fenestrations are too small to allow cells to leave the glomerulus. The volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole is not equal to the volume of blood that travels through the efferent arteriole due to the process termed glomerular filtration. A kidney infection or injury that results in damage to the filtration membrane may result in proteinuria (protein in the urine).
Which of the following are responsible for refining and modifying the filtrate?
Nephron loop DCT PCT
The renal tubule consists of which of the following?
Nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule
Indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order from left to right.
Nephrons, collecting tubules, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra
The hilum of the kidney is where which of the following connect to the kidney?
Nerves Ureter Blood vessels
List of four Tunex that form the wall of the urinary bladder in order from inner most two outer most
One mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, Adventitia
After filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the __.
PCT
The filtration slits between the ________permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space.
Pedicels
The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______.
Pelvis
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the ________ ________ it contains.
Plasma Proteins
Which substances are not filtered through the kidneys?
Platelets Erythrocytes Leukocytes
The kidneys are located along the ______ abdominal wall.
Posterior
__ is unlike other substances previously covered because it is both reabsorbed and secreted.
Potassium
Which part of the male urethra is immediately inferior to the urinary bladder?
Prostatic
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?
Protects it from pathogens Maintains the kidney's shape Protects it from trauma
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
Regulation of erythrocyte production Urine storage Regulation of ion levels Acid base balance Blood volume regulation
Put the labels in order based on the blood vessels blood passed through from the blood supply of the kidney to blood draining the kidney.
Renal artery Interlobular artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillary Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Interlobular vein Renal vein
Name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest.
Renal artery Segmental arteries Arcuate arteries Afferent arterioles
__ __ is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between 80 and 180 mmHg.
Renal autoregulation
Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?
Renal medulla
Sympathetic stimulation causes granular cells to release ______.
Renin
The granular cells of the JGA, synthesize, store and release ______.
Renin
Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.
Secreted: NH4- Drugs H+ Reabsorbed: Glucose Water Mg2+ HCO3- Amino acids Vitamins
Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?
Secretion and reabsorption only
Renal arteries branch directly into ______ arteries.
Segmental
The first part of the descending limb of the nephron loop, also known as the thick descending limb, is lined with epithelium.
Simple Cuboidal
What type of tissue line the PCT?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
The thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is lined with _______ _______ epithelium.
Simple Squamous
What type of tissue line the PCT?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What muscle type is found in the wall of the urethra?
Smooth
The male urethra is partitioned into three segments. Which of the following are these segments?
Spongy Membranous Prostatic
Which category of incontinence occurs during vigorous exercise?
Stress incontinence
______ nerves extend from the spinal cord to the blood vessels of the kidney.
Sympathetic
The superior pole of the left kidney is at about the level of which vertebra?
T 12
the kidneys are located approximately between the levels of which two vertebrae
T12 and L3
The kidneys are retroperitoneal. Which description below describes what this means?
The kidneys are posterior to the peritoneum.
The _______ __________ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across the tubule epithelium in a given period of time.
Transport Maximum
True or false: If systemic blood pressure is dangerously low, filtration and the elimination of wastes in urine ceases, resulting in the accumulation of toxic metabolic wastes in the blood.
True
True or false: The three layers of the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder have such complex orientations that it is difficult to discern individual layers under the microscope.
True
True or false: The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism acts as a 'backup' mechanism to the myogenic mechanism in response to increased systemic blood pressure.
True
Upon leaving the renal pelvis, urine passes directly into a ureter.
True
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic waves of muscular contractions.
True
Some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through __________ _________.
Tubular Secretion
Which of the following is one of the processes in urine formation?
Tubular secretion
______ is the active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.
Tubular secretion
The nitrogenous waste product that is a small, water-soluble molecule produced from protein breakdown in the liver is __________.
Urea
The ____________ are tubes that are about 25cm long and are retroperitoneal
Ureters
__ __ is the nitrogenous waste produced from nucleic acid breakdown.
Uric acid
Select all that contribute to the function of the countercurrent multiplier.
Water is reabsorbed across the descending limb of the nephron loop. Water moving out of the descending limb increases the salt concentration in the tubular fluid that flows into the ascending limb of the nephron loop. The salt concentration in the tubular fluid of the ascending nephron loop allows many salts to be pumped out.
Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?
Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
Under normal circumstances Urine does not contain?
White Blood Cells, Red blood cells, and glucose
A renal corpuscle includes the
a glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
If, through injury, the blodo flow to the kidneys decreases, which of the following would occur? a) aldosterone secretion will increase b) sodium reabsorption will be inhibited c) there will be systemic vasodilation d) obligatory water absorption will decrease e) the amount of ADH in the blood will decrease
a) aldosterone secretion will increase
Function of filtration membrane (endothelial capsular membrane)
allows water and small solutes to be filtered but prevents most plasma proteins, blood cells, and platelets from being filtered
During urine formation, which substances escape into the filtrate?
amino acids ions water glucose
Some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. Choose which of the following satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions.
amino acids, glucose, lactate, filtered plasma proteins
renal fascia
anchors kidney to surrounding structures
Basal lamina
between the endothelium of glomerulus and podcytes and consists of minute fibers that are negatively charged to prevent filtration of larger negatively charged plasma proteins to pass
the male urethra extends from the _____ through the prostate and out the penis
bladder neck
which of the following does not typically pass through the glomerular filtration membrane -water -solutes -blood cells -all pass through
blood cells
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a
capsular (Bowman's) space
which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration
capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?
capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a________ ________.
capsular space
At least 20- 25% of the resting ______ normally flows through the kidney via the renal artery.
cardiac output
The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the
cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve.
pct
closer to renal corpuscle -proximal convoluted tubule -site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water -site of secretion for hydrogen ion, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea
Once the tubular fluid leaves the ______, it is called urine.
collecting duct
which of the following is not part of a nephron -collecting duct -glomerulus -distal convoluted tubule -nephron loop
collecting duct
structures closest to nephron to the bladder
collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra
When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______.
collecting tubules, collecting ducts
Normal constituents of both urine and plasma include all of the following EXCEPT a) amino acids b) glucose c) lipids d) proteins e) none of the above
d) proteins
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by a) stratified squamous epithelium b) pseudostratified columnar epithelium c) simple cuboidal epithelium d) transitional epithelium e) simple columnar epithelium
d) transitional epithelium
The kidney has a_______border called the hilum. a. convex lateral b. convex medial c. concave lateral d. concave medial
d. concave medial
when aldosterone increases, urine volume
decrease
Proteinuria occurs when the filtration membrane becomes leaky, allowing proteins to cross. This impacts the blood colloid osmotic pressure by ____________________ the osmolarity gradient between the blood and filtrate, thereby ________________ the strength of this pressure.
decreasing; reducing
Each nephron has two limbs; a __ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and an __ limb that returns back into the renal cortex.
descending, ascending
Glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the
diameter of the afferent arteriole
General characteristics of normal urine include a) specific gravity b) bacteria c) pH d) A and B e) A and C
e) A and C
The process of filtration occurs at the a) proximal convoluted tubule b) distal convoluted tubule c) collecting duct d) loop of Henle e) Bowman's capsule
e) Bowman's capsule
Ions normally found in urine and plasma include which of the following? a) chloride b) bicarbonate c) potassium d) sodium e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include a) hydrogen ions b) potassium ions c) creatinine d) penicilin e) all of the above
e) all of the above
The process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle is called ___________ ____________.
filtration
Some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. Choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions.
glucose filtered plasma proteins lactate amino acids
Reabsorbed from filtrate
glucose water MG2+ HCO3- amino acids vitamins
under normal conditions, urine does not contain which of the following
glucose white blood cells red blood cells
Under normal circumstances, urine does not contain which of the following?
glucose, red blood cells, white blood cells
One component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following?
granular cells
one component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following
granular cells macula densa cells
glomerular capsule
has visceral layer and parietal layer with capsular space in between (receives filtrate)
juxtamedullary nephrons
help establish salt concentration gradient in interstitial space -allow for regulation of urine concentration by ADH
intercalated cells
homeostasis of blood pH
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
the kidneys aid in acid-base balance by altering the rate of reabsorption of which of the following
hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
Filtrate is produced due to the difference between _______ pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space.
hydrostatic
An increase in systemic blood pressure causes a(n) ______ in the volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole.
increase
An increase in the NFP would result in a(n) _______________ in the GFR.
increase
concentrated urine forms as a results of
increased reabsorption
2. Treatment with Probenecid® results in _________________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________________ levels of uric acid in the blood.
increased; decreased
Only about 15% of our nephrons are nephrons.
juxtamedullary
Only about 15% of our nephrons are________nephrons.
juxtamedullary
There are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons and ______ nephrons.
juxtamedullary
The right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney due to accommodate the __.
liver
The right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney due to accommodate the ______.
liver
Which is a component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa
in the kidneys, water movement occurs by
osmosis
renal cortex
outer region of the kidney
When full, the urinary bladder exhibits an ______ shape.
oval
The organs of the urinary system are
paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
The apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal________and it projects towards the renal sinus.
papilla
The renal lobe consists of a medullary pyramid and the adjacent renal columns as well as the renal________.
papilla
The ______ innervation to the kidney has no known effect.
parasympathetic
The glomerular capsule has two layers, a visceral layer and a_________layer.
parietal
Urogenital ridges will eventually form ______.
parts of the urinary system and reproductive organs
Filtration is a ________________ process that depends on a ___________________ gradient.
passive; pressure
The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal __.
pelvis
The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______.
pelvis
The female urethra opens to the outside of the body at the external urethral orifice located in the female ______.
perineum
paranephric fat
provides cushioning and support for kidney
substances are ______ when they move from tubular fluid back into the blood
reabsorbed
Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be
reabsorbed and water to be reabsorbed.
the process by which water and nutrients move from the filtrate back into the blood is called
reabsorption
because of their position between the posterior abdominal wall and the peritoneum, the kidneys are said to be
retroperitoneal
The ______ kidney is positioned about 2 cm inferior to the other kidney.
right
In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called ________, that allow for even greater distension.
rugae
The descending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to the movement of _________ out of the tubule.
salts
nephron loop
second part of tubule that dips into the medulla; reabsorbs water and salt (sodium and chloride ions); aka, loop of Henle
2. In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________________ of potassium.
secretion
In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________________ of potassium.
secretion
Blood flows from the renal artery to the ______ arteries in the area of the renal sinus.
segmental
Blood flows from the renal artery to the _______ arteries in the area of the renal sinus.
segmental
what type of tissue line the PCT
simple cuboidal
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
simple cuboidal cells with brush border microvilli; increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion
What type of cells line the PCT?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Granular or juxtaglomerular cells are modified________ ________cells.
smooth muscle
granular or juxtaglomerular cells are modified _______ _______ cells
smooth muscle
The thin part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is lined with simple ___________ epithelium and the thick part, is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
squamous
bladder function
stores urine & excretes it by contracting is walls of smooth muscle
Which of the following will increase due to an increase net filtration pressure in the kidney?
substance in urine and GFR
which of the following statements about micturition is not true -it is a reflex -both urethral sphincters must be relaxed for it to take place -the internal urethral sphincter can be voluntarily controls -stretch receptors in the bladder wall signal the need to micturate
the internal urethral sphincter can be voluntarily controlled
The renal threshold of a substance refers to:
the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.
in males the urethra is divided into how many regions
three
The mucosa of the ureter is distensible (stretchy) and impermeable to the passage of urine.
true
t/f: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR to decrease blood volume.
true
Put the following structures in order. The first one should be closest to the nephron and the last one should be closest to the urinary bladder.
1- collecting duct. 2- papillary duct. 3- minor calyx. 4- major calyx. 5- renal pelvis.
The average daily volume of urine is normally ____________ .
1-2 liters
Place the events of micturition in order?
1. Baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated 2.visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within the Pons 3.Parasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle 4. the detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral muscles relax
List the order of events during a micturition reflex
1. Barorecetors in the bladder are activated 2. Visceral sensory neurons stimulate the mictrition reflex center within the pons. 3. Parasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the destructor muscle 4. The destructor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes
List the structures in order starting closest to the nephron to the bladder
1. Collecting duct 2. Papillary duct 3. Minor calyx 4. Major calyx 5. Renal pelvis
What are the 3 barriers that filtered substances move through during glomerular filtration?
1. Fenestrations (pores) 2. Basal lamina 3. Pedicels
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?
1. Protection from pathogens 2.Protection from Trauma 3.maintains the kidneys shape
Glomerulonephritis
1. inflammation of the kidney that involves the glomeruli 2. due to allergic reaction to toxins produced by streptococcal bacteria that recently infected another part of the body (throat) 3. glomeruli inflamed, swollen, and engorged with blood which causes blood cells and proteins to enter into the filtrate 4. chronic renal failure
What are the cells in the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) going into the collecting duct?
1. principal cells 2. intercalated cells
Diuretics
1. substances that slow renal reabsorption of water leading to diuresis, elevated urine flow rate causing decreased blood volume 2. used to treat hypertension 3. caffeine and alcohol (natural diuretics)
solute concentration at the base of the nephron loop
1200 mOsm
Which represents a normal, healthy level for a GFR?
125 mL/min
If the MAP decreases below ______ mm Hg, no further arteriole dilation can bring a decrease in glomerular blood pressure.
80
Tubular reabsorption
99% of filtered water and useful solutes are returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Match the letter on the right with the structure on the left.
A- afferent arteriole B- efferent arteriole C- granular cells
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- fibrous capsule B- renal cortex C- renal medulla
Match the letter of the left with the structure on the right. Letter A is indicating an entire structure.
A- glomerulus B- podocytes C- capsular space D- vascular pole
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- interlobar artery B- renal vein C- interlobar artery D- arcuate artery E- interlobular artery
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- interlobar vein B- arcuate vein C- interlobular vein
Match the letter on the left with the structure associated with the filtration membrane n the right.
A- pedicels B- filtration slits C- podocyte
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- pertibular capillary B- basement membrane C- basolateral membrane D- luminal membrane E- tubular fluid
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- renal column B- renal lobe C- renal pyramid D- renal pelvis E- minor calyx
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- renal corpuscle B- PCT C- DCT
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- urethra B- ureter C- right kidney D- L3 vertebra
The outer layer of the bladder is called the ___________ and is composed of areolar connective tissue
Adventita
The wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. Which are these tunics?
Adventita, Mucosa, and Muscularis are all correct (only one incorrect is submucoa)
The wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. Which of the following are these tunics?
Adventitia Muscularis Mucosa
Which of the following form the wall of the urinary bladder?
Adventitia Submucosa Mucosa Muscularis
The wider diameter of the ____________ arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.
Afferent
Which of the following are reabsorbed by the PCT?
Amino acids Vitamins Glucose Plasma proteins
During urine formation, which substances escape into the filtrate?
Amino acids Water Glucose Ions
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
An obstruction in the renal pelvis would prevent urine from leaving the kidney. Urine directly exits the body via the urethra. The minor calyx receives urine from the renal pyramid. The portion of the kidney in direct contact with the renal capsule is the renal cortex. The ureter and the renal artery and vein enter the kidney through the opening known as the hilum.
The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla.
Arcuate
Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.
Ascending limb: Tubular fluid osmolarity decreases as it passes through Permeable to solutes Impermeable to water Descending limb: Tubular fluid osmolarity increases as it passes through Impermeable to solutes Permeable to water
The nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in a human kidney.
Blank 1: cortical or Cortical
The lamina propria is composed of a fairly thick layer of irregular connective tissue.
Blank 1: dense or Dense
Each nephron loop has two limbs, which are a(n) limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) limb that returns back into the renal cortex.
Blank 1: descending or Descending Blank 2: ascending or Ascending
In the nephron, as blood flows through the , the solutes and water within the blood are filtered into the capsular space.
Blank 1: glomerulus or Glomerulus
In the nephron, the is designed to be "leaky" to allow some plasma and solutes to be filtered.
Blank 1: glomerulus or Glomerulus
The solutes and water that are reabsorbed from the PCT enter the blood through the and are returned to the general circulation.
Blank 1: peritubular or Peritubular Blank 2: capillaries or Capillaries
The prostatic urethra extends through the gland.
Blank 1: prostate or Prostate
In males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the and directly superior to the gland.
Blank 1: rectum or Rectum Blank 2: prostate or Prostate
In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called , that allow for even greater distension.
Blank 1: rugae or Rugae
The mucosa is formed by epithelium that accommodates the shape changes that occur with distension.
Blank 1: transitional or Transitional
The of the bladder is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening.
Blank 1: trigone or Trigone
Urine flows from the renal papilla through the calyces into the renal pelvis and then directly into the .
Blank 1: ureter, ureters, Ureter, or Ureters
Ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the openings.
Blank 1: ureteral or Ureteral
The are tubes that are about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long and are retroperitoneal.
Blank 1: ureters or Ureters
The are long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Blank 1: ureters, ureter, or Ureters
The is an expandable, muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine.
Blank 1: urinary or Urinary Blank 2: bladder or Bladder
Urine is produced continuously but is stored in the for release when convenient.
Blank 1: urinary or Urinary Blank 2: bladder or Bladder
Once the tubular fluid exits the collecting duct, it is called .
Blank 1: urine or Urine
In females, the urinary bladder is anterioinferior to the and directly anterior to the .
Blank 1: uterus or Uterus Blank 2: vagina or Vagina
The renal corpuscle has two poles. Where the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles are found is called the pole.
Blank 1: vascular or Vascular
What are the pressures that oppose glomerular hydrostatic pressure to help determine net filtration pressure? Check all that apply.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure.
Match the component of a nephron with its description.
Contains podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits Glomerulus Secretes ions into the tubular fluid; reabsorption of water Distal convoluted tubule Contains a descending limb and an ascending limb Nephron loop Cuboidal cells with tall microvilli; active reabsorption Proximal convoluted tubule
The wide base of a renal pyramid lies next to the ______.
Cortex
When a kidney is sectioned along a coronal plane, there is an outer renal ______ and an inner renal ______.
Cortex Medulla
The ________ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in a human kidney.
Cortical
Which type of nephron has relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla?
Cortical
Which type of nephrons have relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla?
Cortical
Name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest.
Cortical radiate arteries Afferent arteries Glomerulus Peritubular capillaries
List the veins through which blood leaves the kidney in sequence from smallest to largest.
Cortical radiate veins, Arcuate veins, Interlobar veins, Renal vein
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli Function more in secretion than reabsorption Confined to cortex
Indicate whether the provided renal function results from the creation of urine or through other mechanisms.
Directly Resulting From urine Formation: Filtration of blood Removal of nitrogenous wastes Reduction of blood acidity Electrolyte regulation Blood pressure regulation Blood volume regulation Not Resulting From Urine Formation: Calcitriol (vitamin D) conversion Erythropoiesis stimulation
The ascending limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the __________ __________ tubule.
Distal Convoluted
The renal tubule consists of which of the following?
Distal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
During renal autoregulation, the kidneys maintain a relatively constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure, and without the input of nervous or hormonal control. The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed tubuloglomerular feedback. The three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the JG cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells. Epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles are called the macula densa. The afferent arteriole contains cells called juxtaglomerular cells that secrete the enzyme renin. The afferent arteriole reflexively contracts in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus preventing a rise in GFR. This form of regulation is called the myogenic mechanism. An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contraction of the afferent arteriole and a decrease in GFR. When blood pressure drops, renin is released into the blood, resulting in an increase in the hormone angiotensin II, which acts to decrease GFR while simultaneously raising blood pressure.
supernumerary kidney
Extra kidney develops All 3 typically asymptomatic
True or false: ADH causes the PCT to increase water reabsorption from the tubular fluid.
False
True or false: The glomerular filtration rate is expressed as volume per unit time (usually 1 hour).
False
True or false: The main function of the urinary system is to remove oxygen from the bloodstream.
False
Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
Filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
Which type of nephron has a renal corpuscle that lies close to the corticomedullary junction with a long nephron loop that extends deep into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron plays the more important role of establishing a salt concentration gradient?
Juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron plays the more important role of establishing a salt concentration?
Juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron plays the more important role of establishing salt concentration gradient?
Juxtamedullary
Which type of nephrons have renal corpuscles that lie close to the corticomedullary junction with long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary
In the thick segment of nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10% to 20% of the ________ in the tubular Fluor is reabsorbed.
K
In the thick segment of the nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10% to 20% of the ______ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.
K+
The most powerful stimulant to cause release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is an elevated __ blood level.
K+
Which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?
K+ Water Ca2+ Na+
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to increase the secretion of renin from the JG cells. The activation of angiotensin II stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary, as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the DCT of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the tubular fluid. The release of ADH directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the tubular filtrate. The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively is a(n) increase in blood pressure resulting largely from increased blood volume.
Aldosterone stimulates the protein synthesis of ______ and ______.
Na+ channels; Na+/K+ pumps
The macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid.
NaCl concentration
The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space is termed the __________ _________ pressure.
Net Filtration
The movement of water out of the proximal convoluted tubule follows Na+ by osmosis and is referred to as _________ ____________ __________.
Obligatory Water Reabsorption
How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?
One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.
After filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______.
PCT
The amount of Ca2+ and PO4,3- excreted urine is regulated by __.
PTH
The apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal _______ and it projects toward the renal sinus.
Papilla
Kidneys are ______ protected by the rib cage.
Partially
The male urethra has two functions. Which are they?
Passage for sperm Passage for urine
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following function(s)?
Protects it from trauma Protects it from pathogens Maintains the kidney's shape
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?
Protects it from trauma, protects it from pathogen's, and maintains the kidneys shape
Most of the substances that are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood are reabsorbed typically from the _________ ________ tubule.
Proximal Convoluted
What is the correct sequence for parts of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
Substances are _________ when they move from the tubular fluid back into the blood.
Reabsorbed
Granular or juxtaglomerular cells are modified ________ ________ cells.
Smooth Muscle
The Hilum of the kidney is where which of the following connect to the kidney?
The Ureter, nerves, and blood vessels
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
The cell type in the distal tubule and collecting duct that is responsible for Na⁺ and water reabsorption is the principal cell. The hormone aldosterone acts in this part of the nephron and has a big impact on sodium and potassium levels in the filtrate. Overconsumption of alcohol can cause the hypothalamus to sense that the blood is too dilute, resulting in a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone thus reducing the reabsorption of water leading to dehydration. A person who experiences higher than normal levels of phosphate in their blood and higher than normal levels of Ca²⁺ in their urine probably suffers from a deficiency in the production of parathyroid hormone. When the level of the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide increases, a person will experience an increase in Na⁺ excretion in their urine.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
The countercurrent multiplier is a phenomenon that occurs in the nephron loop. Countercurrent exchange occurs as both solutes and water move freely in and out of the vasa recta. The increase in osmolarity as filtrate moves down the descending limb is due to water moving out of the tubule. The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate as it moves up the ascending limb is due to solutes moving out of the tubule. The osmolarity of the filtrate is approximately 100 mOsm/L at the end of the ascending limb and around 1200 mOsm/L at the end of the descending limb. The recycling of urea out of the collecting duct and back into the nephron loop contributes significantly to the medullary osmotic gradient.
Click and drag the words or phrases on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences to arrange them in order so that they accurately describe the flow of fluid through the renal tubules. Not all terms will be used.
The glomerular capsule leads into the proximal convoluted tubule, the longest and most coiled of the four regions of the renal tubule. From there, the filtrate flows into the descending limb of the nephron loop, the first part of the U-shaped portion of the tubule found mostly in the medulla. Next, the flitrate makes a 180 degree turn into the ascending limb, returning to the renal cortex. The filtrate is funnelled into the distal convoluted tubule, the end of the nephron. The collecting duct receives the filtrate from the DCTs of several nephrons and funnels it toward the medullary pyramid.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary called the glomerulus and a capsule of epithelial cells. A virus that specifically attacks podocytes would damage the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule . Glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular space before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the proximal tubule. A blockage in the distal tubule would prevent filtrate from reaching the collecting duct. If an electron micrograph of a nephron segment revealed very highly developed microvilli, then you are most likely looking at cells of the proximal tubule. Nephrons that have very long loops are classified as juxtamedullary nephrons.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, and then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.
There are four major stages in the formation of urine. The first stage involves creating a filtrate in the glomerulus. Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are reabsorbed. Waste products will then be secreted by the tubules. The last stage is water conservation occuring in the renal tubule.
Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?
They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.
The transport maximum is dependent upon the number of ____________ ___________in the epithelial cell membrane.
Transport Proteins
How are proteins "transformed" in order to be moved from the tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries?
Transported by pinocytosis across the luminal membrane and digested into amino acids
Blood colloid osmotic pressure opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
True
Both the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule reside in the cortex of the kidney.
True
Collecting ducts are larger than collecting tubules.
True
Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle.
True
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure has a higher value (60 mm Hg) than other systemic arterioles because the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole, and thus increases the pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
True
If urine output drops below .40 L waste will accumulate in the blood
True
Increases in NFP result in increases in GFR.
True
One of the kidneys' functions is the regulation of the body's acid-base balance.
True
The Nephron loop originates in the cortex, and descends down into the medulla, and then ascends back into the cortex
True
The female Urethra is about 4 centimeters long and has one function
True
The specific gravity of urine is its density compared to that of water, and the more solutes urine has, the higher its specific gravity.
True
Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption Filtration
What are the renal processes that form urine according to the text? Check all that apply.
Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, filtration.
Which correctly describes the opening in the urinary bladder?
Two for ureters and one for the urethra
A structure called the ______ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it out of the body
Urethra
Which structure extends through muscles of the pelvic floor and opens into the perineum?
Urethra
The ureters originate at the renal pelvis and extend to the ________.
Urinary Bladder
Urine is produced continuously but is stored in the________ for release when convenient,
Urinary bladder
The color of urine associated with the breakdown of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of ______.
Urobilin
The colour of urine associated with the break down of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of:
Urobilin
The ______ are associated with the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla of the kidney.
Vasa Recta
Which of the following escape into the filtrate?
Vitamins Water Glucose Plasma proteins Vital nutrients Ions
Match the component of urine formation with its description.
Water and solutes passively move out of the glomerulus Filtration Active transport or diffusion of substances into the blood Tubular reabsorption Active transport of solutes into the tubular fluid Tubular secretion
order of micturition reflex
When the volume of urine retained within the bladder reaches approximately 200 to 300 mL, the bladder becomes distended, and baroceptors in the bladder wall are activated. These baroceptors send nerve signals through visceral sensory neurons to stimulate the micturition center within the pons. The micturition center alters nerve signals propagated down the spinal cord and through the pelvic splanchnic nerves (which are parasympathetic nerves). Parasympathetic stimulation causes the smooth muscle cells composing the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. In infants, urination occurs at this point because they lack voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter.
Place each of the labels in the proper position to denote whether they would pass through the filtration membrane or not.
Will Pass Through: sodium water urea thyroid hormone (TH) glucose Will Not Pass Through: RBCs lymphocytes Platelets Albumin TH bound to a plasma protein
Would Result in a More Concentrated Urine
Working outside on a heat day without access to drinking water Overespression of aquaporins Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water
Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.
Would Result in a More Concentrated Urine: Working outside on a heat day without access to drinking water Overespression of aquaporins Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water Would Result in a More Dilute Urine: Drinking a large volume of water on a day when you rested and stayed inside Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks action of angiotensin II. Overproduction of aldosterone A new virus that attacks and damages the pituitary gland.
Desert Dan has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result of this exposure, one would expect to observe a) elevated ADH levels b) decreased blood concentrations c) normal urine production d) increased blood volume e) cells enlarged with fluid
a) elevated ADH levels
Major calyces are a) large branches of the renal pelvis b) expanded ends of nephrons c) basic functional layers of the kidney d) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla e) the expanded ends of renal pyramids
a) large branches of the renal pelvis
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the a) nephron b) renal corpuscle c) glomerulus d) loop of Henle e) filtration unit
a) nephron
The portion of the nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle is the a) proximal convoluted tubule b) renal corpuscle c) distal convoluted tubule d) collecting duct e) minor calyx
a) proximal convoluted tubule
Conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla are called a) pyramids b) renal columns c) renal pelvises d) nephrons e) calyces
a) pyramids
The outermost layer of kidney tissue is the a) renal cortex b) renal medulla c) major calyx d) minor calyx e) renal pelvis
a) renal cortex
Which of the following is greater? a) the length of the urethra in males b) the length of the urethra in females
a) the length of the urethra in males
Organs of the urinary system that are involved with urine transport are the a) urethra and ureters b) kidneys and bladder c) ureters and kidneys d) urethra and bladder e) kidneys and urethra
a) urethra and ureters
The sympathetic axons extend to the which blood vessels of the kidney? a. afferent arteriole b. efferent arteriole c. juxtamedullary apparatus d. interlobar arteries e. arcuate arteries
a. afferent arteriole b. efferent arteriole c. juxtamedullary apparatus
Erythropoietin acts on the_______to increase erythrocyte production. a. bone marrow b. atria and ventricles c. spleen d. liver
a. bone marrow
The renal tubule consists of which of the following? a. distal convoluted tubule b. nephron loop c. proximal convoluted tubule d. glomerular capsule e. renal corpuscle f. glomerulus
a. distal convoluted tubule b. nephron loop c. proximal convoluted tubule
The kidney's help control the bloods inorganic ion balance. Which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys? a. phosphate b. potassium c. sodium d. calcium e. iron
a. phosphate b. potassium c. sodium d. calcium
The kidneys are located along the _____abdominal wall. a. posterior b. anterior
a. posterior
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following function(s)? a. protects it from trauma b. protects it from pathogens c. stimulates the production of EPO d. helps the kidney filter blood e. maintains the kidneys shape
a. protects it from trauma b. protects it from pathogens e. maintains the kidneys shape
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts project through the______toward the_______. a. renal medulla, renal papilla b. renal medulla, renal cortex c. renal papilla, renal medulla
a. renal medulla, renal papilla
The proximal convoluted tubular attached to the the renal corpuscle at the________pole. a. tubular b. vacular
a. tubular
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following? a. urine storage b. acid-base balance c. leukocyte production d. erythropoietin production
a. urine storage b. acid-base balance d. erythropoietin production
A person with a diet that includes animal protein and wheat (a typical American diet) is generally considered an __ state.
acidic
When we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of the urine becomes more ______.
acidic
when we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of urine becomes more
acidic
Tubular secretion is the ______ of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.
active transport
Tubular secretion, the movement of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid, usually occurs by ______.
active transport
which would be most likely to cause impaired kidney function
acute dehydration
With the release of the hormone called _________, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow in color.
adh
The outer layer of the urinary bladder is called the ______ and is composed of areolar connective tissue.
adventitia
Blood enters the glomerulus by the ______ arteriole.
afferent
Renal autoregulation maintains GFR by altering the size of the ______ arteriole.
afferent
The juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the __________ arteriole located near the renal corpuscle.
afferent
The wider diameter of the __ arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.
afferent
The wider diameter of the ______ arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.
afferent
One of the factors that causes materials to be filtered from the glomerulus is that the ______ arteriole is wider in diameter than the ______ arteriole.
afferent, efferent
The ______ arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the ______ arteriole leads away from the glomerulus.
afferent, efferent
One of the factors that cause materials to be filtered from the glomerulus is that the ______ arteriole is wider in diameter than the ______ arteriole.
afferent; efferent
The ______ arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the ______ arteriole leads away from the glomerulus.
afferent; efferent
When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the ___________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing ______________.
afferent; vasodilation
2. Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ______________________.
against; facilitated diffusion
Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ______________________.
against; facilitated diffusion
as tubular fluid moves through the distal convoluted tubules, and collecting tubules and ducts, water reabsorption is controlled primarily by ____ and _____ hormone
aldosterone adh
As tubular fluid moves through the distal convoluted tubules, and collecting tubules and ducts, water reabsorption is controlled primarily by __ and __ hormone.
aldosterone, antidiuretic
The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. If no more than 300 mg of glucose is passing through the renal tubule every minute, ______.
all of it will be reabsorbed
Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of renin which will result in the subsequent production of ______ which will result in a(n) ______ in the GFR.
angiotensin II; decrease
Most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus. Select the proteins that are freely filtered there.
angiotensin, insulin
Water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called __.
aquaporins
Interlobular veins merge to form ______ veins.
arcuate
The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla.
arcuate
Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid:
are completely reabsorbed.
production and release of erythropoietin
as kidneys filter blood, they measure oxygen levels of blood. In response to low blood oxygen levels, cells within the kidney secrete erythropoietin (EPO) hormone
The __________ limb of the nephron loop actively pumps salt out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ascending
The expanded end of a nephron is the a) glomerulus b) Bowman's capsule c) proximal convoluted tubule d) distal convoluted tubule e) loop of Henle
b) Bowman's capsule
The glomerulus is a) the expanded end of a nephron b) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle c) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle d) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct e) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron
b) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is a) filtration b) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water c) secretion of acids and ammonia d) secretion of drugs e) adjusting the urine volume
b) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water
The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by a) ADH b) aldosterone c) parathormone d) atrial natriuretic peptide e) cortisol
b) aldosterone
Each of the following is a characteristic of a normal urine sample except one. Identify the exception a) amber color b) cloudy appearance c) acidic pH d) specific gravity greater than 1.0 e) odor of ammonia
b) cloudy appearance
When the level of ADH (antidieretic hormone) increases a) more urine is produced b) less urine is produced c) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct d) the specific gravity of the urine decreases e) more salt is secreted by the nephron
b) less urine is produced
Aldosterone a) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood b) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys c) helps decrease blood volume d) increases the concentration of sodium in urine e) functions in pH regulation
b) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
The portion of the tubule system of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the a) loop of Henle b) proximal convoluted tubule c) distal convoluted tubule d) collecting duct e) minor calyx
b) proximal convoluted tubule
The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the a) renal cortex b) renal medulla c) major calyx d) minor calyx e) renal pelvis
b) renal medulla
The expanded end of the ureter forms the a) renal sinus b) renal pelvis c) renal calyx d) renal hilus e) renal corpuscle
b) renal pelvis
The term incontinence refers to a) the inability to void (expel) urine b) the inability to control urination c) the inability to control kidney function d) the process of urinating e) the process of urine production
b) the inability to control urination
Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by a) sweating b) the kidneys c) the liver d) the digestive system e) the spleen
b) the kidneys
During the micturition reflex, a) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the lumbar region of the spinal cord b) there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder c) the internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed d) the external sphincter relaxes as the result of a parasympathetic reflex e) all of the above
b) there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder
The kidneys aid in acid-base balance by altering the rate of reabsorption of which of the following? a. potassium b. bicarbonate c. sodium d. hydrogen
b. bicarbonate d. hydrogen
The hilum of the kidney is where which connects to the kidney? a. urethra b. blood vessels c. ureter d. nerves e. urinary bladdder
b. blood vessels c. ureter d. nerves
When a kidney is sectioned along a coronal plane, there is an outer renal______and an inner renal_____. a. medulla; cortex b. cortex; medulla
b. cortex; medulla
Several______calyces merge to form larger spaces called________calyces. a. major; minor b. minor; major c. papilla; pyramid d. major; pyramid e. minor; papilla
b. minor; major
Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by __________. a. stratified epithelium b. simple epithelium c. pseudostratified epithelium
b. simple epithelium
1. Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the ________________.
basolateral membrane
Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the ________________.
basolateral membrane
as the filtrate passes out of the glomerular capsule and through the renal tubule, substances like the following are reabsorbed into the body through cells along the tube wall, except -glucose -amino acids -blood -proteins
blood
Glomerular filtration
blood plasma filtered and water and most solutes move into glomerular capsule and then into the renal tubule
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates ______.
blood pressure
erythropoietin acts on the _______ to increase erythrocyte production
bone marrow
cortical nephron
bulk residing within cortex (85% of nephrons)
Substances larger than ____________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. a) sodium ions b) glucose c) albumin d) amino acids e) urea
c) albumin
The renal sinus is a) the innermost layer of kidney tissue b) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla c) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus d) a large branch of the renal pelvis e) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle
c) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus
The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the a) proximal convoluted tubule b) loop of Henle c) distal convoluted tubule d) collecting duct e) minor calyx
c) distal convoluted tubule
Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except one. Identify the exception. a) the number of functional nephrons declines b) there is a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) c) increased sensitivity to ADH occurs d) problems with the micturition reflex are common e) there is a loss of sphincter muscle tone
c) increased sensitivity to ADH occurs
Dehydration would cause a) fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF b) decreased secretion of ADH c) increased thirst d) decreased levels of aldosterone e) all of the above
c) increased thirst
Urine is produced by the a) liver b) urinary bladder c) kidney d) ureter e) urethra
c) kidney
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except one. Identify the exception a) hydrogen ions b) urea c) large proteins d) salts e) creatinine
c) large proteins
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except one. Identify the exception a) kidney b) urinary bladder c) liver d) ureter e) urethra
c) liver
The most selective pores in the filtration membrane are located in the a) capillary endothelium b) lamina densa c) podocytes d) basement membrane of the capillaries e) capsular space
c) podocytes
The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the a) renal pyramid b) loop of Henle c) renal corpuscle d) renal tubule e) collecting system
c) renal corpuscle
The hormone ADH a) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity b) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions c) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys d) causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine e) all of the above
c) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys
In response to excess water in the body, a) antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland b) the active transport mechanisms in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle cease functioning c) the permeabiilty of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water is decreased d) the permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is increased e) the glomerular filtration is reduced
c) the permeabiilty of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water is decreased
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by a) blood vessels b) lymphatics c) the ureters d) the urethra e) all of the above
c) the ureters
Put the portions of the male urethra in the correct order, from the urinary bladder to the exterior. a: Spongy part b: Urethral orifice c: Prostatic part d: Membranous part
c, d, a, b
One component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following? a. efferent arteriole b. renal papilla c. granular cells
c. granular cells
Which type of nephron has a renal corpuscle that lies close to corticomedullary junction with a long nephron loop that extends deep into the medulla? a. cortical b. juxtacortical c. juxtamedullary
c. juxtamedullary
The right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney due to accommodate the______. a. abdominal aorta b. urinary bladder c. liver d. spleen
c. liver
The________is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption. a. nephron loop b. distal convoluted tubule c. proximal convoluted tubule
c. proximal convoluted tubule
The kidneys help control the blood's inorganic ion balance. Which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys?
calcium potassium phosphate sodium
when the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small _____ that empty into _____
collecting tubules, collecting ducts
When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______.
collecting tubules; collecting ducts
Blood __________ __________pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular space.
colloid osmotic
Blood ________ _______- pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular space.
colloid osmotic
Extensions of the cortex, called renal ________, project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal ________.
columns pyramids
Extensions of the cortex, called renal ______, project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal ______.
columns, pyramids
Extensions of the cortex, called renal________project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal________.
columns; pyramids
The kidney has a ______ border called the hilum.
concave medial
Angiotensin II triggers the __________________________ of the intraglomerular mesangial cells which results in a(an) _______________________________ of the filtration surface area.
contraction; decrease
The wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex in a region called ?
cortex
The nephron loop originates in the ______ and descends down into the ______ and then ascends back into the ______.
cortex, medulla, cortex
When a kidney is sectioned along a coronal plane, there is an outer renal ______ and an inner renal ______.
cortex; medulla
The nephron loop originates in the ______ and descends down into the ______ and then ascends back into the ______.
cortex; medulla; cortex
In the figure, the ______ nephron is on the left.
cortical
The __ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in a human kidney.
cortical
The ______ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in a human kidney.
cortical
The________nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in the human kidney.
cortical
Which type of nephron has relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla
cortical
a positive feedback mechanism called the _____ ______ involves a nephron loop and is partially responsible for establishing the salt concentration gradient within the interstitial fluid
countercurrent multiplier
The body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?
creatinine uric acid urea
macula densa
crowded columnar cells that make up the ascending limb of nephron loop
The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla.
cuboidal, columnar
the epithelial cells of collecting tubules are ____ but are _____ cells in the collecting ducts near renal papilla
cuboidal, columnar
The kidneys a) are located in a position that is retroperitoneal b) are surrounded by a renal capsule c) are protected by the lower ribs of the rib cage d) A and B e) all of the above
d) A and B
Management of renal failure involves restriction of water and salt intake and reducing caloric intake to a minimum; dietary proteins are also limited. This combination lessens the strain on the urinary system by a) minimizing volume of urine produced b) altering the pigments produced c) preventing the generation of large quantities of nitrogenous waste products d) A and C e) all of the above
d) A and C
The urinary system a) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes b) regulates blood volume by removing RBCs from circulation c) contributes to stabilizing blood pH d) A and C e) all of the above
d) A and C
In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a) constriction of the afferent arteriole b) a decrease in the pressure o fthe glomerulus c) an increase in the capsular hydrostatic pressure d) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood e) a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure
d) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects a) a balance between absorption in the gut and excretion at the kidneys b) careful regulation of blood calcium levels by the kidneys c) an interplay between parathormone and aldosterone d) an interplay between reserves in the bone, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion e) hormonal control of calcium reserves in the bones
d) an interplay between reserves in the bone, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion
The process of filtration is driven by a) active transport b) blood osmotic pressure c) renal pumping d) blood hydrostatic pressure e) solvent drag
d) blood hydrostatic pressure
Renal columns are a) internal cavities of the fibrous capsule located in the area of the hilus b) the expanded ends of the ureters c) the basic functional units of the kidney d) bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus e) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla
d) bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus
Each of the following systems of the body is involved in the process of excretion to some degree except one. Identify the exception. a) urinary system b) integumentary system c) digestive system d) endocrine system e) respiratory system
d) endocrine system
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the a) calyx b) pelvis c) ureter d) hilus e) pyramid
d) hilus
The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of the a) proximal convoluted tubule b) collecting duct c) distal convoluted tubule d) loop of Henle e) Bowman's capsule
d) loop of Henle
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce a) a larger volume of urine b) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions c) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions d) urine with a lower specific gravity e) urine with less urea
d) urine with a lower specific gravity
When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small______ _______that empty into_______ ________. a. efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole b. collecting ducts, collecting tubules c. afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole d. collecting tubules, collecting ducts
d. collecting tubules, collecting ducts
The renal corpuscle consists of which of the following? a. distal convoluted tubule b. nephron loop c. proximal convoluted tubule d. glomerular capsule e. renal corpuscle f. glomerulus
d. glomerular capsule f. glomerulus
Urine from the________is collected by the________and then drained into the________. a. major calyces; renal pyramids; minor calyces b. minor calyces; major calyces; renal pyramids c. minor calyces; renal pyramids; major calyces d. renal pyramids; minor calyces; major calyces
d. renal pyramids; minor calyces; major calyces
If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a(n) _____________ in the net filtration pressure.
decrease
2. The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a(n) ________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.
decrease; increase
The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a(n) ________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.
decrease; increase
When ADH increases, urine volume
decreases
Each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n) ______ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) ______ limb that returns back into the renal cortex.
descending; ascending
Each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n)_______limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n)_______limb that returns back into the renal cortex.
descending; ascending
each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n) _____ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) ________ limb that returns back into the renal cortex
descending; ascending
The muscularis of the bladder consists of three layers of the smooth muscle collectively called the muscle.
detrusor
The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______.
detrusor muscle, ANS
Glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the ______.
diameter of the afferent arteriole
Glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the ______.
diameter of the afferent arteriole.
when water intake is high, excess water is filtered from blood into urine and expelled from the body in what
dilute urine
The region of the nephron that is impermeable to water and permeable to salts
distal convoluted tubule
dct
distal convoluted tubule closer to collecting duct
Normally urine ______ contains red blood cells.
does not
The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to:
draw fluid back into the glomerulus.
The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb a) approximately 60% of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle b) virtually all of the glucose and other nutrients under normal conditions c) cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium d) anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate e) all of the above
e) all of the above
The process of urine formation involves a) filtration of plasma b) reabsorption of water c) secretion of additional wastes d) A and B e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Blood leaves the glomerulus by way of the _____ arteriole.
efferent
Blood leaves the glomerulus by way of the________arteriole
efferent
The sympathetics innervate the ______ in the kidneys.
efferent arterioles juxtaglomerular apparatuses afferent arterioles
2. The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the ___________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa recta runs _______________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.
efferent; parallel, but in the opposite direction
The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the ___________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa recta runs _______________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.
efferent; parallel, but in the opposite direction
kidney filters blood through
elimination of metabolic wastes regulation of ion levels, acis-base balance, blood pressure elimination of biologically active molecules
The __ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered, while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements.
endothelium of glomerulus
The ______ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered, while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements.
endothelium of glomerulus
The ______ is fenestrated.
endothelium of glomerulus
regions that substances cross during secretion and reabsorption
endothelium of the peritubular capillary interstitial fluid basolateral membrane of the tubule cell luminal membrane of the tubule cell
renal corpuscle
enlarged bulbous region of nephron within renal cortex composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule
the greater number of _____ transport additional oxygen from the lungs to systemic cells
erythrocytes
Which substances are not filtered through the kidneys?
erythrocytes leukocytes platelets
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
erythropoietin production acid-base balance urine storage
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
erythropoietin production, acid-base balance, urine storage, blood volume regulation
which of the following does not form one of the angles of the trigone -left ureteral orifice -right ureteral orifice -internal urethral orifice -external urethral orifice
external urethral orifice
incontinence is usually caused by lack of control over which structure
external urethral sphincter
An individual's conscious decision to urinate is due to altering nerve signals relayed from the cerebral cortex through the spinal cord and along the pudendal nerve to cause relaxation of the
external urethral sphincter.
Tubular reabsorption in response to ADH is referred to as ______.
facultative water reabsorption
renal agenesis
failure of a kidney to develop, often asymptomatic if unilateral; fatal if bilateral
ADH causes the PCT to increase water reabsorption from the tubular fluid.
false
In tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron.
false
In tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron. True false question.
false
The DCT are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium but the cells are larger than those of the PCT and the microvilli are more dense.
false
The female urethra serves to transport urine and unfertilized eggs to the exterior of the body.
false
The trigone moves as the urinary bladder fills and functions as a funnel to direct the stored urine into the urethra.
false
Together, both kidneys have approximately 1 million nephrons.
false
True or false: The DCT are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium but the cells are larger than those of the PCT and the microvilli are more dense.
false
True or false: The DCT are lined with simple cuboidal epithlium but the cells are larger than those of the PCT and the microvilli are more dense.
false
True or false: The main function of the urinary system is to remove oxygen from the bloodstream.
false
When the renal threshold has been exceeded, the substance remains in the tubule fluid and is retained in the blood.
false
t/f: a human kidney is divided into 20 renal lobes
false
t/f: the main function of the urinary system is to remove oxygen from the bloodstream
false
t/f:Macula densa cells detect changes in the potassium concentration of fluid within the lumen of the DCT.
false
The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of _________ capillaries.
fenestrated
kidney is supported by several tissue layers
fibrous capsule perinephric fat renal fascia paranephric fat
A function of the kidney is to
filter blood and convert the filtrate into urine
the nephron does all of the following except -reabsorb water -produce urine -filter solute -secrete water
filter solutes
Urine consists of solutes and water that have been ______ and ______ into the tubular fluid.
filtered, secreted
a nephron is a tiny structure in the kidney that _____
filters blood
A __ is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space.
filtrate
A ______ is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space.
filtrate
The capsular space receives the________which is then modified to form urine.
filtrate
Water and solutes filtered across the glomerular capillaries
filtrate
When blood flows through the glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from the blood plasma, moving across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space to form __________ .
filtrate
When the blood plasma moves out of the glomerulus and into the glomerular capsule, it is now called ______.
filtrate
The pedicels are separated by thin spaces called _________ slits, which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space.
filtration
Which of the following happens first?
filtration
water and solutes passively move out of the glomerulus
filtration
Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
filtration tubular secretion tubular reabsorption
"leaky barrier"
filtration membrane or endothelial capsular membrane formed by glomerular capillaries and podocytes
Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption
Proximal convoluted tubule
first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances
from capillary blood to tubular fluid.
the primary funciton of the renal pelvis is to
funnel urine into the ureter
mesangial cells
glomerular capillaries between afferent and efferent arterioles are contractile cells that help regulate glomerular filtration
The renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?
glomerular capsule, glomerulus
the nephron regions in the correct order of fluid flow
glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
Podocytes and pedicels are part of the
glomerular capsule.
Which are the most accurate descriptions of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?
glomerular endothelium filtration slits
waste products pass from the bloodstream into urine through
glomerular filtration and secretion
The ______ is defined as the rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed.
glomerular filtration rate
pressures that contribute to net filtration rate in order of highest pressure to lowest pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure
In the kidneys, blood goes from the afferent arterioles to the ___________, and then enters the _______________, which then delivers the blood to the ___________.
glomeruli, efferent anteriole, peritubular capillaries
The ______ is designed to be "leaky" to allow some plasma and solutes to be filtered.
glomerulus
The renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______.
glomerulus
The renal corpuscle has an epithelial capsule surrounding the ______ called the glomerular capsule.
glomerulus
filtration occurs in which part of the nephron
glomerulus
Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________.
glucose
the presence of which of the following is considered an abnormal finding in a urinalysis
glucose
1. The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a __________________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.
higher
The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a __________________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.
higher
glomerular filtration occurs because the blood pressure inside glomerular capillaries is _____ the pressure in the surrounding capsule
higher than
When atrial natriuretic peptide increases, urine volume
increase
2. Inhibiting the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 is expected to cause a(n) __________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate, and would thus _____________________ the risk of dehydration.
increase increase
Pleas use the words increase or decrease in the following sentence to make it true. An increased glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure will lead to a(n) __ in net filtration pressure and a(n) __ in GFR.
increase, increase
Inhibiting the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 is expected to cause a(n) __________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate, and would thus _____________________ the risk of dehydration.
increase; increase
Dehydration results in:
increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.
Treatment with Probenecid® results in _________________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________________ levels of uric acid in the blood.
increased; decreased
Aldosterone results in the ______ reabsorption of Na+ and therefore also ______.
increased; water
When blood pressure increases, urine volume
increases
The external urethral sphincter is ______ to the internal urethral sphincter.
inferior
The right kidney is ______ to the left kidney.
inferior
the right kidney is ______ than the left
inferior
horseshoe kidney
inferior parts of left and right kidneys fused
in females the bladder is located _____ to the uterus and _____ to the vagina
inferior, anterior
PTH __ PO4,3- reabsorption in the __.
inhibits, PCT
the medulla is the
inner layer of the kidney tissue
renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney
The segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that travel through the renal columns.
interlobar
The arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex.
interlobular
The peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into the smallest of veins called the __ veins.
interlobular
At the neck of the urinary bladder is the ______ urethral sphincter.
internal
at the neck of the urinary bladder is the ___ urethral sphincter
internal
The sphincter that is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder is the ________ _________ sphincter.
internal urethral
The macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid.
ion concentration
Substances that escape filtration
ions, water, glucose,vitamin A and B 'amino acids
Renal failure that often affects the glomerulus and the other small blood vessels is ______.
irreversible, as there is no chance they can regenerate
Micturtion:
is another name for urination; is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder; requires the opening of two sphincters; requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder.
There are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons and _______nephrons.
juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron plays the more important role in establishing a salt concentration gradient?
juxtamedullary
only about 15% of our nephrons are ____ nephrons
juxtamedullary
there are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons and _____ nephrons
juxtamedullary
which type of nephrons have renal corpuscles that lie close to the corticomedullary junction with long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
juxtamedullary
nephrons with long loops of henle are called
juxtamedullary nephrons
The __ nephrons with their long nephron loops are primarily important to the countercurrent multiplier.
juxtmedullary
filters blood and processes filtrate into tubular fluid, then urine
kidney
The______control the blood volume with help from the hormones.
kidneys
the _______ control the blood volume with help from the hormones
kidneys
urinary system is composed of
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Within the trigone region of the urinary bladder, the mucosa is smooth, thick and ______ rugae.
lacks
Within the trigone region of the urinary bladder, the mucosa is smooth, thick, and ______ rugae.
lacks
When looking at the distal convoluted tubule under the microscope the lumen appears ______ than the proximal convoluted tubule.
less fuzzy
1. Individuals with Bartter syndrome have a defective gene coding for Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) that disables it from functioning. These individuals are expected to have ___________ than normal blood potassium levels. This response is the ___________ what is expected from individuals taking prescribed loop diuretics.
lower; same as
Individuals with Bartter syndrome have a defective gene coding for Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) that disables it from functioning. These individuals are expected to have ___________ than normal blood potassium levels. This response is the ___________ what is expected from individuals taking prescribed loop diuretics.
lower; same as
3. Decreased Na+ and water reabsorption due to the use of loop diuretics and thiazides __________ the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, thereby _____________ the osmotic force at the collecting tubule and duct.
lowers; reducing
Decreased Na+ and water reaborption due to the use of loop diuretics and thiazides __________ the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, thereby _____________ the osmotic force at the collecting tubule and duct.
lowers; reducing
1. The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the ___________________ and exits the tubule cells at the ____________________.
luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pump
The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the ___________________ and exits the tubule cells at the ____________________.
luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pump
the ______ ________ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells
macula densa
fibrous capsule of kidney
maintains kidneys shape, protects it from trauma, prevents pathogen penetration
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following function(s)?
maintains the kidney's shape, protects it form pathogens, protects it from trauma
The innermost portion of a kidney is called the ______.
medulla
The renal ______ tends to be a darker shade than the renal ______.
medulla; cortex
the renal __ tends to be a darker shade than the renal _____
medulla; cortex
Urogenital ridges are derived from ______.
mesoderm
nephron
microscopic functional unit of the kidney consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is
microscopic projections called microvilli.
renal tubule
microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration composed of proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called _____ or urination.
micturition
Urine from the renal pyramids is collected by the ______ and then drained into the ______.
minor calyces, major calyces
Which of the following choices lists structures in the order that urine flows through them?
minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
Several __ calyces merge to form larger spaces called __ calyces.
minor; major
Several ___ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ___ calyces.
minor; major
The wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. Which are these tunics?
mucosa adventitia muscularis
tunics of urinary bladder in order from innermost to outermost
mucosa submucosa muscularis adventitia
Four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder in order from inner most to outermost
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
Renal autoregulation functions by two mechanisms, the ________ mechanism, and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
myogenic
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located:
near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
The functional filtration unit in a kidney is the ______.
nephron
Urine is formed in the
nephron
pathway of urine formation to urine output
nephron collecting tubule collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureters bladder urethra
After filtration, the majority of substances are reabsorbed or secreted into the PCT, additional substances are reabsorbed as tubular fluid moves through the ______.
nephron loop
Approximately 10 to 20% of the K+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the ______.
nephron loop ascending limb
Approximately 10 to 20% of the K+ in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the __.
nephron loop ascending limb
approximately 10 to 20% of the K+ in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the
nephron loop ascending limb
The renal tubule consists of which of the following?
nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space is termed the ______ ______ pressure.
net filtration
A lower than normal GFR can be an indication that ______ and other unwanted substances are accumulating in the blood.
nitrogenous waste
The ureters project through the urinary bladder wall ______.
obliquely
the female urethra open so the outside of the body at the external office located in the female
perineum
The anterior surface of the kidneys is covered with ______ and the posterior surface lies directly against the posterior abdominal wall.
peritoneum
The ______ are associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney.
peritubular capillaries
When the water and solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop, they are reabsorbed to the blood via a capillary network called the ______.
peritubular capillaries
The __ are associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney.
pertibular capillaries
The kidneys help control the blood's inorganic ion balance. Which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys?
phosphate, sodium, calcium, potassium
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called ______.
podocytes
The kidneys are located along the ______ abdominal wall.
posterior
The kidneys are located in the __ abdominal wall.
posterior
The kidneys are located in the ______ abdominal wall.
posterior
2. Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?
potassium
Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?
potassium
____ is unlike other substances because it is both reabsorbed and secreted
potassium
1. Inactivating the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by ____________________________.
preventing glucose from entering the tubular cells
Inactivating the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by ____________________________.
preventing glucose from entering the tubular cells
from proximal to distal, the regions of the male urethra are
prostatic, membranous, spongy
perinephric fat
provides cushioning and support for kidney
1. Under normal conditions the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the _______________________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Most of the water in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule
The __ is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule
The ______ is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule
Under normal conditions the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the _______________________.
proximal convoluted tubule
filtrate flows out of the renal corpuscle into the
proximal convoluted tubule
The renal tubule consists of which of the following?
proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule
the renal tubule consists of which of the following
proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule
The majority of glucose is reabsorbed through the walls of the
proximal convoluted tubule.
Which tubules stain more darkly and appear fuzzier in a histological preparation of the renal cortex?
proximal convoluted tubules
water is conserved through the process of
reabsorption
3. Antidiuretic hormone enhances water ______________ by _______________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.
reabsorption; increasing
Antidiuretic hormone enhances water ______________ by _______________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.
reabsorption; increasing
Under normal circumstances, urine does not contain which of the following?
red blood cells white blood cells glucose
how does the formation of urine by the kidneys contribute to homeostasis
regulation of pH removal of wastes regulation of water balance
types of nephron classified by
relative position of nephron in cortex length of loop
during the micturition reflex, the internal urethral sphincter _____ and the detrusor muscle _____
relazes, contracts
A decrease in blood pressure, detected by the afferent arteriole, will result in vasodilation. The glomerular blood pressure and the GFR will respond by ______.
remaining normal
The main functions of the urinary system are
removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance.
blood enters each kidney through the
renal artery
Glomerular filtration regulation involves intrinsic control which could best be described as ______.
renal autoregulation
We may infer from the ______ whether a substance is reabsorbed or secreted.
renal clearance rate
The two components of a nephron are the
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
the renal pyramids of the kidneys are contained within the
renal medulla
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts project through the ______ toward the ______.
renal medulla, renal papilla
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts project through the ______ toward the ______.
renal medulla; renal papilla
pathway of urine out of the body
renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra
The ______ measures the volume of plasma that can be completely cleared of substance in a given period of time.
renal plasma clearance
blood from the branches of the renal artery is filtered by nephrons in the _____
renal pyramids
Urine from the ______ is collected by the ______ and then drained into the ______.
renal pyramids; minor calyces; major calyces
urine from the _____ is collected by the _______ and then drained into the _____
renal pyramids; minor calyces; major calyces
the granular cells of the JGA, synthesize, store and release
renin
Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by __.
simple epithelium
Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by ______.
simple epithelium
The external urethral sphincter is formed by ______ muscle and is under ______ control.
skeletal, voluntary
Capsular (Bowman's) space
space between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule
filtration slits
spaces between pedicels that only allow molecules smaller than 0.006-0.007 um to pass
The longest part of the male urethra that is encased within a cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis is the _________ urethra.
spongy
the male bladder is located in front of the rectum and _____
superior to the prostate gland
Direct stimulation by the ______ nervous system decreases GFR by causing vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
sympathetic
Renin is released in response to ______ stimulation
sympathetic
The cells of the macula densa are easy to recognize because they are ______ and ______ than the other cells of the DCT.
taller; narrower
glomerulus
tangled ball of capillaries that circulates blood in the kidneys
ACE inhibitors are prescribed to control blood pressure. These drugs work by reducing _____________________.
the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. If the tubular fluid level of glucose exceeds 320 mg/min, then ______.
the excess glucose is excreted in urine
Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because
the female urethra is shorter than the male's.
define glomerular filtrate
the fluid that enters the capsular space
collecting tubule
the structure in the nephron that collects urine from the distal convoluted tubule
As the urinary bladder distends, there is less likelihood of urine backing up into the ureters because ______.
the ureters are compressed due their oblique angle of entry
Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by
their location within the renal cortex.
The distal convoluted tubule originates in the renal cortex at the end of the ______.
thick ascending limb of the nephron loop
the distal convoluted tubule originates in the renal cortex at the end of the _____
thick ascending limb of the nephron loop
Glomerulosclerosis results in a ____________________ of the basement membrane.
thickening
glomerulosclerosis results in a ____ of the basement membrane
thickening
Pedicels
thousand footloose processes that extend from each podocyte that wrap around each glomerulus
The mucosa is formed by ___________ epithelium that accommodates the shape changes that occur with distension.
transitional
The mucosa of the ureter is formed from ___ epithelium.
transitional
The mucosa of the ureter is formed from ______ epithelium.
transitional
The mucosa of the ureter is formed from ________ epitgelium
transitional
The transport maximum is dependent upon the number of __ __ in the epithelial cell membrane.
transport proteins
the transport maximum is dependent upon the number of _____ ______ in the epithelial cell membrane
transport proteins
ureters function
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
The structure that is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening is the ________ of the bladder.
trigone
t/f: the lamina propria surrounds the mucosa of the ureter
true
t/f:each individual pad on a urinalysis dipstick tests for a different solute
true
Urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the ______ pole.
tubular
Fluid found in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
tubular fluid
Active transport or diffusion of substances into the blood
tubular reabsorption
When substances in the filtrate move back into the blood it is called ______.
tubular reabsorption
Active transport of solutes into the tubular fluid
tubular secretion
Some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through __ __.
tubular secretion
1. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________________________.
tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________________________.
tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate
1. Pendrin is found in __________ intercalated cells where it allows for the ________________ of bicarbonate.
type B; secretion
Pendrin is found in __________ intercalated cells where it allows for the ________________ of bicarbonate.
type B; secretion
2. The expected response to metabolic alkalosis is the ___________________ of Pendrin. Type _____________ also assist in buffering the alkaline blood through its transport of H+.
up regulation; B
The expected response to metabolic alkalosis is the ___________________ of Pendrin. Type _____________ also assist in buffering the alkaline blood through its transport of H+.
upregulation; B
When empty, the urinary bladder exhibits an ___ shape.
upside-down pyramid
When empty, the urinary bladder exhibits an ______ shape.
upside-down pyramid
The body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?
urea uric acid creatinine
Urine flows from the urinal papilla to through the calyces into the______.
ureter
transports urine from urinary bladder via peristalsis
ureter
urine flows from the renal papilla through the calyces into the renal pelvis and then directly into the
ureter
The hilum of the kidney is where which of the following connect to the kidney?
ureter, blood vessels, nerves
The ___________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureters
The urinary tract consists of _________, urinary bladder, and urethra.
ureters
the _____ are tubes that are about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long and are retroperitoneal
ureters
the urinary tract consists of ____, urinary bladder, and urethra
ureters
which are parts of the urinary tract
ureters urinary bladder urethra
The urinary tract consists of:
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
a structure called the _____ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it outside of the body
urethra
the ______ originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body
urethra
transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body
urethra
Reservoir for urine until micturition (urination) occurs
urinary bladder
Urine is produced continuously but is stored in the __ __ for release when convenient.
urinary bladder
Urine is produced continuously but is stored in the ______ ______ for release when convenient.
urinary bladder
Urine is produced continuously but store in the________ ________for release when convenient.
urinary bladder
urine is produced continuously but is stored in the ______ _______ for release when convenient
urinary bladder
The urethra and ureters are components of the ______.
urinary tract
Fluid found after leaving the collecting ducts
urine
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
urine storage acid-base balance erythropoietin
The term used for the normal smell of fresh urine is _______.
urinoid
The term used for the normal smell of fresh urine is _________.
urinoid
The color of urine associated with the breakdown of red blood cells is due to the concentration of?
urobilin
The color of urine ranges from almost clear to dark yellow, depending on the concentration of pigment from _______.
urobilin
the color of urine associated with the break down of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of
urobilin
the color of urine ranges from almost clear to dark yellow, depending of the concentration of pigment from
urobilin
The renal corpuscle has two poles. Where the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles are found is called the ______ pole.
vascular
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism will respond by increasing ______ even further If the myogenic mechanism is not sufficient to maintain normal glomerular blood pressure due to increased systemic BP.
vasoconstriction
An increase in systemic BP will result in ______, which will result in the glomerular blood pressure ______.
vasoconstriction; remaining normal
A decrease in blood entering the afferent arteriole will result in _______.
vasodilation
The glomerular capsule has two layers. One layer, the ______ layer, lies directly over the glomerulus.
visceral
