MKT302 final

differential

The ________ threshold refers to the ability of a sensory system to detect changes between two stimuli.

ritual artifacts

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.

incidental learning

When Sophie hums a McDonald's jingle, it is an example of ________.

fad

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion.

plutonomy

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.

schema

A cognitive framework we develop through experience is called ________.

market targeting

A consumer wearing a temporary tattoo of a company's brand logo is an example of ________.

the nouveau riche

A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave.

shaping

A sales manager pays a bonus to new trainees when they develop a good sales prospectus. Later, after the trainees have completed two months of training, the manager pays a bonus only for an actual sale. Which of the following is the manager using to improve the productivity of sales trainees?

symbol

A(n) ________ is a sign that relates to a product by either conventional or agreed-on associations.

noncompensatory

According to the ________ rule, a product with a low standing on one attribute cannot make up for this position by being better on another attribute.

the superego

An advertisement emphasizes that if a consumer uses a certain deodorant, he or she will not offend other people and will not cause problems in the workplace because of "bad body odor." What part of the Freudian system is this ad appealing to?

hedonic

As manufacturing costs decrease and the amount of products that people accumulate goes up, consumers increasingly want to buy things that will provide ________ value.

exposure

Ben Perez is driving along a mountain road. In the distance, he sees a road crew working on a fallen tree that has blocked the highway. When Ben first sees the road crew, which of the following perceptual processes has been engaged?

fortress

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

shrinkage

Cash losses due to shoplifting and employee theft are called ________.

instrumental conditioning

Claudia Norman, a marketing consultant, recommended that brand equity for a new environmentally-friendly product could be established by giving initial customers free memberships in the Sierra Club organization. Claudia used which of the following in her recommendation?

Phantom Vibration Syndrome

David habitually reaches for his cell phone, thinking that it is vibrating, even when it is not. David suffers from ________.

The tiger supplies powerful animal symbolism and it contains vaguely sexual undertones.

Esso (now Exxon in the United States) used the work of Ernest Dichter to influence its "Put a Tiger in Your Tank" ad campaign. Which of the following conclusions formed the rationale for the famous campaign?

behavioral learning

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls, and his mouth begins to water. He looks around the room and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is more closely associated with which of the following learning methods?

positive reinforcement

If a woman receives compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?

schema

In the past, ketchup formed an unbecoming "scum" on its surface when exposed to air, so manufacturers created the traditionally shaped ketchup bottle with the narrow opening. When chemicals were developed to reduce the oxidation, it was then possible to sell ketchup in more conveniently shaped containers. Customers, however, rejected bottles that didn't have the traditional ketchup shape. This is an example of the power of ________ in the marketplace.

cooptation

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

Many studies have found that people do not seem to exhibit stable personalities.

Jeffrey Quills is seen by his friends as a somewhat strange person. At times he is lovable, warm, and friendly. At other times he can be mean-spirited, uncaring, and hostile to all who know him. Which of the following general statements about personality most closely matches what friends observe about Jeffrey?

process

Jenny Rowlins is absolutely exhausted after her shopping trip to pick out a dress for her sorority's formal event. The stores were crowded, and none of her favorite shops carried a dress that she liked in her size. After spending hours at the mall, Jenny decided to order her dress online and just return it if it was not exactly right. This story is an example of how consumer behavior is a(n) ________.

ideal self

Jim Smith thinks he should be more outgoing. He is looking at his ________.

"rents" a well-known name

Licensing occurs when a company ________.

cell phones

M-commerce most likely takes place through ________.

status hierarchy

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect.

modeling

On her first visit to China, Jane did not know how to pay for the produce she had selected at a market. She watched several Chinese women pay for their selections, and then Jane copied their behavior. In this example, Jane used ________.

baby boomer generation

People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________.

modernism

Positivism is sometimes called ________.

cultural formula

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

economic

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

Internalization

Roger was really angry when Coca-Cola attempted to switch from its older formula to New Coke. He wrote letters to Coca-Cola, talked to friends, called the local bottler, attempted to hoard "old Coke," and complained to the local grocery store manager. In this example, which degree of commitment would be most closely associated with Roger and his attitudes?

horizontal mobility

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following?

the reciprocity norm

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

contrast

Size, color, position, and novelty are all strategies for creating which of the following?

lateral cycling

Stephanie loves flea markets and garage sales. She spends most of her Saturday mornings going from one to another. About once a month, she holds her own garage sale just to get rid of some of the items she purchases during the month. Stephanie is actively engaged in ________.

Brand Personalities

The Pillsbury Doughboy and the Jolly Green Giant are examples of ________.

peripheral

The ________ route to persuasion is taken when the receiver is not really motivated to think about the arguments made in a communication message.

market access

The ability to find and purchase goods is called ________.

chronological

The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age.

a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________.

problem recognition

The first stage in the consumer decision-making process is ________.

acculturation

The process of learning values from other cultures is called ________.

De-ethnicization

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________.

Liminality

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.

sacred

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________.

impression management

Through the process of ________, people try to "manage" what others think of them by strategically choosing clothing and other products that will convey a positive image.

mental budget

Tomorrow, Janice will be attending a party with a buffet. In anticipation of splurging on delicious food, she is eating very little today. Janice is using a ________ to help her estimate consumption over time and regulate her behavior.

cultural movement

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________.

feedback

When Sally sees an ad in a newspaper about a particular product, goes to the store, reviews the actual product offer in the store, rejects the product, and tells the salesperson why she did not buy the product, she is providing ________ in the communications model established by the store.

status symbols

When a Rolls-Royce, a Cartier diamond, and an Andy Warhol painting are bought and displayed as markers of social class, they are ________.

hedonic

When a woman buys expensive jewelry, which of the following needs is most likely being expressed?

reality principle

When the ego tries to balance opposing forces, it uses the ________.

anthropomorphize

When we ________ products, we evaluate them using schemas we typically apply to classify people.

self-fulfilling prophecy

When we act the way we assume others expect us to act we are practicing a ________.

innovative rebuy

Which of the following is NOT a category in the buyclass theory of purchasing?

lifestyle

Which of the following is NOT considered a demographic?

anthropological

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?

Karl Marx

Which of the following theorists is best known for arguing that an individual's relationship to the means of production determines his position in society?

classical conditioning

Which of the following was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov?

social marketing

Which term refers to marketing techniques that are used to encourage positive behaviors such as literacy or discourage negative behaviors like drunk driving?

permission marketing

________ acknowledges that marketers will be more successful when they communicate with consumers who have already agreed to listen to them.

balance theory

________ considers how people perceive relations among different attitude objects, and how they alter their attitudes to remain consistent.

profane

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.

atmospherics

________ is the conscious designing of retail space and its various dimensions to evoke certain effects in buyers.

power distance

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

source

________ is the first element in the traditional communications model.

body image

________ refers to a consumer's subjective evaluation of his or her physical self.

Androgyny

________ refers to the possession of both masculine and feminine traits.

theory of cognitive dissonance

________ states when a person is confronted with inconsistencies among attitude or behavior, he/she will take action to restore consistency.

norms

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.