MIS- Chapter 3

primary key

A primary key uniquely identifies every record in a relational database. Examples include student ID numbers, account numbers, Social Security numbers, and invoice numbers.

relational model

A relational model uses a two-dimensional table of rows and columns of data. Rows are records (also called tuples), and columns are fields (also referred to as attributes).

Explain database marketing and its business applications.

One of the main applications of database and database systems is using it for marketing purposes.

data hierarchy

A data hierarchy is the structure and organization of data, which involves fields, records, and files.

data mart

A data mart is usually a smaller version of a data warehouse, used by a single department or function.

Describe the functions of a data mart.

A data mart is usually a smaller version of a data warehouse, used by a single department or function. Despite being smaller, data marts can usually perform the same types of analysis as a data warehouse. Advantages include: faster access, improved response time, less expensive, easier to create, and targeted to users' needs.

data model

A data model determines how data is created, represented, organized, and maintained. It usually contains data structure, operations, and integrity rules.

data warehouse

A data warehouse is a collection of data from a variety of sources used to support decision-making applications and generate business intelligence.

data-driven Web site

A data-driven Web site acts as an interface to a database, retrieving data for users and allowing users to enter data in the database.

database

A database is a collection of related data that is stored in a central location or in multiple locations.

Define a database and a database management system.

A database is a critical component of information systems because any type of analysis that's done is based on data available in the database. To make using databases more efficient, a DBMS is used.A user issues a request, and the DBMS searches the database and returns the information to the user.Files are accessed by using a sequential, random, or indexed sequential method.

database management system (DBMS)

A database management system (DBMS) is software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files. A DBMS makes using databases more efficient.

distributed database management system (DDBMS)

A distributed database management system (DDBMS) stores data on multiple servers throughout an organization.

foreign key

A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. It can be used to cross-reference tables.

Define business analytics and describe its role in the decision-making process.

BA is increasingly used for data-driven decision making that leverages and explores the data in a database, data warehouse, or data mart system. It uses data and statistical methods to gain insight into the data and provide decision makers with information they can act on. Major providers of business analytics software include SAS, IBM, SAP, Microsoft, and Oracle.

Explain big data and its business applications.

Big data is data so voluminous that conventional computing methods are not able to efficiently process and manage it. There are three dimensions to big data, known as the 3 Vs: volume, variety, and velocity.

Define the components of a database management system.

DBMS software includes these components:Database engine: heart of DBMS software. Responsible for data storage, manipulation, and retrieval.Data definition: creates and maintains the data dictionary and defines the structure of files in a database.Data manipulation: adds, deletes, modifies, and retrieves records from a database.Application generation: designs elements of an application.Data administration: used for backup and recovery, security, and change management. Also determines CRUD.

Explain the components and functions of a data warehouse.

Data warehouses support decision-making applications and generate business intelligence. Data in a data warehouse has the following characteristics: subject oriented, integrated, time variant, aggregate data, and purpose.

hierarchical model

In a hierarchical model, the relationships between records form a treelike structure (hierarchy). Records are called nodes, and relationships between records are called branches. The node at the top is called the root, and every other node (called a child) has a parent. Nodes with the same parents are called twins or siblings.

random access file structure

In a random access file structure, records can be accessed in any order, regardless of their physical locations in storage media. This method of access is fast and very effective when a small number of records need to be processed daily or weekly.

sequential access file structure

In a sequential access file structure, records in files are organized and processed in numerical or sequential order, typically the order in which they were entered.

object-oriented databases

In object-oriented databases, both data and their relationships are contained in a single object. An object consists of attributes and methods that can be performed on the object's data.

allocation

The allocation approach to a distributed DBMS combines fragmentation and replication, with each site storing the data it uses most often.

data dictionary

The data dictionary stores definitions, such as data types for fields, default values, and validation rules for data in each field.

Explain logical database design and the relational database model.

The first step in database design is defining a data model (which includes considering data structure, operations, and integrity rules).Consider which view you'll use: physical or logical.Many data models (including, object-oriented, hierarchical, and network) are used but the most common is the relational model.

fragmentation

The fragmentation approach to a distributed DBMS addresses how tables are divided among multiple locations. There are three variations: horizontal, vertical, and mixed.

logical view

The logical view involves how information appears to users and how it can be organized and retrieved.

network model

The network model is similar to the hierarchical model, but records are organized differently. Unlike the hierarchical model, each record in the network model can have multiple parent and child records.

physical view

The physical view involves how data is stored on and retrieved from storage media, such as hard disks, magnetic tapes, or CDs.

replication

The replication approach to a distributed DBMS has each site store a copy of the data in the organization's database.

Summarize recent trends in database design and use.

Trends in database design and use include data-driven Web sites, natural language processing, distributed databases, and object-oriented databases. In addition to these trends, advances in artificial intelligence and natural language processing will have an impact on database design and use, such as improving user interfaces.

query by example (QBE)

With query by example (QBE), you request data from a database by constructing a statement made up of query forms. With current graphical databases, you simply click to select query forms instead of having to remember keywords, as you do with SQL. You can add AND, OR, and NOT operators to the QBE form to fine-tune the query.

indexed sequential access method (ISAM)

With the indexed sequential access method (ISAM), records can be accessed sequentially or randomly, depending on the number being accessed. For a small number, random access is used, and for a large number, sequential access is used.

Database administrators (DBA)

found in large organizations, design and set up databases, establish security measures, develop recovery procedures, evaluate database performance, and add and fine-tune database functions.

Online analytical processing (OLAP)

generates business intelligence. It uses multiple sources of information and provides multidimensional analysis, such as viewing data based on time, product, and location.

Normalization

improves database efficiency by eliminating redundant data and ensuring that only related data is stored in a table.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

is a standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages, such as Oracle 12c and Microsoft SQL Server. SQL consists of several keywords specifying actions to take.

Big data

is data so voluminous that conventional computing methods are not able to efficiently process and manage it.

Data-mining analysis

is used to discover patterns and relationships.

Online transaction processing (OLTP)

is used to facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, such as point-of-sale, data entry, and retrieval transaction processing. It generally uses internal data and responds in real time.

Inheritance

refers to new objects being created faster and more easily by entering new data in attributes.

Encapsulation

refers to the grouping into a class of various objects along with their attributes and methods—meaning, grouping related items into a single unit. This helps handle more complex types of data, such as images and graphs.

Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)

refers to the processes used in a data warehouse. It includes extracting data from outside sources, transforming it to fit operational needs, and loading it into the end target (database or data warehouse).

Create, read, update, and delete (CRUD)

refers to the range of functions that data administrators determine who has permission to perform certain functions.

Database marketing

uses an organization's database of customers and potential customers to promote products or services.

Business analytics (BA)

uses data and statistical methods to gain insight into the data and provide decision makers with information they can act on.