MNGT 470 FINAL- quizzes

{4} ___ occurs when we perceive an inconsistency between our beliefs, feeling, and behavior.

Cognitive dissonance

{5} In the expectancy theory, valence refers to the:

anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels towards specific outcomes.

{9&10} ingratiation

any attempt to increase liking by, or perceived similarity to, some targeted person.

{9&10} Influence is:

any behavior that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behavior.

{2} ___ are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better.

aptitudes

{13} Which of the following are the observable indicators of organizational culture?

artifacts

{2} Give an example of organizational citizenship.

assisting coworkers with their work problems

{5} What action would increase employee motivation mainly by enhancing their effort-to-performance expectancy?

convincing employees that they can perform the required tasks

{12} formal hierarchy

coordinating mechanism; direct supervision; assigns legitimate power

{12} standardization

coordinating mechanism; routine- employees with same job are doing same thing

{12} informal communiation

coordinating mechanism; sharing information that can help others- grapevine

{4} The set of abilities to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotions, and regulate emotion, and regulate emotion in oneself and others is called:

emotional intelligence.

{9&10} Networking potentially increases a person's power by ___ within each network.

increasing the person's referent power.

{5} Effort-to-performance

individual's perception that his or her effort will result in a particular level of performance

{12} 3 coordinating mechanisms

informal communication, formal hierarchy, standardization

{5} examples of hygiene in motivator-hygiene theory

lower-order needs like working conditions or job security

{7} Ways to minimize social loafing:

make each team member's contribution more visible/identifiable

{13} As an organization's culture gets stronger, it ___.

makes it more difficult for decision makers to identify problems or opportunities outside the mental model of that culture

{4} The highest level of emotional intelligence is:

management of others' emotions.

{8} The capacity of a communication medium to transmit information is known as:

media richness

{2} What is not a type of voluntary individual workplace behavior?

motivation

{14} reasons people resist

negative valence of change, uncertainty, non-invented-here-syndrome, breaking routines, incongruent team dynamics, incongruent organizational systems

{7} Calculus-based trust:

represents a logical calculation that other team members will act appropriately because they face sanctions if their actions violate reasonable expectations; is the lowest potential trust in organizations.

{8} Noice refers to the:

psychological, social, and structural barriers that distort and obscure the sender's intended message.

{14} driving forces

push organizations toward change; external forces or leader's vision

{9&10} The potential for conflict between two employees would be highest under conditions of:

reciprocal interdependence.

{5} Typically, employees who feel under-rewarded are most likely to:

reduce their work effort.

{12} division of labor

refers to the subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different people; improves work efficacy

{4} ABC Company adopts a new flexible work hours program for its internal sales force. It is attempting to:

remove a stressor.

{7} In team dynamics, process losses are described as:

resources expended towards team development and maintenance.

{12} centralization

the degree to which formal decision authority is held by a small group of people, typically those at the top of the organizational hierarchy

{12} formalization

the degree to which organizations standardize behavior through rules, procedures, formal training, and related mechanisms

{12} organizational structure

the division of labor, patterns of coordination, communication, workflow, and formal power that direct organizational activities

{2} Role perceptions refers to:

the extent to which a person accurately understands the job duties assigned to or are expected of him or her.

{2} Conscientiousness is a dimension of:

the five-factor model.

{9&10} The yielding conflict management style should be used if:

the issue is much less important to you than to the other party.

{11} "Walking the talk" refers to:

the leader steps our and behaves in ways that symbolize the vision.

{12} span of control

the number of people directly reporting to the next level in the hierarchy

{13} artifacts

the observable symbols and signs of an organization's culture

{5} example of punishment

the organization takes away some of your paycheck to cover the cost of a machine you broke.

{11} Charisma refers to:

the personal traits that provide referent power over others.

{6} A higher level of employee involvement is preferable when:

the problem relates to a non programmed decision.

{13} organizational socialization

the process by which individuals learn the values, expected behaviors, and social knowledge necessary to assume their roles in the organization

{13} rituals

the programmed routines of daily organizational life that dramatize the organization's culture

{13} reality shock

the stress that results when employees perceive discrepancies between their preemployment expectations and on-the-job reality

{5} Extinction occurs when:

the target behavior decreases because no consequence follows it; do-nothing strategy.

{6} Satisficing refers to:

the tendency to choose an alternative that is good enough rather than the best.

{13} When merging two organizations, a separation strategy is most commonly applied when ___.

the two organizations operate in distinct industries.

{13} organizational culture

the values and assumptions shared within an organization

{12} organizational strategy

the way the organization positions itself in its setting in relation to its stakeholders, given the organization's resources, capabilities, and mission

{6} Escalation of commitment can be minimized by ensuring that:

those who make the decision are different from those who implement and evaluate it.

{2} Sabotage, threatening harm, and insulting other represent:

three forms of counterproductive work behaviors.

{11} Path-goal theory of leadership argues that:

to be effective, leaders should select the most appropriate behavior based on the situation.

{14} restraining forces

- resistance to change - employee behaviors that block the change process - trying to maintain status quo

{8} Which communication channel is most effective when the sender wants to persuade the receiver?

A personal face-to-face meeting with the receiver.

{3} What is the first step in the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A supervisor forms certain expectations of the employee.

{9&10} What is a third-party conflict resolution strategy with low process control and high decision control?

Arbitrators

{9&10} ___ involves calculating the cost of walking away from the negotiating relationship.

BATNA- best alternative to negotiated agreement

{11} What is the relevance of emotional intelligence in leadership?

Emotional intelligence is one of the desired competencies of effective leaders.

{8} What effect does "noise" have in the communication model?

It distorts and obscures the sender's intended message.

{14} force field analysis

Kurt Lewin's model of systemwide change that helps change agents diagnose the forces that drive and restrain proposed organizational change

{2} Jung's psychological types are measured through the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

{13} What statement about the strength of organizational culture and organizational performance is true?

Organizations with stronger cultures tend to perform better than those with weak cultures when the culture content fits the external environment.

{3} Which of the following statements is closely associated with social identity theory?

People tend to define themselves by the groups to which they belong.

{5} What are the safety needs of individuals in Maslow's hierarchy?

Safety needs refer to the need for security and stability.

{12} organic structure

an organizational structure with a wide span of control, lille formalization, and decentralized decision making

{13} ___ are unconscious, taken-for-granted perceptions or ideal prototypes of behavior that are considered the correct way to think and act toward problems and opportunities.

Shared assumptions

{9&10} Which statement best describes relationship conflict?

The conflict episodes are viewed as personal attacks rather than attempts to resolve the problem.

{3} What describes the fundamental attribution error?

We tend to believe the behavior of other people is caused more by their motivation and ability than by factors beyond their control.

{12} divisional structure

an organizational structure in which employees are organized around geographic areas, outputs, or clients

{8} How do men and women generally differ in their communications styles in organizational settings?

Women are usually more sensitive than men to nonverbal cues.

{11} How fo women differ from men in their use of leadership styles?

Women tend to use more of the participative leadership style than do men.

{5} Punishment occurs when:

a consequence decreases the frequency or future probability of a behavior; introducing something that employees try to avoid.

{13} realistic job preview (RJP)

a method of improving organizational socialization in which job applicants are given a balance of positive and negative information about the job and work context

{13} bicultural audit

a process of diagnosing cultural relations between companies and determining the extent to which cultural clashes will likely occur

{12} functional structure

an organizational structure in which employees are organized around specific knowledge or other resources

{12} matrix structure

an organizational structure that overlays two structures in order to leverage the benefits of both

{12} mechanistic structure

an organizational structure with a narrow span of control and high degree of formalization and centralization

{12} An organization that wants to compete through innovation should:

adopt an organic structure and make extensive use of informal communication to coordinate work.

{8} In the communication process model, "decoding the message" occurs immediately:

after the receiver receives the message.

{8} In organizational communication, "flaming" generally refers to:

an emotionally charged email message, usually one that communicates the sender's anger.

{13} adaptive culture

an organizational culture in which employees are receptive to change

{12} team-based structure

an organizational structure built around self-directed teams that complete an entire piece of work

{6} Three robberies have recently occurred in a certain part of the city. Because of this, we are likely to overestimate the probability of robberies. This is called the:

availability heruristic

{13} According to the ASA (attraction-selection-attrition) theory, job applicants ___.

avoid employment in companies whose values seem incompatible with their own values

{9&10} Which conflict management style is associated with low cooperativeness and low assertiveness?

avoiding

{9&10} In the bargaining zone model, the area of potential agreement contains:

both you and your opponent's resistance points.

{3} Social perception is influenced by three activities in the process of forming and maintaining our social identity. The activities are:

categorization, homogenization, and differentiation.

{2} ___ is the extent to which we value our duty to groups to which we belong and to group harmony.

collectivism

{14} ways to reduce restraining forces

communication, learning, involvement, stress management, negotiation, coercion

{3} Some investors in the stock market become overconfident and ignore evidence that their strategies will lose money. This can be attributed to ___.

confirmation bias

{6} Divergent thinking increases the level of:

creativity.

{12} An organic structure has:

decentralized decision making and low formalization.

{6} The concept of bounded rationality holds that:

decision makers process limited and imperfect information when making decisions.

{6} employee involvement

degree to which employees influence how their work is organized and carried out

{3} The Implicit Association Test is used to:

detect subtle race, age, and gender bias.

{13} The best way to determine an organization's culture is to ___.

determine what the organization's enacted values are

{5} According to four-drive theory, what is the foundation of competition and the basis of our need for esteem?

drive to acquire

{12} For which type of environment should organizations adopt an organic structure?

dynamic environment

{2} Organizational citizenship refers to:

employee behaviors that extend beyond normal job duties.

{6} What else is referred to as participative management?

employee involvement

{5} Motivator-hygiene theory proposes that:

employees experience job satisfaction when they fulfill growth and esteem needs and they experience dissatisfaction when they have poor working conditions, job security, and other factors categorized as lower-order needs.

{12} A wider span of control is possible if:

employees manage themselves rather than being coordinated through close supervision.

{4} Emotional labor is defined as any situation in which:

employees plan and control emotions to express organizationally desired emotions.

{11} Organizational behavior research indicates the transformational leaders produce ___ followers, whereas charismatic leaders produce ___ followers.

empowered; dependent

{7} The main advantage of constructive conflict in teams is that it:

encourages team members to re-examine the assumptions and logic of their preferences in decisions

{9&10} Organizational politics may be reduced by ___.

encouraging leaders to become role models of organizational citizens instead of symbols of successful organizational politicians

{7} Team cohesiveness tends to be higher when:

entry to team is difficult.

{11} According to research on the behavioral perspective of leadership, task-oriented leaders:

establish challenging goals.

{2} The ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue is known as:

ethical sensitivity.

{4} What term refers to the necessary stress that activates and motivates people to achieve goals and change their environments?

eustress

{12} What are the four contingencies of organizational design?

external environment, size, technology, and strategy

{8} Which communication media tends to be best for transmitting emotions?

face-to-face meeting

{9&10} Ingratiation includes ___.

flattering a boss.

{3} The philosophy of positive organizational behavior states that:

focusing on the positive rather than the negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and well-being.

{8} What are the first 3 steps in the communication model in order?

form message, encode message, and transmit message

{12} Which organizational design element is most closely related to standardization as a coordinating mechanism?

formalization

{8} steps in the communication model

forming, encoding, transmitting, receiving, decoding, and feedback

{7} What are the stages of team development in sequential order?

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

{13} An organization's culture begins with its ___.

founders

{12} Organizational size, technology, strategy, and environment are:

four contingencies of organizational design.

{12} Which form of departmentalization organizes employees around specific skills of other resources?

functional structure

{3} In the Johari Window, feedback from others helps us to:

increase our open area by reducing our blind area.

{5} examples of motivators in motivator-hygiene theory

growth and esteem needs

{5} A job-related factor which would most likely act as a motivator according to the motivator-hygiene theory is:

growth opportunities

{6} People tend to be more creative when they:

have a reasonable level of job security.

{2} You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren't sure what tasks are included in their job. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely:

have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions.

{3} An internal attribution is made when there is:

high consistency, low distinctiveness, and low consensus.

{4} Employees who stay with an organization mainly because they believe it will cost them financially to leave are said to have:

high continuance commitment.

{9&10} Many job applicants falsify information on their resume. This is an example of which influence tactic?

impression management

{12} Mechanistic structures operate best:

in stable environments.

{2} ___ characterizes people who are quiet, shy, and cautious.

introversion

{6} The purely rational model of decision making is rarely practiced in reality because:

it assumes that people are efficient and logical in their information processing.

{9&10} Legitimate power exists when ___.

it is agreed that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others

{2} One problem with the utilitarian principle of ethical decision making is that:

it is almost impossible to evaluate the benefits or costs of many decisions.

{11} According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership,

leader effectiveness depends on wether the person's natural leadership style is appropriately matched to the situation.

{11} Servant leadership emphasizes the notion that:

leaders serve followers, rather than vise versa.

{11} According to the behavioral perspective of leadership,

leadership behaviors are clustered into people-oriented and talk-oriented groups.

{4} Kumar is unhappy about his work and his supervisor, so he has started paying less attention to the quality of his work. He also arrives late for work and generally puts less effort into his work. This information suggests that Kumar's main reaction to job dissatisfaction is:

neglect.

{5} In behavior modification, extinction occurs when:

no consequence follows a target behavior.

{12} One of the defining characteristics of a matrix organizational structure is that it:

overlays two organizational structures in order to leverage the benefits of both types of structure.

{7} According to social identity theory:

people define themselves by their group affiliations.

{11} According to research on the behavioral perspective of leadership, which of these leader behaviors include showing mutual trust and respect for subordinates and having a desire to look out for their welfare?

people orientation

{4} Organizational behavior scholars have concluded that:

people with higher job satisfaction tend to have higher job performance.

{5} Distributive justice refers to:

perceived fairness in the outcomes we receive compared to our contributions and the outcomes and contributions of others.

{9&10} People with expertise tend to have more influence using ___, whereas those with a strong legitimate power base are usually more successful applying ___.

persuasion; silent authority

{13} ceremonies

planned displays of organizational culture, conducted specifically for the benefit of an audience

{7} 3 types of task interdependence

pooled, sequential, reciprocal

{13} The three stages of organizational socialization are:

pre-employment, encounter, role management.

{6} stages of the creative process

preparation, incubation, insight, and verification

{6} The first stage of the creative process is:

preparation.

{8} Showing interest and clarifying the message are two activities associated with which stage in the active listening process?

responding

{2} What term refers to a person's beliefs about what behaviors are appropriate or necessary in a particular situation?

role perception

{3} The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

seek out information that supports our self-concept or puts us in favorable light and to ignore/undervalue information that is contrary to our self-concept.

{5} Which level of Maslow's hierarchy is the highest level?

self-actualization

{11} Successful leaders have a positive evaluation about their own leadership skills and ability to achieve objectives. This refers to the leaders' ___.

self-concept

{3} What term refers to a person's belief that he or she can successfully complete a task?

self-efficacy

{7} Which type of task interdependence is seen amongst production employees working on assembly lines?

sequential interdependence

{7} In terms of size, the general rule is that teams:

should have the fewest number of people possible to perform the work.

{4} Which stress management activity helps employees to improve their perceived ability to cope with the stressor and possibly remove the stressor?

social support

{13} attraction-selection-attrittion (ASA) theory

states that organizations have a natural tendency to attract, select, and retain people with values and personality characteristics that are consistent with the organization's character

{9&10} According to the emerging view on organizational conflict, there are two types of conflict with opposing consequences. They are:

task conflict and relationship conflict.

{2} Categories of individual behavior:

task performance, organizational citizenship, counterproductive work behaviors, joining & staying with the organization, maintaining work attendance.

{5} Which dimension is indicative of the degree to which a job affects the organization or the larger society?

task significance

{2} What are the types of 3 types of individual performance behaviors?

task, citizenship, counterproductive

{11} The behavioral perspective of leadership identifies which two clusters of leadership behaviors?

task-oriented and people-oriented

{6} availability heuristic

tendency to estimate the probability of something occurring by how easily we can recall that event

{12} Flatter organizational structure:

tends to reduce overhead costs

{11} Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership model states that the best leadership style depends on:

the ability and motivation of followers.

{11} Which leadership theory adopts the view that leaders are agents of change?

transformational

{2} T/F: Traits are descriptive, and values are evaluative

true

{8} Which communication channel has the highest media richness?

video conference

{5} equity theory

we compare our outcome/input ratio with that of a comparison other

{7} A diverse team is better than a homogenous team:

when designing and launching a new product or service