Mircobiology Study
The increased flow of blood during inflammation causes which 2 cardinal signs?
Calor Rubor
Please place the steps in the correct order to assess your understanding of the phases in the process of phagocytosis.
Chemotaxis by phagocyte Adhesion of bacteria Engulfment into phagocytic vacuole Phagosome Phagolysosome formation Killing and destruction of bacterial cells Release of residual debris
A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune system maturation is known as the _________ theory.
Clonal selection
The theory is a conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune system maturation.
Clonal selection
CD8
Cytotoxic T cells
Choose the four signs/symptoms of inflammation.
1. Rubor: ↑blood flow (redness). 2. Calor: ↑metabolic rate (heat). 3. Tumor: ↑ oedema (swelling) 4. Dolor: ↑ pain due to bradykinin release & compression of surrounding structures.
There are major types of interferon.
3
The complement system is composed of at least ________ proteins.
30
Which of the following cell types are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system?
Dendritic cells Macrophages Neutrophils Monocytes
Please select the goals for designing effective vaccines to test your understanding of factors that are involved in vaccine development.
Does not require numerous doses or boosters, Has a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity, Stimulates both B cell and T cell responses (not only humoral immunity) Achieves long-term, lasting effects, Inexpensive to produce.
B and T lymphocytes provide protection against specific antigens as part of immunity.
Acquired
The third line of defense, also known as ________ immunity provides long-term protection against foreign antigens encountered through infection or vaccination.
Acquired Adaptive
One outcome of vaccination is the stimulation of artificial
Active
immunity is the result of the body's response to antigen.
Active
Different host cell surface receptors can be involved in a wide range of significant roles such as ______.
Aiding in cellular development Receiving and transmitting Binding to self molecules Attachment to foreign antigens
True or false: There is a vaccine for almost all known pathogenic microbes.
F
Following stimulation by antigen, B cells differentiate either into plasma cells, which produce and secrete , or into cells, which will react rapidly if the antigen is encountered at some point in the future.
Antibodies; memory
Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense?
Antibody production
True or false: When treated early, chronic inflammation generally resolves within a few weeks or months.
False
A molecule that induces a specific immune response is known as a(n) __________.
Antigens
With respect to B cell activation, T cells give off signals in the form of ______.
B cell growth factors Interleukins
differentiate into plasma cells
B cells
form specialized plasma cells and secrete antibodies
B cells
inflammation can last anywhere from a few days to years as opposed to acute inflammation that lasts for minutes to hours.
Blank 1: Chronic
The third line of defense is a powerful system of specific responses to infectious agents called
Blank 1: adaptive Blank 2: acquired
The principal activity of an antibody is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the which is complementary to its receptor.
Blank 1: antigen or epitope
Leukocytes are divided into two groups: and .
Blank 1: granulocytes or granulocytic Blank 2: agranulocytes or agranulocytic
Due to the property of, nonvaccinated individuals are indirectly protected against a pathogen as a result of the collective immunity of vaccinated persons.
Blank 1: herd Blank 2: immunity
In immunity, a type of adaptive immune response, specialized B cells secrete antibodies into the body fluids.
Blank 1: humoral or antibody-mediated
The second line of host defenses includes fever
Blank 1: inflammation Blank 2: phagocytosis Blank 3: interferon Blank 4: complement
T helper cells activate B cells by releasing and B cell factors.
Blank 1: interleukins, cytokines, or lymphokines Blank 2: growth
Acute inflammatory responses last from a few
Blank 1: minutes or mins Blank 2: hours
White blood cells carry a variety of that allow them to detect foreign substances.
Blank 1: pattern Blank 2: recognition Blank 3: receptors
The mononuclear system, fluid, , and lymphatic system are all body compartments that participate in immune function.
Blank 1: phagocyte Blank 2: extracellular or ECF Blank 3: bloodstream or blood
The mononuclear is a network of fibers and macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body.
Blank 1: phagocyte or reticuloendothelial
The swelling seen in inflammation is given the Latin term , whereas the pain is given the term
Blank 1: tumor Blank 2: dolor
The two groups in which leukocytes are divided are
granulocytic. agranulocytic.
The status of collective acquired immunity in a population that reduces the likelihood that nonimmune individuals will contract and spread infection is known as _____ immunity.
herd
involves production of antibodies by plasma cells
humoral Immunity
The process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules during the development process is _____.
immune tolerance
B cells recognize antigen via receptors.
immunoglobulin, antibody, or ig
is the medical procedure that may involve the transfer of premade antibodies to protect the individual.
immunotherapy
After antigen stimulation, B cells produce antibodies to ______ antigens.
inactivate, target, neutralize
The host defenses include immunity which is present at birth, and immunity which is acquired over time and specific in its action.
innate, nonspecific, or natural adaptive, specific, or acquired
Antigen receptors on B lymphocytes (antibodies) consist of
two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.
product of lymphocytes and macrophages
interferon alpha
product of fibroblasts and epithelial cells
interferon beta
product of T cells
interferon gamma
produced by the APC to activate the helper T cell
interleukin-12
produced by the helper T cell to stimulate a general increase in activity of committed B and T cells
interleukin-2
Preparations that most vaccines are based on include ______.
killed cells or inactivated viruses live, attenuated microbes
nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds a sugar, called mannan, in microbial cell walls
lectin pathway
mature in the bone marrow
lymphocytes (B cells)
mature in the thymus
lymphocytes (T cells)
The basis of immunization is using antigen to produce immunologic to that antigen.
memory
mature into macrophages and dendritic cells
monocytes
All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.
mononuclear phagocyte
The body compartments that participate in the immune system are the:
mononuclear phagocyte system lymphatic system extracellular fluid bloodstream
any immunity that is acquired during any normal biological experiences of an individual but not through medical intervention
natural immunity
are fully activated at birth
neither T cells nor B cells
phagocytic cell recognized by their multilobed nuclei
neutrophils
polymorphonuclear phagocytic cells
neutrophils
Specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another individual is called artificial ________ immunity.
passive immunity
occurs when an individual receives immune substances that were produced actively by the immune system of another human or animal donor
passive immunity
In addition to phagocytosis and initiation of inflammation, white blood cells have the capacity to discover foreign substances using surface receptors known as
pattern recognition receptors
White blood cells use their own membrane molecules called
pattern recognition,toll-like, pathogen-associated molecular patterns,red flags
Inborn, nonspecific defenses include
physical, chemical, and genetic barriers
involved in blood clotting
platelets
The immune response is the initial antibody response upon encountering antigen.
primary
A given host cell can express several different surface molecules called ________, each of which has a role in detection, recognition, and cell communication.
receptors
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
red blood cells
The host inflammatory response is a component of the ________ line of defense.
second
internalized system of protective cells and chemicals, which includes inflammation and phagocytosis
second line of defense
The response, also called the anamnestic response, is the specific immune response generated upon subsequent exposure to a previously seen antigen and it is directed by memory cells.
secondary
Normal cells of the body, classified as " ," do not normally trigger an immune response.
self
Review the beneficial effects of fever against infection choosing all correct statements below.
stimulates the activities of our immune cells, inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms stimulates overall immune response and naturally protective physiological processes
bacterial proteins that are potent stimuli for T cells
superantigen
Which of the following is NOT a common complications associated with vaccines?
Headaches or migraine headaches
CD4
Helper T cells
immunity is the collective protective immunity exhibited by a population which confers indirect protection to nonimmune members.
Herd
Which type of immunity mainly involves the action of B cells?
Humoral
secretory antibody on mucous membranes
IgA
receptor on B cells for antigen recognition
IgD
antibody of allergy and worm infections
IgE
long-term immunity; memory antibodies; neutralizes toxins and viruses
IgG
Which of the following statements correctly describes pathogen recognition in the innate immune response?
the detection of PAMPs, expressed on the surface of many pathogens alert the host defenses
produced at first response to antigen and can serve as B cell receptor
IgM
What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen?
Immunoglobulin
is the study of all features of the body's second and third line of defenses.
Immunology
the study of all features of the body's second and third line of defenses.
Immunology
Preventing or treating infectious diseases by administering substances such as premade antibodies that produce artificial immunity is called ________.
Immunotherapy
Allowing a low to moderate grade fever to continue is medically warranted in some cases due to several specific benefits to the patient. Under what circumstances would it be necessary to treat a patient with fever suppressant drugs like Tylenol to lower the fever?
In the case of a healthy adult lacking any underlying chronic conditions.
is a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that restores homeostasis.
Inflammation
Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense?
Inflammatory response
Which of the following is NOT a major type of interferon?
Interferon delta
Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ________.
vaccination
Which of the following group of leukocytes is composed of small spherical cells that are involved in the specific immune response?
Lymphocytes
are participants of the specific immune response and are characterized as small, spherical cells with uniformly-staining dark, round nuclei.
Lymphocytes
react to foreign substances in the third line of defense.
Lymphocytes
Antigen-presenting cells that both process and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces include B-cells, and dendritic cells.
Macrophages & dendritic cells
Which is NOT a main responsibility of the immune system?
Maintenance of normal flora
The ______ response to previously seen antigens is the basis for the success of vaccinations.
Memory or Anamnestic
Which is engulfed by phagocytes?
Microbes, dust, and dead cells
Which of the following are principal activities of antibodies with respect to their specific antigens?
Neutralize Unite with (bind) Immobilize Call attention to
Please select all the cells that serve as phagocytes to test your understanding of phagocytosis and identify which cells serve this function.
Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
Which white blood cells are characterized as granulocytes?
Neutrophils. Eosinophils. Basophils.
Which type(s) of cells normally trigger an immune response?
Non-self
Match the examples listed as either PRRs or PAMPs.
PRR: TLR PAMP: peptidoglycan, bacterial flagellin, viral dsRNA
immunity is the acquisition of premade antibodies either from the mother or via injection of immune serum.
Passive
Surveillance for pathogens is not carried out by which of the following components of the blood?
Platelet cells Red blood cells
An antigen _______ cell is a cell that ingests and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes.
Presenting
Please select functions of the lymphatic system to test your understanding of its characteristics and functions.
Provides a route for the return of extracellular fluid to general circulation Carries away excess fluid from inflamed tissue Conducts surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies
Which are main responsibilities of the immune system?
Recognition of antigens Destruction of pathogens Surveillance for foreign material
When considering pathogenic microbes, ______.
there are many that lack a vaccine
acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes
third line of defense
exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.
vaccination, immunization, or vaccine
Which line(s) of defense is/are part of immunology?
Second Third
The immune system has the ability to recognize foreign material and determine self from non-self. Place the examples below into categories of self or non-self.
Self: brain cell, Insulin molecule, Heart Valve Nonself: HIV, Transplanted, dividing cell
Which is a function of white blood cells?
Surveillance for pathogens
Please select all the primary functions of the immune system.
Surveillance of the body Recognition of self and foreign material such as pathogens Attack and destruction of foreign invaders
The direct attack of foreign or abnormal cells by -lymphocytes is known as cell-mediated immunity.
T
cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
T cells
cells are the "mediators" of cell-mediated immunity.
T cells
modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells
T cells
Please select all of the functions of immune receptors to test your understanding.
To perceive and attach to nonself or foreign antigens To promote the recognition of self antigens
True or false: Phagocytes engulf and digest antigens such as microbes, dust and dead cells.
True
Which of the following describes a form of active immunity?
Vaccination
Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism?
Vomiting
During the proliferative stage of lymphocyte development, the process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules is called immune
tolerance
Benefits of fever include
a. inhibiting the replication of temperature sensitive microbes b. reducing available iron c. increasing speed of phagocytosis
One outcome of vaccination is the stimulation of artificial immunity.
active
The result of the body's response to exposure to antigen is called ________ immunity.
active
occurs when an individual receives an immune stimulus that activates specific lymphocytes, causing an immune response such as production of antibodies
active immunity
antigen specific receptor
all T cells
evoke allergic reactions
allergens
cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others
alloantigen
begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microbes
alternative pathway
Plasma B cells produce
antibodies
Plasma cells produce copious amounts of ________.
antibodies
A(n) is also called an immunogen and induces a specific immune response.
antigen
foreign cells bear molecules that are recognized by B cells or engulfed by dendritic cells or macrophages
antigen Contact
required for activation of T cells
antigen Presentation
lymphocytes arise from the same stem cells but differentiate into two distinct cell types
antigen-Independent Development
protection from infection obtained through medical procedures
artificial immunity
Newer strategies for vaccine preparation include
attenuation of viruses recombinant DNA technology gene cloning
molecules that escaped lymphocyte differentiation during which immune tolerance to self tissue developed
autoantigen
release histamine during immediate allergies
basophils
migrate to secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
both T cells and B cells
involves helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
cell-Mediated Immunity
T-lymphocytes directly attacking foreign or abnormal cells is known as ______ immunity.
cell-mediated
most specific; activated by antibody bound to microorganisms
classical pathway
The system is a cascade of serum proteins that form a membrane attack complex.
complement
system of blood proteins enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
complement
Due to herd immunity, nonvaccinated individuals are ______ protected from disease by the collective immunity of the immunized members of a population.
directly
Which of the following will induce a fever?
endogenous pyrogen endotoxin tumor necrosis factor
liberated by white blood cells during phagocytosis
endogenous pyrogens
The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that, when activated, results in all of the following EXCEPT:
enhancement of antibody production
attack and destroy large eukaryotic pathogens
eosinophils
Preparations that most vaccines are based on do NOT include _____.
epitope-specific antibodies
products of infectious agents
exogenous pyrogens
The most common complications associated with vaccines include ______.
fever local reactions at the injection site allergies
line of defense includes barriers that block invasion through a portal of entry.
first
includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
first line of defense
