Modern Archi review

Whats the word for concrete in raw and who used this technique in their architecture?

"concrete" in "raw" = natural finish Beton Bint imperfection of materials, textured used by Le Corbusier's late works

#Key Art Nouveau architect

Victor Horta

What is the best example for Russian Constructivism

#Tatlin Tower ~by Vladmir Tatlin -spiral form, -always moving, always rotating, -red colour of excitement and communism -unstable form -breaking classic composition rule -no clear order: skewed, imbalanced -no ornament: structure is exposed and has a pure geometric form

Why was gothic revival different from other revivals

gothic revival emerged not to embrace technological advancement but as a response to damages caused by industrialisation

In his residential building how did Wright respond to American's obsession with light and nature?

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Whose architecture is known and described as New Brutalism? What is the New Brutalism design style?

#Alison and Peter Smithson New Brutalism: rejecting safe, pretty, orthodox modernism e.g you can't just drop a white box and expect it to work. For an archi to operate efficiently, you need to look at the urban context, the local culture, and material. Each region differs from another. Admiring everyday, ordinary and the ugly celebrating materials used in their raw state

Who was practicing in Finland at the time of MoMA exhibition?

#Alvar Aalto

What is the name of the British counterpart to Metabolism? What did they respond to?

#Archigram they responded to the urban sprawl and urban congestion. Modernism forgot futuristic approach so Archigam tried to answer it. They were also conscious of the need for new types of buildings to respond to over population. They wanted to create an alternative lifestyle. Their projects were dominated by a consumerists approach: once something becomes unusable, you throw it out and get a new one. Trying to consider the alternative architecture, ideas remained on paper Authority of architecture is eliminated. architecture no longer dictates the form of the building, but the user becomes the centre of the design and they decide the shape and use of the dwelling. Form: ever-changing.

What architecture did mies build in a modern language?

#Barcelona Pavillion The clearest expressions of 1920s modernism. Built as a temporary structure for the international exhibition of that year Represents the cultural values of a new Germany distancing itself from its imperialist past. The brief from the German government stipulated 'clarity, simplicity, honesty'. Plan: no enclousre. Line between in/out is blurred. Glass walls to not draw a strict line between in/out Material: translated request of putting german flag into Archi elemts. int: red/ yellow onyx and black carpet Ext: green marble, travertine

Whose reformation work cannot be categorized under any style?

#Carlo Scarpa All of his restorations, renovations were modern. In a historical, traditional setting, his interventions were minimal

What is the best example that opposed the 7 expressions of Facisim?

#Casa del fascio -obsession with transparency -doesn't ignore surrounding as windows are positioned to be mindful of ext/ int flow -fundamentally a cube with no facade -no ornamentation, no visual connection with surrounding buildings -facade = not free, not a 2d canvas but a volume that has in-between spaces (like internal courtyards and balconies) all elevations are intertwined with structure. the structure determines opening Against facisim -destroys symmetry -volumetric conception against fontlity -dynamic spaces: inbetween flow between int/ ext

Le Corbusiers work was no longer light, on pilotis, floating, but was grounded on site. What work shows this?

#Chapel of Norte Dame in Ronchamp France 1954 profound change in his direction of architecture -string sculptural form -each face of the chapel has a different composition -no longer a functional architecture but has walls of random thickness with windows positioned in between

What is Facisim? and what architecture is an example of Facisim?

#Facisim seeks to create new ideas with new people new tools used to express new ideas architecture is a useful tool to express new worlds Zeppelinfield was good at expressing new ideas

What is the key residential building by Mies?

#Farnsworth House -minimalistic approach; reflected in housing/ domestic setting -is the architecture art? or a response to function? -Stakeholder not happy with the outcome due to lack of privacy in the building without walls -floating above ground as location has a high chance of flood -8 white steel lifting up building -no front or back

Who was the influential American architect that was active in the first half of the 20th century?

#Frank Lloyd Wright

Who was practicing Facisim in Italy? what did they do?

#Giuseppe Terragni His projects abandoned the classic principles and introduced modern archi in Italy An independent protagonist of Italian Rationalism

What were some sculptural forms that Frank Lloyd Wright produced?

#Guggenheim Museum -White, spiral, sculptural Spiral around the building as a continuous spatial experience going down the building

What did Aldo Van Eyck bring into modern architecture?

#Humanising Emphasis on the social role of architecture. He believed that good architecture can make a social change. Influential in developing ideas about humanizing the more rigid, mechanistic aspects of modernism

What is the best example that shows all of the characteristics of New Brutalism? And the building that coined the term New Brutalism?

#Hunstanton School ~by Smithson -steel frame: exposed -Material: in found condition -Plan: apparent in form -emphasis on function and the creation for Nobel space (something new) -simple horizontal organization (Mies inspired)

Who was the American architect who was opposed to the idea of ignoring the history of architecture, of breaking free from the past? and brought the importance of past into architectural education?

#Louis Kahn

Architecturally speaking Aldo van Eyck had an interest in clusters. What project demonstrates this? how did his interest in anthropology inspire him?

#Municipal Orphanage -a cluster of buildings in irregular zigzag forms -zigzag pathways , no straight corridors. -Attention to unpredictable encounters and movement of people between units -creating a sense of community housing 125 children & 8 families -bringing contradictory elements together: a bridge between classicism and anti-classicism/ form and function interested in anthropology -looking at vernacular settlements tied to climate, topography and use of local materials. -no hierarchy between the organization of settlements These concepts were incorporated into his contemporary projects e.g Part Whole relationship house os a tiny city. but despite scale, each is individual but also has a connection to wider community

What design movement is key to bringing the relevance of regional differences to the language of modern architecture? What 3 characteristics did it show?

#New Brutalism: According to Reyner Banham, their architecture was characterized by -the formal legibility of the plan form of the building is a complete translation of the plan -honest use of materials Material = raw. not coated by another material -Structure exposed: Clear exhibition or expression of a building's structure and services structure of building is exposed, not concealed or hidden

Who built the Glass House? Why was the Glass house important to modern aarchitecture?

#Philip Johnson

What project shows the an attempt to offering an alternative, futuristic lifestyle?

#Plug in City by Peter Cook A megastructure with tubes that can be plugged in. When the tubes become out of use, it can be thrown out and replaced -collectivity: made of interchangeable apartment units -Dense: multipurpose environment -Everchanging: aesthetic of incompleteness, continuously changing form as more tubes plugged in or out. Give authority to the user Purpose of changeability was to not care about looks but the comfort of the user. The architect has no control over the megastructure.

What was Wrights early work? What was its characteristics?

#Prairie School Style Architecture In his prairie houses Wright employed new construction technology (cantilever in the Robbie and Kaufmann houses) whilst still insisting on the ultimate authority of expressing traditional materials usually marked by -emphasis on nature, craftsmanship and simplicity -strong emphasis on horizontality (via windows) contrasted with vertical chimneys -flat or hipped roofs with overhanging eaves, -an honest expression of materials -open plan -solid construction, -craftsmanship, -restraint in the use of decoration. -its integration with the surrounding landscape, This idea of a buildings psychological rooting to the landscape coined the term "Usonia"

Who begun to question the relevance of universality in Modernism?

#Team X -including Alison and Peter Smithson and Aldo van Eyck from 1953 CIAM was under increasing attack from the younger members (Smithson &van Eyck) These young achis were challenging CIAM's ideas about modern Urbanism and zoning cities. Instead, they took a more humanistic approach and promoted community values and neighborhoods. Team X replaced CIAM after the 10th meeting

Who was one of the founding member of De Stijl?

#Theo Van Boesburg -A dutch painter who produced abstract art with simple geometric form Moved to Bauhaus and started to teach at Bauhaus.

What was happening in Russia after the Russian revolution?

#Theres a quest for change, dynamism and a better future which were the promises of modernity A sense of optimism and a belief to reconstruct the society.

In terms of materiality, materials are used in their raw state, as they are, rather than being cladded. Which building shows this?

#Unite d Habitation Exterior: Beton Brunt. concrete remained at its natural form

Sun shading roofs were in Le Corbusier's later works. give examples

#Unite d Habitation used as a method to manipulate and change daylight when entering building

In what building did Le Corbusier apply the 5 points of new architecture?

#Villa Savoye

Who was one of the founding member of Bauhaus?

#Walter Gropius Bauhaus was a German school of applied art/ architecture initially inspired by arts and crafts and how sudents should be able to understand how to carve wood and deal with metal. But after Theo Van Doesburg's arrival, he changed direction to make art production relevant to the growing industry. Designers don't need to master the skill but give their ideas to the machine and the machine will execute and mass produce. Moved focus to design for industrial production and modernism.

What Louis kahn project captured the idea that monumental ideas can express the idea of human coming together?

#research laboratory -respects human institutions -believed in ability to give physical and emotional presence -encourages human encounters -limited materials used in an honest way. Honesty allowed materials to express functionality #Philips Exter Academic Library Monumentalise human collective importance of humans over books -simple plan. cuts the corners and turns them into entrances. welcomes people from all corners These buildings captured the idea that the monuments can be monumental of humans coming together, and hence has high respect for institutions

8. Opposition to Chinese Archi departure from tradition to modernism?

#series of projects during 1920-30s that were built to look explicitly "Chinese", as a result, certain defining elements of traditional Chinese archi were used on the roof etc.

What was the aesthetic characteristics of international style?

-Dominance of volume (rather than mass) -Regularity (as opposed to symmetry) -Dependence on material perfection and technical perfection (rather than using ornamentation) After putting together all the different projects exhibited at MOMA they identified the key characteristics: -most of the projects used lightweight material and technique (in contrast to heavy brick/ stone) -use of synthetic modern materials (steel glass concrete) -emphasis on modular parts -skeleton framework (rather than masonry)

8. What is characteristic of Louis Kahn's architecture?

-Honest expression of materials -spatial idea: the division between served and service areas

What are the 7 expressions of facisim?

-disinterest in social/ functional context -doesn't care of surroundings -symmetry and proportional harmony -has a dominant facade (projects have specific orientations -Heavy volumetric arrangement (sits heavily and shows that thats all- especially corners) -pistaste for light structures (permanent) -static spaces, closed to the outside (man = obstacle, create environment where people feel small and isolated inside) -Building isolated from surrounding

What was Le Corbusier interested in

-urban planning #completed several visionary projects for bothe real and ideal cities -House Single residential houses -Housing production of mass housing

Why was Norte Dame a profound change in Le Corbusier's design?

5 points of archi gone -free plan/ free facade: not followed -shift from functionalist pure geometric forms pf modernism to natural organic forms, more complex, more ambiguous and vernacular archi that connects to local archi -machine aesthetic replaced with natural -idea of formula, a modular design has disappeared. The idea of repetition and mass production is no longer applied. Each indivisual work in now unique

What did Adolf Loos identify in the classing system of Austrian society?

A new type of middle class in Austria He thought if they spent a lot of time handcrafting, they are wasting their time, energy, and money. So this class doesnt need to waste all its resources on handcrafts and so theres no point of using ornamentations

Who formulated the aesthetic of Modern Arch? What does this aesthetic look like?

Adolf Loos His projects formed and constructed the look of modern architecture. What does a modern building look like? An architecture without style. Modern archi in its initial phase is conscious of not falling into the same categorization of historic styles 26:54

#Who criticised that what Wagner was doing was not modern architecture?

Adolf Loos because there were decorative elements in the buildings for Adolf Loos the existence of ornaments are a symbol of a culture that is falling apart rather than a culture that is progressive.

Who coined the idea of Raumplan

Adolf Loos rooms connecting in a way that make the transition imperceptible

After WW2 what were the significant changes in Le Corbusier's domestic and large scale designs?

After WW2 Corbusier abandoned some of his previous WW2 ideas and shifted towards an opposite direction. In domestic projects he returns to the language of vernacular by using natural materials and primitive models. In larger projects he embraces the monumentality of classism

In Netherlands what was the two opposing movements that embraced modernisation and were against historicism?

Amsterdam School -looking at local materials: movement characterised by the use of red bricks -more personal and individualistic designs De Stijl -rationalistic and impersonal #Schroder House consists of a series of sliding planes no curves, no symmetry, a dynamic asymmetry with orthogonal geometry Fluid spaces that are not captured or constrained by rooms, but the spaces flow into each other. Using planes to design spaces Emphasis on machine imagery. How the architectural space operates

What does the works of Albert Speer demonstrate? What work demonstrates this?

An architecture that embraced nationalism #Zeppelinfield Architecture starts make people feel/ believe specific ways eg make them feel small bold, monumental, classicim, massive scale housed the allies of Nazi heavy symbolism rich materials theatrical design: creates an atmosphere

#What is the response to the indutralisation city/ population growth and new building types on a city scale? Which architect made this response?

Anti-industrialization movement Ebenzer Howard "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" -1902 combined the good aspects of city/country and found the middle ground idea small circle cities connected to each other with a railway

Why did archigram criticise modern archi?

Archigram was a reminder that modernism had lost its technological nerve. Futuristic vision of dissociating with the past is forgotten and modernism has fallen into the same categorization in having its own style. Broadly, it contended that architecture should not create fixed volumes of space to be mutely inhabited, less still shaped masses of masonry, but must provide the equipment for "living," for "being."

Why was art nouveau abandoning historic styles?

Art Nouveau was initially an interior decoration convention and the name of the shop that was selling handicraft objects. It was concerned with abandoning revivalists and historic styles, "rejection of the past" It was derived from abstraction of nature and as a result we see organic forms and sinuous lines Material: the use of iron as a decorative element in the buildings facade. Initially architects were resistant to use iron as it was a light weightless material and not expressing the idea of stability and firmness

What was the reaction to the industrialization of the city on an architectural scale?

Arts and Crafts movement the idea of retreating all together from the city to nature -Emphasis on looking at traditional buildings -using local materials -attention to the harmony with the surrounding

9. What is the name of the group whose aim was to make archi relevant to the reality of the time? eg standardization, mass housing was at the top of their agenda who dominated this group? What were some of the key problems of CIAM's approach towards urbanism?

CIAM dominated by Le Corbusier's ideas on urban schemes; particularly the zoning of the cities Some of the controversial approaches: • A claim that buildings have universal applicability • zoning of city plans • Use of high density apartment blocks to answer growing population • Rigid and dogmatic language that weren't flexible

Why was this exhibition influential?

Captures/ summarised the key characteristics of this new type of architecture that was emerging, which they called the "international style" Important exhibition because it brought modern architecture to the US

What are the new materials that emerged?

Cast (compression)/ wrought iron (tension) and steel development These new materials were pushed forward in ambitious structures by engineers in projects such as bridges, towers, factories technical advancement and new building types due to industrial revolution led to new building types

8. how did modern archi emerge in China? Modern architecture in China can be associated with these two moments, the Chinese archi changing points? (date, name)

China, like most traditional countries, had a thousand years of continuity. As each dynasty appears, the style of archi grows from the previous and there is no break between them #1911- revolution thousands of years of rulership by dynasties came to an end with the revolution of 1911 when the Republic of China was created. #1949-communism introduced Modernisim in China Both of these revolutions paved the way for a break from previous styles. New technologies were embraced because they facilitate the need to construct urban infrastructures such as railways, factories

Can Scarpa be considered a craftsman?

Craftsman follows a rule that have been passed down for generations. So objects created are not unique. Scarpa doesnt follow a rule. He breaks the rule. He's experimental. What they share is the slow process.

A way of making boring modernism more interesting (beyond white, flat-roofed, cube)

Critical Regionalism -After WW2. -associated with the issue of national identity -design philosopy: can archi express national sentiment? Rejected international style in favor of local vernaculars (resistance to becoming westernised). Didnt return to past styles, but engaged with modern technology to answer for the facicities of the site, including considerations for the local material, tradition, climate, topography. -Regional architects: Against the idea that modern archi shld be universal. Critical regionalism is not a style, they just share similarties of: -not embracing nor rejecting modernism -conscious of its location -embrace tectonic(materiality) rather than its look -sensitive to textile(touch) as well as other senses (noise, smell) hence engaging the whole body -merge local with universal -attempts to escape universal lang

#What's the name of architecture that used new materials such as iron and glass in ambitious structures?

Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton An international trade fair demonstrating Britains industrial leadership to the other industrialized nations. Wanted to show other countries the greatness of Britain 564 m long, modular iron framework filled with glass. Made in 9 months (speedy construction). It showed Britans industrial leadership to the other industrialised nations.

Who demonstrated Rational responses to mechanization? In what region?

France: Use of reinforced concrete August Perret taught Le Corbusier how to use reinforced concrete in residential buildings #designed the apartment in Paris embracing new materials in a rational way Germany: Deutsche Werkbund -organisation An alliance between artist architects, designers and manufacturers and work together to mass produce everyday objects Purpose: to focus the creativity of designers on the reality of industrial production A group established to industrialise (mass produce) the art production

Who demonstrated emotional responses to mechanization?

Germany: Expressionism #Enrich Mendleson: Einstein Tower Italy: Futurism embracing the dynamism, war, and instability

Why was Alvar Aalto's architecture a little different?

His archi was human centred and paid attention to regional differences He enriched modernism by -bringing architecture that correspond to the human -using local materials; therefore the pallet of material in Aalto's work was rich in contrast to modern architectures obsession with white walls, simplicity, transparency and glass

What was the zoning for the city in Le Corbusiers urban schemes?

If you want the cities to run well, it must be divided into 4 zones: -work -leisure -transportation -residential

Why was Russian Constructivism not well recieved in Totalitarian Regime ?

In Russian Constructivism we see elements of modern arch. We see the promise, the dynamism, the transformation, the instability. Totalitarians were in favor of architecture that were classic and showed order, stability, grandeur, and enduringness. Totalitarians wanted to use architecture as a tool to establish power

What was the name of the exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)? Whose work was included?

International style Mies

What style was a living organism? a biological matter? An architecture that can change and transform?

Japanese Metabolism

Problems of the term critical regionalism

Just a Euro-American formula to express a deviation from the mainstream. Anything other than authentic EuroAmerican modernity is considered traditional/ secondary. Secondary: sub category, work of a post-colonial notion Traditional. Had no originality but designs were a reaction to anything happening in the centre. Idea: colonia country always consious of centre and unable to create own identity.

Who was arguably the most important protagonist of modern architecture in the 1920s? Who coined the 5 points of new architecture and what is it?

Le Corbusier -free plan -free facade -ribbon (horizontal windows) roof garden -pilotis if architecture is to be modern, it must include these 5 key points

Who said the famous quote "house is a machine for living in"? What do they mean by this

Le Corbusier The house shldnt look like a machine, but the house should perform like a machine. Be efficient, be accurate, be precise

How is Le corbusier and Metabolism different?

Le corbusier: house is a machine for living. Metabolists: not a machine but a living organisim. New way of thinking modernism. It changes and grows

Who re-examined the idea of monumental? during a time where monuments were understood as a stable figure that solidified the dominant power. hence modern arch was reluctant to use architecture in a monumental setting

Louis Kahn changed this perception. through his projects he showed that a monument can also monumentalise other stuff. Not just the dominant power, but it can monumentalise the human power, community etc

What is the key difference between Louis Kahn's Richards Medical Research Building, Uni. of Pennsylvania, 1957-1965. and Renzo Piano/ Richard Roger's Pompidou Centre, Paris, 1971-1977. (high tech style)

Louis Kahn: key principle is the seperation between served and service areas. This seperation was expressed in the form of the building. Difference: For Kahn, the service area needs to be concealed, be hidden whilst in the Popidous centre, everything is exposed. all the tubes, mechanical elements are exposed. Brief: wanted the columns to be reduced in the interior. So the trusses are designed in a way to support without many columns disrupting interior flow. Facade: structure, lift both exposed. Colours used are decorative and cordinated into its functions

#Whose the key figure of developing skyscrapers?

Louis Sullivan For Sullivan, skyscraper was the inevitable product of social and technological forces. He looked at situations in organic terms. "Form follows function" Thinking of appropriate forms for new types of buildings Chicago was becoming a capitalist city and was wanting to become efficient in terms of its production but it was facing problems like rise of population and land value. This new type of building "skyscrapers" appear as a solution for this problem

Who was the German modern archi protagonist?

Mies Van der Roche Was not into politics, didn't care who was in power and stayed in Germany as long as he could, But Nazi didn't accept modern archi. They wanted classic revival style of buildings. Mies left Germany for America as he could no longer practice architecture in a Modern Language.

During the middle of 20th century all architecture became the same. How did pioneers react to this? After 1930s Le Corbusier changed his approach. How?

Mies, Groupius, Corbusier showed good examples of modern architecture. But the language it created was one that referred to WHITE SIMPLE BOXES that architects were repeating all over the city. Citizens begun to feel alienated as they cldn't associate with them. During the middle of 20th century pionners questioned how they cld rescue modern arch. Frank Lloyd wright looks at exotic japanese archi for inspo, Alvar aalto created humanistic archi. Le Corbusier also changed his archi RADICALLY. They became more organic. He started to use local, traditional materials with texture i.e concrete with raw surfaces. Beton Bint aesthtic developed. His projects were no longer light, on pilotis, floating, but was grounded on site.

What is the name of Swedish archi that was produced during WW11

New Empiricism Sweden: neutral during war, therefore war didn't impact its development the way it did other countries who were at war for 4-6 yrs. They had the luxury to develop their own style. New Empiricism was favoured by old British Archis but young/ radical archis rejected New Empiricism cause it was detached from the realities of working class. (dissociated from everyday life)

#Art Nouveau was occurring in Belgium. What was happening in Vienna, Austria?

Otto Wagner pushed the idea of using iron/ steel as the structure of the building and use it in a raw state eg Post Office saving Bank the framework/ structure of the saving bank was exposed when you enter the building. However the facade used stones in a decorative way

#Whose the Most famous architect for gothic revival

Pugin: criticised the polluted and congested cities and thought gothic style could cure the society

#best example of an arts and craft architecture

Red House By Philip Webb for William Morris Their criticism for industrialization was that machines were taking away the joy of handicraft. They were resistant towards industrialization because they thought the joy of craftsmanship was lost through a machine.

What are the new types of buildings?

Skyscrapers in Chicago These developed simultaneously with the development of steel structure, elevators and immigration from rural to city therefore there was a dense urban fabric with large population of people so theres a need to go up. At the same time modern transportation is developing, so people living on the outskirts could commute easily to city centres

most famous roman architecture

The Pantheon Roman architecture built in 100-25 AD In Rome, Italy -Circular geometry in comparison to rigid Greek archi -technological advancement allowed roman archis to work with circular geometry and develop the round dome. -coffering on ceiling -niches on walls

most famous greek architecture Describe its design principles

The Parthenon Greek Architecture built in 447-438 BCE A peristyle temple with Doric columns Also known as Acropolis (site of famous Greek ruins) of Athene Has a curved foundation and stylobate (the base that supports columns) The largest temple of the time Consists of an enclosed space housing the statue of Athena surrounded by a series of colonnade (peristyle format)

What was the key design element of Japanese Metabolism?

The dominance of megastructure Plug in capsules into the megastructure and once they decay, you can throw them out and insert a new capsule The term Metabolism refers to the projects and ideas developed by the members of this group in the 1960s and early 1970s. This includes large-scale urban projects(megastructures), formulated in response to both rapid urbanisation and the perceived inadequacy of small scale urban planning. For the Metabolists, architecture should not be static but be capable of undergoing "metabolic" changes; instead of thinking in terms of fixed form and function, these architects concentrated on changeability of space and function. The Metabolists' are interested in the repetition of simple spatial cells. A key theme was that buildings should be designed to accommodate future growth and development. Structures and service cores were fixed, but existing floors could be replaced and new floors could be added.

What is the idea associated with Le Corbusier?

The idea of Architectural promenade The journey towards a building and how the building reveals itself gradually as you approach it

Who was influential to changing the direction of Bauhaus?

Theo Van Doesburg Made art production at Bauhaus relevant for industrialization and mass production of objects

Whats happening during 18-19th century Why was battle of the styles happening What was triggering the battle of the styles

Theres a series of revivals: roman, greek, renaissance, baroque etc. Whats happening: battle of the styles. Search for a true style The reason they have access to all these information is because of industrial revolution and rise of scientific research. Scientists and archaeologists have more and more accurate info about the past and it was up to the architect which era they chose to revive.

Utopian and Urban Projects design philosophy. what was the purpose of these designs?

Utopian and Urban Projects were often developed in reaction against haphazard development, inner-city congestion and monotonous suburban sprawl.

name the 5 pioneers of modern architecture

Walter Gropius W4L1 Le Corbusier W4L2 W7L1 Frank Lloyd Wright W5L1 Mies Van der Rohe W6L1 Alvar Aalto W5L2 Louis Kahn W7L1

What were the 2 responses to mechanization?

William Curtis author of book argued that there were 2 reactions to mechanization Rational and functional responses to mechanization Emotional/ intuitive responses to mechanization

When did modern architecture emerge? What time period?

between 18 and 19th century at a time when the style of architecture was revival and neo classicism During the 18th century we have -industrialisation -rise of modern science -spread of urban cities -expanding knowledge Based on these changes, they now have access to all knowledge of previous eras ie classicism because they have the tools to research the ruins They are bringing past knowledge together and applying it to the architecture of the 18th and 19th century. This is known as neo classicism/ revival (going back to past styles) Modern architecture emerges at this particular moment. to rebel against the continuity from the past and be radically different. Modern Architecture wants no connection with the past. Depart from the past

What are the 3 new things that are emerging as a result of industrialization?

new type, new form and new materials New materials have new capacities shift from hand made to machine made technical transformation: exploration of iron use was mainly undertaken by engineers. New building types. these buildings were built for rapid erection, not permanent structures (short lifespan) building cost reduced due to minimized weight of iron