mod 9 and 10

9. Evasive Braking:

. If the vehicle has ABS: · Firmly press brake pedal until the vehicle stops · May feel pedal pulse back against foot b. If the vehicle does not have ABS: • Apply firm, steady pressure just short of lockup • Ease up on brakes if wheels lock, then apply the brakes again

3. Visibility Limited by Rain and Snow:

. Keep headlights clean b. Turn on the defroster to remove ice and condensation c. Clear the windshield and rear windows d. Reduce Speed e. Turn headlights to low beam f. Turn on windshield wipers g. Be alert for vehicles stopped in roadway h. Be prepared for effects of gusting winds i. Make adjustments gently and smoothly

12. Types of skids:

. There are two main types of skidding: · over-steering (fishtailing) · under-steering (plowing)

1. What are the four things that need to be done in the event of a crash?

Answer: Protect the scene, call for help, take care of injured, report the accident a. What should you do to protect the scene? Answer: Get cars off the road, if possible, warn approaching drivers b. What should you do to take care of anyone who is injured? Answer: Try to make them as comfortable as possible, see if there is someone with medical experience around, keep injury from getting worse, move the person no more than is necessary to avoid danger from traffic or fire c. What information should you get from the other driver if involved in a crash? Answer: Name, address, phone number, driver's license #, vehicle tag number, insurance company, name and telephone number of witnesses

b. What are the ABS rules?

Answer: Stomp on the brake pedal, stay on the brakes, steer where you want to go

c. What may you notice when using ABS brakes?

Answer: You may hear a noise and feel the pedal vibrate

a. What is the primary task of ABS?

Answer: accident avoidance

11. Preventing skids:

Apply the brakes in a smooth and progressive manner b. Make smooth, precise steering wheel movements c. Slowing down well in advance of curves d. Maintaining speeds appropriate for conditions

7. Pre Trip Check:

Attach tongue of trailer to hitch b. Snap locking mechanism c. Put lock pin in place d. Connect electrical wires e. Check Brakes and Lights

18. Causes of Traction Loss:

Brakes unevenly adjusted - Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause a skid - as can wheels that are out of alignment when brakes are applied b. Unevenly worn tire tread · The size of the front and rear tires do not match. · The tread depth or the front and rear tire type are not the same.

what to do after extreme weather (checking the car)

Check your battery b. Check your cooling system c. Check your windshield wipers d. Check your tire tread e. Check your gas f. Check your windshield washer reservoir g. Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connections h. Clean snow off of your entire car

19. Driver Actions that Cause Loss of Traction:

Sudden steering movements on a slippery surface b. Abrupt and sudden changes in vehicle speed c. Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surface d. Suddenly engaging the clutch on a slippery surface

6. Describe how the conditions listed below affect a driver's ability to see and what adjustment a driver should make to better cope with these conditions:

Sun glare: Driving at night: Fog: Rain: Snow:

9. Low water crossings:

Flash flooding conditions are unpredictable b. Not specific to a time of year c. Affects braking, steering and engine systems

22. Managing Rear Traction Loss:

Look at desired/targeted path of travel b. Activate traction control system or c. Ease off brake or accelerator d. Reestablish rolling traction to rear wheels e. Steer toward targeted path of travel f. Apply light progressive acceleration (2 mph is goal) to shift weight to the Rear g. Traction control system will adjust the speed/braking automatically when activated)

. Reducing Glare

Look to the right edge of roadway Do not place paper on dashboard Wear sunglasses during the day Adjust sun visors and mirrors clean window

10. Flash Flood Dangers:

Nearly 50% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related b. Search for flood prone areas: · Highway dips · Bridges · Low areas c. Most vehicles will float d. Very little water on the road surface can cause loss of control e. Two feet of water will "carry" most cars f. Because visibility is limited at night, driving during flooding conditions is very dangerous g. Heed all flash flood watches and warnings h. Monitor road conditions through the news media

6. Signs of Hydroplaning:

Standing water Raindrops that bubble when they hit the road Slushing sound Sensation that the steering wheel is loose or disconnected from the vehicle A vehicle ahead that is not leaving a track

2. What should you do?

Stop immediately b. Aid the injured c. Prevent further damage d. Send for police e. Exchange information f. Record witnesses' names and addresses g. Notify insurance agent

13. Hot weather checks

Underinflated tires are subject to excessive flexion causing pressure buildup, especially when driving for extended distances at higher speeds. b. The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections, and drive belts need special attention due to the extra load placed on these cooling systems.

Safety Tips for Driving at Night:

a. Before passing, the driver passing can flash his/her headlights to warn the other driver. b. When two vehicles are side by side, the passing driver may switch to high beams and the driver being passed should switch to low beams. c. Be alert for pedestrians walking on unlighted roadways . d. If you must walk on a dark roadway due to vehicle breakdown or another reason, carry a white handkerchief or wear light-colored clothing or reflective clothing to increase your chances of being seen. e. In snow, wear dark clothing to create a contrast.

13. Front wheel loss of traction:

a. Called "Understeer" and is when the vehicle moves straight ahead in spite of steering input · Look and steer toward intended path · Smoothly ease up on accelerator · Smoothly apply brakes to regain traction · Do not steer more than necessary

10. Jackknifing a Trailer:

a. Common when backing - will damage the hitch and the trailer b. Occurs when angle between vehicle and trailer is less than 90 degrees c. Back slowly and keep steering wheel movements to a minimum d. If you get in trouble, pull forward.

8. If Hydroplaning Occurs:

a. Ease off the accelerator gradually b. Decrease speed until your tires regain traction. c. Do not brake until traction has been restored. d. Steer no more than necessary, continue to look and steer where you want to go.

1. Dangerous Road Conditions:

a. Ice, snow, or frost/sleet b. Wet--particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after a long dry period when oil and rubber particles have collected on the road surface and mix with water c. Heavy rain or standing water d. Mud near farm entrances, construction sites, and truck crossings e. Wet leaves f. Broken or uneven road surface g. Sand or gravel - frequently found on curves in rural areas

7. Driving in Snow:

a. In severe snow conditions look for an exit on highway b. Check weather report c. If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond outboard end of guard rail d. Use cell phone to check conditions e. Snow may require use of windshield washer fluid

3. Causes of Run Off the Road Crashes:

a. Inattention or distractions b. Drowsiness c. Steers onto the shoulder to avoid a collision and tries to return to the roadway d. Vehicle may collide with a vehicle in the next lane, or drive off the far side of the road

6. Traction:

a. Measured by the ability to stop a car in straight-ahead motion on a wet surface - tires graded A have the best traction performance, B grading is an above average rating and C indicates the tire meets government standards. b. Temperature —tire's ability to withstand heat. Tires graded A are the most heat-resistant and less likely to suffer a blowout under the same conditions as tires with grades of B or C. c. Treadwear rating — the higher the treadwear rating, the greater the mileage - a tire with a treadwear rating of 150 is expected to last 50 percent longer than one graded at 100.

1. Occupant Protection:

a. Occupant protection refers to safety features designed to protect occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a crash. These systems can be 'active' or 'passive.' b. Wearing a safety belt is your best defense for preventing severe life-altering injuries: · Slows occupant's rate of deceleration in a frontal crash and keeps occupants securely in place

5. Causes of Traction Loss

a. Road surface conditions b. The condition of the vehicle c. Actions of the driver

10. Causes of Skids

a. Slippery surfaces b. Accelerating too hard c. Braking too hard d. Steering too much or too quickly e. Entering a curve with too much speed

7. Preventing Hydroplaning:

a. Slow down when there is water standing on the surface of the pavement. b. Tires should be properly inflated and have adequate tread. c. Increase following distance, particularly when behind a large truck. d. Drive in the tracks left by any vehicle ahead.

6. Evasive Maneuvers:

a. With ABS brakes, how can you stop quickly? Answer: Press down hard on the brake pedal b. What is the safest maneuver if there is enough room? Answer: Braking c. What are the steps for making quick turns? Answer: Turn the wheel ½ circle, full circle in the other direction and back to the middle d. If there is a car beside you in the left lane and you need to avoid a car ahead, what should you do? Answer: Stop quickly or swerve to the right

1. Roadway Safety Design:

breakaway sign support posts b. Guard rails with ends angled away from roadway and buried c. Crash attenuators - such as vinyl liquid or sand filled drums d. Protected left and right turn bays e. Collector/distributor lanes on high speed, high density highways f. Variable message signs alerting drivers to weather conditions, construction, and traffic problems

Reminders

do not panic and steer abruptly b. Ease off accelerator c. DO NOT BRAKE d. Get both wheels off the pavement e. Steer the vehicle parallel to the roadway f. If clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel at a time g. Limit steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn of the wheel h. Use even less input when edge of road is high i. Target the center of the adjacent lane to avoid a "Slingshot" maneuver into oncoming traffic

following distance for : Automobile with no trailer Automobile with 20-foot trailer 35-foot motor home

normal for following is 3-4, but the last two are 5-6 (2 sec added)

20. Traction Loss - Shifts in Vehicle Weight:

sudden shifts of vehicle weight (left, right, forward or backward) will cause loss of traction. b. Simultaneous steering, braking and/or acceleration creates sudden shifts in vehicle balance.

antilock braking system

The ABS light comes on when you start the vehicle indicating the ABS system is functioning normally. If the light stays on, or comes on while you are driving, there is a problem. It should be checked by a qualified mechanic

service ending soon

The SERVICE ENGINE or CHECK ENGINE light should flash for a few seconds when you start the engine and then go out .If the light stays on, there may be a problem - make an appointment to get it checked.

accelerator failure

The accelerator will not return to idle when you release it and the engine is racing. Accelerator failure is caused by either a broken spring or the pedal getting stuck in the down position. In either case, you no longer have control over the vehicle's speed. 1. Shift to Neutral (engine may race but no harm done) 2. Search for an escape path 3. Steer smoothly and brake gently 4. Pull off the roadway and park 5. Turn off the vehicle. Caution — DO NOT turn the ignition off while the vehicle is moving--this may lock the steering wheel 6. Have the pedal repaired before driving again

Visibility

The distance a driver can see ahead is limited and headlights do not illuminate off-road areas. b. Visibility is also compromised by the glare from other vehicles.

steering failure

The most likely cause of steering failure is a loss of power steering. This can happen if a hydraulic pipe breaks or is cut by debris from the road. 1. The vehicle can still be steered 2. It will require much more effort on the driver's part.

Tire blowout

This occurs when you hit a curb or sharp object. You have a defective tire Or You have an under-inflated tire that builds up heat and explodes or loses its seal to the rim while the tires are rotating. If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull sharply in the direction of the blowout. If a rear tire blows out, the vehicle will wobble and pull slightly in the direction of the flat tire 1. Grip the wheel firmly 2. Foot off accelerator 3. DO NOT BRAKE 4. Allow vehicle to slow 5. Check traffic 6. Turn on flashers 7. Drive to a protected area 8. Change tire

brake light system

This warning light serves two purposes: (1) indicates the parking brake is set; and (2) alerts you that part or all of the braking system is not working properly; or, (3) in some vehicles, the brake fluid is low If the parking brake is set, than take it off. If it is not the parking brake, stop as soon as possible. Have the vehicle towed and the vehicle repaired.

door ajar

This warning light will illuminate when starting the engine and then goes out. If this light remains on, one or more of the vehicle doors is not completely latched. If it comes on while driving, someone has opened a door or the door latch was not properly fastened. Pull off the road as soon as possible to secure the door.

brake failure

Total Brake Failure — Pump the brake pedal to try to build up brake pressure - after 3 or 4 pumps you will know if the brakes are going to hold. . Power Brake Failure — is the loss of power when the booster unit assisting the brakes no longer functions. 1. Rapidly pump the brakes 2. Shift to lower gear 3. Activate the hazard lights to warn others 4. Apply parking brake 5. Find "soft" crash area

4. Off road recovery

. To return to the pavement safely: · Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel · Slow down, ease off the accelerator and allow the vehicle to slow gradually - avoid braking · Straddle the edge of the pavement, after speed is reduced and there is a gap in traffic . · Steer back to the road with small inputs, do not over steer · Return to the pavement two wheels at a time, as soon as the front tire is back on the roadway, counter-steer quickly left or right as necessary to stay in the correct lane b. Blocked Roadside: If an object beside the road such as a tree, bridge abutment or pedestrian forces the driver to return to the road quickly, he/she has little time to slow down, to do this the driver should: · Steer left or right so the off-road wheels are about 12 inches away from the edge of the pavement · Remove his/her foot from the accelerator and stay off the brakes. Turn the steering wheel quickly about one-eighth turn toward the roadway · Immediately, as the outer wheel makes contact with the edge of the pavement, counter-steer about a quarter turn and make steering corrections to straighten vehicle.

17 Acceleration and Traction Loss:

. When acceleration is applied too hard or too quickly weight moves to the rear of the car causing: • A noticeable rise of the hood • A noticeable drop of the rear • Rearward movement of driver and passengers

Night Driving Skills:

Adjust speed to distance illuminated by headlights b. Keep your eyes moving searching ahead and at edges of the roadway c. Flash lights once quickly if oncoming vehicle is using high beams

2. New Advances:

All-wheel drive Antilock braking systems Electronic stability control Telematics (i.e. OnStar) Tire pressure monitoring Active head restraints Adaptive cruise control Adaptive headlights Advanced airbags Advanced seat belt pre tensioner Fatigue warning Forward collision warning systems Lane departure warning systems Side view assist o. Park assist and back over prevention

15. Correcting Front Traction Loss:

Direct vision to targeted path of travel (look where you want to go) Activate ABS (if vehicle equipped) · Ease off conventional brake system · Reestablish rolling traction (wheels rolling/not sliding) Ease off steering inputs · Abrupt steering can create traction loss · Steer toward intended path of travel Jab/Stab brake to move weight forward if no ABS · (ABS performs this function automatically)

Driving at Night

Dirt on the lens of headlights can reduce light by up to 90 percent. b. How can you check to see if the lights are working properly? Answer: Use the reflection when parked behind a car or in front of a garage door c. How far do high beams let us see? Answer: More than 250 feet d. What is the sight distance rule? Answer: We have to be able to stop in the distance we can see e. When driving at night, drivers need to leave more space than they would in the daytime

3. Controlling Consequences:

Drive off road rather than skid off the road Hit something soft rather than something hard Hit something going your way rather than something stationary Hit stationary objects with a glancing blow Hit a stationary object rather than an approaching object Steer to avoid oncoming traffic and head on collision

3. Headlights:

High beam headlights · Used when safe and legal at speeds of 55 - 60 mph b. Low beam headlights · Used in bad weather or when following or meeting another car at night - safe at speed of 40 - 45 mph

2. Slippery Conditions:

Ice on the road b. Dangerous curves and turns c. Roads with slippery when wet warning signs d. Most dangerous when the temperature is near freezing e. Just after a rain has fallen on a hot day f. Heavily traveled intersections when raining

temperature light or gauge

It warns you when the coolant in the engine is too hot or too low. If temperature warning light comes on or the gauge reads too hot, don't drive the vehicle - seek professional help. Caution: Never attempt to remove the radiator cap when the engine is hot - the pressure and hot steam may cause severe upper torso and facial burns.

oil pressure light

It warns you when the oil is not circulating at proper pressure or there is not enough oil. When the oil warning light comes on it is recommended that you stop at the nearest service center and have the oil level checked.

8. Strong Winds:

Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel b. Reduce speed c. Adjust lane position d. Do not over steer e. Stay off the brake f. Prepare to counter steer g. Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothly h. Check for debris in roadway and oncoming traffic

engine fire

NEVER use water on an engine fire — water will NOT put out an oil or fuel fire - in fact, it may even aid in spreading the fire. Use an A-B-C-type fire extinguisher. 1. Quickly steer the vehicle out of traffic and away from buildings and people. 2. Get everyone out of the vehicle and have him or her move at least 100 feet away. 3. If the engine is on fire, call the fire department and leave the hood closed. 4. If the passenger compartment is on fire, smother it, use a fire extinguisher, or call the fire department.

4. Sources of Glare

Other vehicle headlights b. Paper on the dashboard c. Snow covered landscape d. The sun at dawn or dusk

4. Preventing Loss of Traction:

Reduce speed b. Increase space c. Make gradual changes to speed d. Avoid abrupt changes in direction e. Find the best path

2. Heavy Fog:

Reduce speed b. Turn on emergency flashers and fog lights c. NEVER stop in a travel lane d. Look for an exit from the highway e. If impossible to leave the highway, stop beyond the end of guardrail as far to the right of the road as possible, and turn off lights and wait for fog to lift.

1. Drifting Fog:

Reduce speed b. Turn on low beam headlights c. Turn on windshield wipers d. Turn on defroster or air conditioner

Driving Tips for Poor Visibility

Reduce speed to accommodate shortened sight distance b. Use emergency flashers when traveling below speed limit c. Maintain appropriate lane position d. If stopping distance longer than sight distance, slow down and don't drive "blindly" into the darkness.

5. Night Driving Risks:

Reduces ability to see risks b. Requires eyes to adjust quickly to glare c. Places limitations on gathering and processing information in time d. The distance you can see ahead is shorter - especially at higher speeds e. Headlights provide little illumination of off-road areas f. Ability to judge distances is compromised g. The glare from oncoming and following vehicles impairs vision h. Must drive "blind" while recovering from the glare

fuel gauge

The fuel gauge measures how much fuel is in the vehicle's fuel tank. When the fuel level is low, the fuel warning light will come on and stay on until you add more fuel to the tank. Get more fuel immediately.

14. When Brakes are Applied Too Hard or Too Quickly:

Vehicle weight shifts to the front causing: · A noticeable drop of the hood · A noticeable rise of the rear · Forward movement of driver, passengers and items in vehicle

11. Hot and Cold Temperatures:

Vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely cold. b. Extreme conditions cause stress on vehicle parts sensitive to temperature change c. Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts

alternator gauge

When the "ALT" light comes on or the gauge shows "discharge" while the engine is running, the vehicle's electrical system is not functioning properly. The engine must now use electricity stored in the battery. The alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the battery. Turn off as many electrical devices as possible. (i.e., the radio, heater/AC, etc.) Have this checked without delay. If the battery is drained, the car can shut off

engine failure

When the engine stalls, the steering mechanism will still work but will require more effort 1. Shift to neutral 2. Look for escape path 3. DO NOT BRAKE HARD 4. Pull off roadway 5. Restart engine 6. If unsuccessful, raise hood and turn on emergency flashers. 1. Turn off AC 2. Turn on heater 3. Pull off roadway if all else fails 4. Turn engine off 5. DO NOT OPEN RADIATOR 6. Seek help

7. When do you use Evasive Steering?

When there is space to the side b. When stopping distance is questionable c. When there are cars close behind

Air Bag System

When you start the engine, this light should illuminate momentarily indicating the system is activated. If the air bag readiness light stays on or comes on while you are driving, it is a warning that there is a problem. If the air bag system in your vehicle is not working properly, it can be dangerous as the air bags: • May NOT inflate in a crash or • May spontaneously inflate while you are driving.

5. Essential Equipment for Towing:

a. Additional equipment • Heavy-duty suspension • Increased-capacity cooling system • High-ratio axle • Oversize mirrors b. Emergency equipment c. Trailer hitch d. Hitch ball

11. Controlling Consequences

a. Avoid head-on collisions b. Drive off the road rather than skid off the road c. Hit something softer d. Hit something going in the same direction e. Hit stationary object with glancing blow f. Hit stationary object rather than approaching object

2. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in Direction Driver Wants to Turn:

a. Back slowly and look directly over your shoulder through the rear window b. Keep your hand at the bottom of the steering wheel c. To move the trailer left, move your hand to the left d. To back to the right, move your hand to the right

6. Connecting a Trailer:

a. Ball and coupler combinations - sized correctly for tight fit b. Safety chains - crossed beneath the coupler and connected to the hitch c. Breakaway chains - hooked to hitch or frame member d. Electrical connections - set up so lights function properly

2. Airbags:

a. The driver side airbag is located in the center of the steering wheel and the passenger side airbag is located inside the dashboard. b. Side airbags that inflate during side collisions are usually located within the seat. C c. Curtain airbags are installed above the side windows, in the headliner, on both sides. d. Knee airbags are located in front of the legs of the driver and front seat passenger. · They are concealed within the steering column or the lower part of the dashboard and deploy during frontal impacts. e. Driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a frontal impact. · Drivers should sit at least 10 inches from the air bag because it inflates to six or seven inches in size at speeds up to 200 mph. · If you can, tilt the steering wheel to point the air bags at your chest, not your face. f. Always wear a safety belt and secure children in the rear seat. g. To reduce forearm and hand injuries, place hands on the lower half of the steering wheel, with knuckles on the outside and thumbs along the inside of the rim of the wheel. h. Side impact air bags are designed to protect the torso and head in side impact collisions. · Care should be taken not to sit too close to the door or to lean towards the air bag.

9. Pulling Heavy Loads:

a. The larger the load, the longer it will take to stop b. increase following distance and test your stopping power c. Use caution d. Slow down

8. Loading a Trailer Properly:

a. The rear of the vehicle should support 10 - 15% of the trailer load. b. Arrange 60% of weight in the front half of trailer and 40% in rear. c. Make sure trailer is level.

16. Rear-Wheel Loss of Traction:

a. This is called an "over steer" when vehicle moves sideways without any additional steering input • Look and steer toward intended path • Ease off the accelerator and avoid using the brakes • Continue to steer and counter-steer until the vehicle is traveling straight • Use a light and progressive acceleration if the vehicle does not recover

5. Functions of Tires:

a. Tires are air-filled cushions designed to reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on the vehicle and are designed to flex and give as they meet the road surface. b. Absorb shocks caused by road hazards c. Provide Traction — enables drivers to accelerate, brake and steer d. Tires ratings are indicated on the sidewall of the tire

3. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in the Opposite Direction:

a. To back to the left, turn the steering wheel to the right b. Straighten the wheel c. Turn the wheel in the opposite direction d. Straighten the wheel e. Turn the steering wheel to the right f. Straighten the wheel and back the towing vehicle and trailer

8. Procedures for Evasive Steering:

a. Turn the wheel 180 degrees b. Counter-steer immediately c. Turn the wheel back to the original straight-ahead position

4. Errors to Avoid When Backing:

a. Turning the steering wheel too far b. Holding the steering wheel in a turned position too long if trailer starts to jackknife

10. Evasive Acceleration:

a. Used less frequently b. Can be used to avoid crashes at intersections and in merging situations c. May move point of impact to rear of vehicle if you can't get out of the way

21. When Steering is Applied Too Hard or Quickly Weight Moves to the Opposite Side of the Car:

a. Vehicle weight shift causes: • A noticeable drop and tilt of the hood • A noticeable rise and tilt of the rear • Driver, passenger, items in car move towards the car's corner

Handling Large Vehicles:

a. Weigh more than a passenger vehicle b. Affect the ability to accelerate , turn and slow down: • Allow enough space to get up to speed • Slow down in advance of turns • Allow more space between vehicles c. Do not exceed load limits d. Practice driving where there is no traffic e. Allow a larger gap in traffic before pulling out f. Check both side mirrors to be sure the trailer does not intrude into adjoining lane g. Roads that curve right • Allow more space from edge of pavement • Keep toward the center line h. Roads that curve left • Stay to the right so you do not cross the center line

Run-Off the Road Crashes: Recognize, React, And Recover

a. What are some reasons run-off the road crashes occur? Answer: Driving too fast for conditions, not paying attention, driving in rural areas b. What increases the risk of being in a run-off the road crash? Answer: Driving at night c. What is the #1 tip from America's best drivers when it comes to run-off the road crashes? Answer: Don't overreact d. What steps should you take if you run-off the road? Answer: Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel. Stay off the brake and gas. Check for traffic. Reduce Speed. Align off road wheels with the road (straddle the road). Steer back onto the road with small Inputs.

4. Electronic Stability System (ESP):

a. What is the electronic stability program designed to do? Answer: Avoid accidents and prevent a vehicle from skidding and sliding b. During an over-steering or skidding condition (rear-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to which wheel? Answer: The outer front wheel c. During an under-steering or sliding condition (front-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to which wheel? Answer: The inner rear wheel

what do you know about skids?

a. When do most skids occur? Answer: From braking too hard on a slippery surface, turning too quickly and trying to accelerate too rapidly b. What are the steps to recover from a skid? Answer: Foot off brake or accelerator. Turn vehicle in desired direction. Before the car straightens out, counter-steer the other way. Continue doing so until the vehicle is straight ahead c. What is the best way to handle skids? Answer: Avoid slippery surfaces. Adjust speed to conditions. Be gentle using brake, accelerator and steering wheel.