mod 5 chapter 10

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

Which of the following characterize relationships of securely attached adults?

trust commitment longevity

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ___ ___ of attachment

working model

Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of:

18 to 24 months.

What percentage of adults describe themselves as securely attached?

60 to 80 percent

The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of:

7 months.

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?

Anger cry

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.

Attachment

Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment? (Select all that apply)

Attachment is crucial in the first year. Caregiver responsiveness is involved.

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Bowlby Freud Erikson

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which statement is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.

Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys? (Select all that apply)

Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.

Which of the following are true about the differences between fathers and mothers in their interactions with infants? (Select all that apply)

Fathers engage in more rough-and-tumble play than mothers. Mother's interactions tend to center on child-care activities. Fathers' interactions are more likely to include play.

Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory.

Freud ---- Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction. Erikson ---- A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment. Bowlby ---- Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely NOT to experience?

Guilt

According to research, which of the following physiological characteristics have been linked with an inhibited temperament? (Select all that apply)

High activity in the frontal lobe High level of cortisol High and stable heart rate

Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following?

Increase in emotional understanding and communication. Motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions. Perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated.

Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? (Select all that apply)

Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. Attachment is important for survival.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply)

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model? (Select all that apply)

It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?

Reactivity Self-regulation

Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.

Referencing

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members?

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Which theory states that older adults narrow their social networks?

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Which of the following are criticisms of attachment theory?

Some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child. It ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infant's world. Some cultures value early childhood independence.

According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 were more likely to report which of the following at age 21? (Select all that apply)

That they were attaining increased financial independence That they were comfortable with intimacy That they were in an exclusive relationship

Affectionate love is also called ______ love and occurs when someone desires to have the other person near.

companionate

The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional:

competence.

If passion, intimacy, and commitment are all strong, the result is ______, which is the fullest type of love.

consummate

Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal?

cooperation

Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation?

cooperation goal-directed behaviors locomotion

Six-month-old Johnny often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) )_____ child

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

One reason that more children are in child care today than ever before is that U.S. adults:

do not receive paid leave.

Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?

dopamine oxytocin

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called:

emotion

Katrina is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has developed healthy

emotion regulation.

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

empathy pride

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, such as when one person worships another from a distance, which of the following is present according to Sternberg?

fatuous love

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term:

goodness of fit.

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of:

independence.

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following?

positive interaction with peers and teachers positive emotional health high self-esteem and self-confidence

Positive caregiving beginning with infancy is an important factor in later development. Which of the following are experiences that lead to positive developmental adjustments?

positive maternal care early secure caregiver attachment constructive experiences with life stresses

One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as:

reactivity.

According to studies, adult attachment styles with romantic partners are:

reflective of childhood attachment patterns but also influenced by later experience.

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

Ineffective emotion regulation in adolescence is linked to all of the following EXCEPT: a lower level of executive function. a weak conscience. rule following. difficulty with peers.

rule following.

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second half of the ______ year of life.

second

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?

self-conscious

Romantic love has strong components of ______ and infatuation.

sexuality

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Ainsworth created the _______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

Emotion regulation is key to which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Emotional adaptiveness Coping with stress Social competence

Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?

Primary

What is one of the main criticisms of the Strange Situation?

It may be culturally biased.

Which of the following is a criticism of attachment theory?

It overemphasizes the attachment bond and ignores infant resiliency.

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry? (Select all that apply)

Lack of preliminary moaning Breath holding

As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply)

More effective management of their emotions Resilience in stressful circumstances Positive relationship development

The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Nervous system development Infant motivation to reach a goal Environmental support for the skill

Which of the following has been associated with the undermining of attachment stability?

Parental separation or divorce

Which are important social cognitive accomplishments that are established at the end of the first year? (Choose every correct answer.)

Perceiving that the behavior of others is goal-directed Joint attention

What is the general research conclusion regarding the Strange Situation?

The experiment continues to have some merit.

According to a recent survey, there are an estimated 2 million stay-at-home fathers in the United States. Which of following did stay-at-home fathers report experiencing? (Select all that apply)

They were ignored when they took their children to playgrounds. They were excluded from parent groups. They missed their daily life in the workplace.

Mikulincer and Shaver (2019) have identified which of the following benefits for securely attached individuals?

ability to control their emotions mindful of what is happening around them well-integrated sense of self-acceptance

Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description.

birth to 2 months: kids indistinctly directly attach to human figures 2 to 7 months: Attachment becomes focused on one figure 7 to 24 months: Specific attachment develop 24 months on: Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous.

anxious

Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant

attachment

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called

attachment

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.

avoidant

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

avoidant

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions?

joint attention gaze following

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.

moderate