MNGT 3100 Exam 2

____ is a planned, systematic process of change.

Organization development (OD) - Uses behavioral science knowledge and techniques - improves an organization's health and effectiveness

____ is the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.

Organizational Change

EX: you would study a business's ____ to see a virtual representation of its vertical structure, including the chain of command.

Organizational Chart

With a ____, the entire organization is made up of horizontal teams that coordinate their work and work directly with customers to accomplish the organizations goals

Team-based structure

____ is a change in the organization's production process—how the organization does its work

Technology change

EX: the smartphone, which essentially put a computer in peoples pockets, is an example of ____ because it has replaced other technologies

a Disruptive innovation

______ means tying at least part of compensation to employee effort and performance.

Pay-for-performance

____ refers to observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee.

Performance appraisal

Three critical innovation strategies for changing products and technologies are as follows:

- Exploration - Cooperation - Innovation roles

Divisional (advantages)

- Fast response flexibility in unstable environment - Fosters concern for customer needs - Excellent coordination across functional departments

Matrix (disadvantages)

- Frustration and confusion from dual chain of command - High conflict between two sides of the matrix - Many meetings, more discussion than action

Find the right people

- HR planning - job analysis - forecasting - recruiting - selecting

OD can help with the following:

- Mergers and acquisitions - Organizational decline/revitalization - Conflict management

Old Contract (Employer)

- Standard training programs - Traditional compensation package - Routine jobs - Limited information and Authority

Functional (advantages)

- efficient use of resources; economies of scale - in-depth skill specialization and development - top manager direction and control

Cooperation (Graph)

- horizontal coordination mechanisms, - customers, partners, - open innovation

Matrix (advantages)

-More efficient use of resources than single hierarchy -Adaptable to changing environment -Development of both general and specialists management skills -Expertise available to all divisions -Enlarged tasks for employees

____ occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace.

Changing - Sometimes known as intervention - the change agent implements a specific plan for training managers and employees

A ____ is an in-house training and education facility that offers broad-based learning opportunities.

Corporate university

____ refers to the generation of novel ideas that might meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization

Creativity - "People think of creativity as a mystical process,"

____ consist of employees from various functional departments who are responsible to meet as a team and resolve mutual problems

Cross-Functional teams

____ refers to using the Internet to let hundreds of thousands of people contribute to the innovation process

Crowdsourcing

____ pertains to the organization as a whole and is not easy.

Culture change

Greater Change and uncertainty in the environment are usually associated with _____

Decentralization

Organizing is important because...

It follows strategy

____ is a summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities.

Job discription

____ means that people in management positions have the ____ authority to direct and control immediate subordinates

Line authority, Formal

What is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mind-sets

Training

____ is typically used to refer to teaching people how to perform tasks related to their present jobs.

Training

____ and ____ programs represent a planned effort by an organization to facilitate employees' learning of job-related skills and behaviors.

Training and development

____ give applicants all pertinent and realistic information about the job and the organization.

Realistic job previews (RJPs)

____ occurs when hiring and promotion decisions are made based on criteria that are not job relevant.

Discrimination

EX: Because each unit, such as the unit serving New England, is relatively small, it can respond quickly to changes in the business environment

Divisional Structure

A ____ outlines the knowledge, skills, education, physical abilities, and other characteristics needed to perform the job.

Job specification

Virtual network (disadvantages)

Lack of control; weak boundaries - Greater demands on managers - Weaker employee loyalty

____ and ____ is distinguished by standardized production runs

Large-batch and Mass production

EX: your manager has ____ when he has the right to tell you what to do and to hold you accountable for doing it

Line authority

EX: Taco Bell and McDonald are considering adding kiosks in restaurants for customers to place their order. This ____ will hopefully make the ordering process more efficient and increase accuracy

Technology change

Innovation Roles (graph)

- idea champions - new venture teams - skunkworks - new venture fund

Manage Talent

- training - development - appraisal

Team (disadvantages)

-Dual loyalties and conflict -Time and resources spent on meetings -Unplanned decentralization

Virtual network (advantages)

-can draw on expertise worldwide -highly flexible and responsive -reduced overhead costs

New Contract (employee)

-employability; personal responsibility -partner in business improvement -learning; skill development

____ uses multiple raters, including self-rating, as a way to increase awareness of strengths and weaknesses and guide employee development

360 - degree feedback

EX: If an OD consultant is hired to implement ____, this activity will include meeting with employees from across the organization and often external stakeholders to have a sustained, guided dialogue

A large-group intervention

____ means that the people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command

Accountability

____ requires that an employer take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups.

Affirmative action

The strategic approach to HRM recognizes three key elements:

All managers are involved in managing human resources. Employees are viewed as assets; employees, not buildings and machinery, give a company its competitive edge. HRM is a matching process, integrating the organization's strategy and goals with the correct approach to managing human capital

____ means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovations.

Ambidextrous approach

_____ is the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes

Authority - vested in organizational positions, not people - flows down the vertical hierarchy - is accepted by subordinates

The ____ method helps overcome errors

Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)

____ mechanizes the entire workflow

Continuous process production

____ refers to innovations in products or services that typically start small and end up completely replacing an existing product or service technology for producers and consumers.

Disruptive innovation

___ is the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into separate jobs

Division of labor

EX: When the unit focusing on Business-to-business customers develops a new, highly effective customer-tracking system, this system is not shared with the unit focusing on individual retail customers

Divisional structure

The ____ occurs when departments are grouped together based on similar organizational outputs

Divisional structure (departmentalization)

Divisional (disadvantages)

Duplication of resources across divisions, - less specialization, - poor coordination across divisions

similar to a product brand, except that its aim is to make the organization seem like a highly desirable place to work

Employer brand

____ may include cognitive ability tests, physical ability tests, personality inventories, and other assessments.

Employment tests

A ____ has a wide span, is horizontally dispersed, and has fewer hierarchical levels

Flat Structure

EX: People in the manufacturing communicate mostly with other manufacturing employees and relatively little with people in engineering sales

Functional Structure

In a ____ , activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization

Functional structure (departmentalization)

Organizing defines ____ to do (it)

How

An ____ vis a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization.

Idea champion

an ____ is a mechanism that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the company can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.

Idea incubator

____ is a systematic process of gathering and interpreting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities and context of a job.

Job Analysis

The ____ is the number of employees reporting to a supervisor and determines how closely a supervisor can monitor subordinates

Span of Management

The amount of centralization or decentralization should fit the firms _____

Strategy

A ____ has an overall narrow span and more hierarchical levels

Tall Structure

A ____ is a temporary team or committee designed to solve a problem involving several departments

Task force

_____ enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams

Team building

The difference among the three manufacturing technologies is _____ (the degree to which machinery is involved in the production to the exclusion of people

Technical Complexity

____ makes people throughout the organization aware of problems and the need for change.

Unfreezing

_____ means that each employee is held accountable to only one supervisor

Unity of Command

The ____ means that the firms subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies and coordinates their activities from a small organization at headquarters

Virtual network structure - drawback is that is may be challenging to work with contractors who might not be full committed to the company's mission

The ____ is an OD specialist who performs a systematic diagnosis of the organization and identifies work-related problems.

change agent

In skill-based pay systems

employees with higher skill levels receive higher pay than those with lower skill levels

The ____ strategy recognizes that the cutting edge of innovation often happens with young, small, entrepreneurial companies rather than inside the walls of established firms.

innovation by acquisition

Organizing

is the development of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals.

The third step

is to select from the applicants those persons believed to be the best potential contributors to the organization.

____ approach brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change.

large-group intervention

Final step

new employees are welcomed into the organization

With a ____ the interviewer asks broad, open-ended questions and permits the applicant to talk freely.

nondirective interview

In ____, the candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions.

panel interviews

In the ____ employers assess applicants' characteristics in an attempt to determine the "fit" between the job and applicant characteristics.

selection procecss

Functional (disadvantages)

-Poor communication across functional departments -Slow response to external changes; lagging innovation -Decisions concentrated at top of hierarchy, creating delay

New Contract (Employer)

-creative development opportunities -lateral career moves; incentive compensation -challenging assignments -information and resources; decision-making authority

Old Contract (employee)

-job security -a cog in the machine -knowing

maintain an Effective workforce

-wages and salary -benefits -labor relations -terminations

____ means that decisions authority is located near the top of the organization

Centralization

- Focuses managers on an applicant's job skills and performance rather than educational credentials, appearance, or prior experience - Applicants are usually asked to complete a project or assignment that relates to the type of work they'll be doing if hired

Blind Hriing

Innovative companies use a ____ encouraging the flow of ideas from lower levels and making sure they get heard and acted upon by top executives.

Bottom-up approach

In times of crisis or risk of company failure, authority may be ____ at the ____

Centralized, Top

The ____ is an unbroken line of authority that links all employees in an organization and shows who reports to whom

Chain of command

____ means a joint effort between people from two or more departments to produce outcomes that meet a common goal or shared purpose and that are typically greater than what could be achieved working alone

Collaboration

____ refers to all monetary payments and all goods or commodities used in lieu of money to reward employees.

Compensation

____ refers to adjusting and synchronizing the diverse activities among different individuals and departments

Coordination

With ____, decision authority is pushed downward to lower organization levels

Decentralization

____ is the process that managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy

Delegation

_____ is the basis for grouping positions into departments and departments in to the total organization

Departmentalization

____ means teaching people broader skills that not only are useful in their present jobs but also prepare them for greater responsibilities in future jobs.

Development

To build human capital, HRM develops strategies for the following:

Finding the best people Enhancing their skills and knowledge with training programs and opportunities for personal and professional development Providing compensation and benefits that support the sharing of knowledge and appropriately reward people for their contributions to the organization

EX: the managers and employees in the manufacturing unit share a common outlook and find it easier to communicate with each other because they have similar training and experience

Functional Structure

in the ____, a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions, even if his or her performance is good on some dimensions and poor on others.

Halo effect

The ____ shows that the research, manufacturing, and sales and marketing departments within an organization simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies.

Horizontal linkage model

Managers around the world often cite ____ (the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees) as the top factor in maintaining competitive success.

Human Capital - talent management has emerged as a central topic of concern not only for human resource managers but for all managers

An ____ is an arrangement whereby an intern exchanges free or low-cost labor for the opportunity to explore whether a particular career is appealing or to gain valuable work experience in a particular field.

Internship

____ refers to the process of determining the value or worth of jobs within an organization through an examination of job content.

Job evaluation

With the ____ the organization and the individual attempt to match the needs, interests, and values that they offer each other.

Matching model

The ____ combines aspects of both functional and divisional structures simultaneously, in the same part of the organization

Matrix approach - evolved as a way to improve horizontal coordination and information sharing - has dual lines of authority

A ____ is a unit separate from the rest of the organization that is responsible for developing and initiating a major innovation.

New-Venture Team

A ____ provides financial resources from which individuals or teams can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses.

New-Venture fund

The most common types of training is

On-the-job training (OTJ) - where an experienced employee is asked to train a new employee

____ means extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry

Open innovation

The characteristics of vertical structure are portrayed in the ____ chart, which is the visual representation of an organization's structure

Organization Chart

____ concerns just a few employees.

People change

____ are groups of employees who are organized in a way similar to a formal department

Permanent teams

The first step in finding the right people is human resource planning

Predicting the need for new employees

____ is a change in the organization's product or service output.

Product change

A ____ is responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments for the completion of a specific project

Project manager

____ refers to the radical redesign of business process to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed

Re-engineering

____ is defined as performing activities or practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied.

Recruiting - Sometimes referred to as talent acquisition. - Many organizations use internal recruiting or promote-from-within policies to fill their high-level positions. - Frequently, external recruiting is advantageous.

Team (advantages)

Reduced barriers among departments, increased compromise - Shorter response time, quicker decisions - Better morale, enthusiasm from employee involvement

____ occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values and are rewarded for them by the organization.

Refreezing

____ is frequent, timely, problem-solving communication carried out through [employee] relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge, and mutual respect

Relational coordination - highest level of horizontal coordination

EX: When your manager assigns you a task, you have the ____ to carry out that task as assigned

Responsibility

____ is the duty to perform the task or activity as assigned

Responsibility

_____ refers to a clearly defined line of authority in the organization that includes all employees

Scalar principle

____ is characterized by intangible output and direct contact with customers

Service Technology

A ____ vis a separate, small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas.

Skunkworks

____ and ____ produces goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification

Small-batch and unit production

____ means learning informally from others by using social media tools.

Social learning

____ occurs when a rater places an employee into a class or category based on one or a few traits or characteristics.

Stereotyping

____ use a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comparisons can easily be made.

Structured interviews

____ begins with a questionnaire distributed to employees, the results of which are used to identify and solve problems.

Survey feedback

____ and ____ show what other organizations pay incumbents in selected jobs.

Wage and Salary surveys

Strategy defines ____ to do (it)

What

The ____ is used to collect information about the applicant's education, previous job experience, and other background characteristics.

application form

Rebecca works for a company that has clearly defined lines of authority. Each employee knows that he or she has authority and responsibility for a distinct set of tasks. Employees are also aware of the company's reporting structure as well as successive management levels all the way to the top. Rebecca's company follows which of the following principles? a.) Specialization b.) Unity of command c.) Scalar d.) Authority e.) Responsibility

c.) Scalar

In Job-based pay

compensation is linked to the specific tasks and employee performance.

Exploration (graph)

creativity - bottom-up approach - internal contests - idea incubators

Managers can use ____ as a valuable HRM tool, regardless of whether the employee leaves voluntarily or is forced out.

exit interviews

The second step

is to use recruiting procedures to communicate with potential applicants.