Mischel, Bandura, and George Kelley

Which of the following exemplifies a situation variable?

A) a trait B) a repressed experience C) a fixation D) none of the above Answer: D

Persons with high perceived self-efficacy______ than persons with low perceived self-efficacy.

A) attempt more B) accomplish more C) experience less fear D) all of the above Answer: D

Most personality theorists have assumed that a person's behavior is

A) fairly consistent.

Social cognitive theory has been criticized for

A) invoking mental events to explain behavior. B) neglecting important contributions of psychoanalytic theory. C) ignoring important aspects of personality. D) all of the above Answer: D

Mischel believes that a high degree of behavioral consistency

A) may be maladaptive

The most important fact about observational learning is that it requires

A) no reinforcement.

For Kelly, what others called the unconscious was explained in terms of

A) preverbal constructs. B) submergence. C) suspension. D) all of the above Answer: D

In order to avoid disappointment and frustration, one's performance standards

A) should not be too lenient. B) should not be too difficult. C) should be based on past accomplishments and failures. D) all of the above Answer: D

In the study performed by Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969), which of the following techniques was found effective in reducing a snake phobia?

A) symbolic modeling B) systematic desensitization C) live modeling with participation D) all of the above Answer: D

Concerning child-rearing practices, Bandura supports

A) the extensive use of corporal punishment. B) unconditional love. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: D

Which of the following exemplifies a dysfunctional self-expectancy?

A) thinking that one can do more than one can actually do B) thinking that one cannot do something that one is actually capable of doing C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: C

______ is evidence of a failed construct system.

Anxiety

Mischel postulated that different individuals assign different meanings to their experiences because of their

B) encoding strategies.

Most individuals believe that a person's behavior is more consistent than it actually is. Mischel called this

B) the consistency paradox

According to Mischel, which of the following theorists overemphasized situation variables?

C) Skinner

At the heart of social-cognitive theory is

C) observational learning.

The term reciprocal determinism means that

C) the person, the environment, and the person's behavior continually interact with each other.

Mischel called weak correlation between personality tests and actual behavior _________.

C) the personality coefficient

_______ involves construing a situation in terms of constructs that have already been used successfully while construing similar situations.

Definition

________ involves trying new constructs while construing a situation.

Extension

Which of the following best describes Bandura's position on the mind-body relationship?

He believes that all cognitive events are ultimately biological events but, at the present time, it is useful to employ psychological terminology

Which of the following best describes Kelly's attitude toward Vaihinger's philosophy of "as if"?

He embraced it enthusiastically because it encouraged propositional thinking

Which of the following is not a criticism of social cognitive theory?

It is too unified

Kelly and ________ stress the belief that there are many valid ways of construing reality.

Kuhn

______ is more important than real self-efficacy.

Perceived self-efficacy

________ allow a person to act contrary to his or her moral principles without experiencing self contempt.

Self-exonerating mechanisms

Which of the following occurs during the test phase of the creativity cycle?

The creative idea discovered in a preceding stage is tested for its usefulness.

Which of the following is not true of chance encounters?

They are actually planned encounters.

Which of the following is true of people who have a large number of highly differentiated constructs available to them?

They are referred to as cognitively complex.

According to Bandura, which of the following is true concerning chance encounters?

They exemplify was that the environment can influence behavior and the person.

Kelly defined learning as

a change in one's construct system that improves prediction.

Kelly found that Freudian therapy was effective when

a client believed it would be effective.

Bandura, Adams, and Beyer (1977) found that the most accurate predictor of a person's behavior is

a person's perceived self-efficacy

The Kellians refer to the abrupt shift from construing events with one pole of a construct to construing them with the opposite pole as

a slot movement.

The extent to which our predictions about the future are invalid determines the extent to which we experience

anxiety.

As Kelly attempted different clinical approaches, he discovered that

anything that caused clients to look at themselves differently improved the situation.

In social cognitive theory, a model is best defined as

anything that conveys information

In order to determine how a client construes himself or herself, Kelly recommended

asking the client.

These processes are influenced by the complexity and distinctiveness of stimulation.

attentional processes

According to Kelly, neurotic or unhappy people should aspire to

be something other than their "real" selves.

The statement "If I do X, I can expect Y" exemplifies a

behavior-outcome expectancy.

Kelly used the term core structures to refer to what others have called

belief systems.

If a therapist has a credulous attitude toward a client, he or she

believes that the client provides trustworthy information.

For Kelly, a creative person is one who

can loosen and then tighten his or her construct system.

According to social cognitive theory, the main goal of psychotherapy is to

change a client's perceived self-efficacy

The statement "A person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system" describes the_____corollary.

choice

During the______ phase of the CPC cycle, a person tries a number of propositional constructs.

circumspection

Kelly's theory is _______ because it stresses how people view and think about reality.

cognitive

Kelly believed that each person creates his or her own constructs for dealing with the world. He called this creative ability

constructive alternativism.

According to Kelly, people______ their experiences, which means they attempt to interpret, explain, or give meaning to those experiences

construe

Experience alone was unimportant to Kelly; what was important was the_____ of experience.

construing

The term______ refers to the roles we play while interacting with the relevant individuals and groups in our lives.

core role structure

When individuals who opt for immediate gratification are shown models who delay gratification, the individuals who originally opted for immediate gratification will

delay gratification

The statement "A person's construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs" describes the______ corollary.

dichotomy

The first task of the therapist is to

discover what the clients constructs are.

Mischel and his colleagues consistently found that the ability to delay gratification was related to the ability to

distract one's attention away from rewards

Social Cognitive theory has been praised for

emphasizing empirical research on humans.

Calling a reprehensible act something other than what it actually is defines

euphemistic labeling

Individuals make constructs (or constructions) because

events in one's life occur with some regularity.

Kelly's theory can be considered ______ because it emphasizes the present or future rather than the past, and because it assumes that humans are free to choose their own destiny.

existential

Social Cognitive theory has not been praised for

exploring deep and complex personality problems

For Kelly, aggression and _______ are quite similar.

extension

According to Kelly, _______is similar to threat but is less severe.

fear

The events within the range of convenience for which a construct is especially appropriate define the construct's

focus of convenience.

Which corollary attempts to explain why human behavior is sometimes inconsistent?

fragmentation

Self-regulatory systems and plans make it possible to attain

goals deemed important.

For Kelly, " . . . perception of one's apparent dislodgment from his core role structure" defines

guilt

Which of the following philosophical positions renders the concept of personal responsibility meaningless?

hard determinism

In Kelly's system, learning and reinforcement

have little, if any, relationship.

Kelly's approach to psychological theory differs from many others because

he eliminates many of the common terms shared by other personality theories.

Whether or not a person experiences intrinsic reinforcement or punishment depends on how his or her behavior compares with

his or her performance standards.

For Kelly, ". . . continued effort to extort validational evidence in favor of a type of social prediction which has already proven itself a failure" defines

hostility.

For Kelly, aggression is the opposite of

hostility.

Bandura's 1965 study utilizing a BoBo doll demonstrated that

humans learn what they observe.

The______ corollary is a restatement of Kelly's notion of constructive alternativism.

individuality

A theorist who believes that both person and situation variables influence what a person does at any moment is a(n)

interactionist.

Currently, Mischel is best identified as a(n)

interactionist.

Kelly's theory has been praised for

its applied value.

Kelly called his own theory of motivation a _______theory.

jackass

It has been found that using group averages tends to

lead to the conclusion that human behavior is inconsistent.

Which technique was generally found to be most effective in treating phobias?

live modeling with participation

According to Kelly, the neurotic has lost his ability to

make believe.

Kelly's theory has been criticized for

minimizing the importance of emotions.

Which self-exonerating mechanism does the statement "I committed the crime so that I could provide necessities for my family" exemplify?

moral justification

Which processes include the concept of reinforcement?

motivational processes

According to social cognitive theory, social cognitive learning person variables are acquired through

observational learning

Bem and Allen reported that

people who believe that they are consistent are often consistent.

A person's belief concerning what he or she is capable of doing in a given situation describes his or her

perceived self-efficacy.

For Kelly emotional problems are _______problems.

perceptual

According to Kelly, a construct is_______ if it easily assimilates new elements.

permeable

Mischel's major criticism of traditional personality theories is that they emphasize and_____ deemphasize

person variables; situation variables

According to Kelly, the major tool a person uses in anticipating events is the

personal construct

Because it deals with intact conscious experience, Kelly's theory is said to be

phenomenological.

Acting in accordance with the expectations of others is what Kelly called

playing a role

According to social cognitive theory, the best way to remedy dysfunctional expectancies is to provide

powerful disconfirming experiences

Kelly's theory asserts that an individual's activities (behavior and thoughts) are guided in certain directions by the personal constructs used to

predict future events

During the_______ phase of the CPC cycle, the person chooses that construct that seems especially relevant to the situation.

preemption

According to Kelly, a carrot theory of motivation emphasizes concepts such as

purpose and need.

Kelly referred to theories that employ terms such as drive, motive, and stimulus as ________ theories.

push

According to Kelly, each construct has a _____ which includes all the events for which the construct is relevant.

range of convenience

Bandura believes that people behave

rationally

According to Kelly, the scientist's main goal is to

reduce uncertainty.

Kelly's Rep Test is used to determine how the client construes

relevant people in his or her life.

Which processes make delayed modeling possible?

retentional processes

Bandura defines _______ as "the conscious planning and intentional execution of actions that influence future events."

self agency

According to Bandura, there is no more devastating punishment than

self-contempt.

According to social cognitive theory, most human behavior is

self-regulated.

The statement "To the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another, he may play a role in a social process involving the other person" describes the________ corollary.

sociality

Bandura is a

soft determinist

The statement "If I see X, I can expect to see Y" exemplifies a

stimulus-outcome expectancy.

What factor influences the selection of actual behaviors from many possible behaviors?

subjective values

Kelly referred to the emphasis on one pole of a construct while ignoring the other pole as

submergence.

A _____construct subsumes other constructs within it.

superordinate

With the process of ,________ an element of thought is held in a holding pattern until a construct system that can be assimilate it is created.

suspension

In Fixed-Role Therapy

the client is asked to act out a role during therapy.

Dysfunctional expectancies are difficult to disconfirm because

the defensive behaviors based on them prevent the individual from having the experiences that will disconfirm them.

Bandura defines freedom as

the number of options available to an individual.

According to Kelly, what is it that makes two people psychologically similar?

they construe their experiences in a similar way

Which of Mischel's preschool research participants were most socially and academically adjusted as adolescents?

those that could delay gratification even when rewards were visible

According to Kelly, we experience_____ when our major beliefs about the world are invalidated.

threat

For Kelly, awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one's core structures, defines

threat.

Neurotics tend to

use personal constructs repeatedly even when they are not validated.

According to Kelly, individuals seek

validation of their construct systems.

In Bandura's 1965 study utilizing a BoBo doll, it was found that children who saw a model being punished for aggression, later showed very little aggressive behavior. This exemplifies the influence of

vicarious punishment.

In Bandura's 1965 study utilizing a BoBo doll, it was found that children who saw a model being reinforced for aggression later displayed aggression themselves when they were given an incentive to do so. This experiment exemplified the influence of

vicarious reinforcement.