module 1 bio

A virus can be defined as

. . . an obligate intracellular parasite.

The Spanish flu infected one-third of the world's population, killing between

50 or fifty

How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?

500 million

What is an antiviral medication? Multiple choice question.

A medication that treats viruses by targeting specific aspects of their life cycle.

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material.

Which of these immune cells produces antibodies that can bind antigens?

B lymphocytes

Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a transitional fossil?

Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology?

Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called anatomy,

Comparative

A flu virus with the name A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H1N1) originated in which host?

Duck

Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution?

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

Which of the following are structural components found in all viruses?

Genetic material and a capsid

Which of these best explains the role of the immune system in protecting the body from pathogens?

It destroys pathogens and infected cells, produces antibodies, and targets infected cells.

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

Its release causes the capillaries to leak fluid that slows pathogen movement while also increasing blood flow.

Which type of influenza A spike helps to initiate penetration of the virus in the host cell?

N spikes

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age evolutionary change becomes apparent.

Old to young

Because individuals vary in their traits, compete for resources, and vary in their fitness, the final component of natural selection results. What is this final step?

Populations become adapted to their environment.

The genetic material of all living things is DNA, as far as we know. Viruses, however, may also use ______ as their genetic material

RNA

Viruses can have which of the following forms of genetic material?

RNA DNA

Influenza is a(n) ______ virus surrounded by ______.

RNA; a capsid and an envelope

In the quest to produce effective influenza vaccinations, what are the consequences of evolution in the virus?

Sometimes the vaccines are not effective because predictions about the path of the viral evolution don't hold up.

What is the name for white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that mature in the thymus to develop receptors for a single form of antigen?

T lymphocytes

Which of these is the primary target cell of influenza A in the human body?

The epithelial cells that line the respiratory system

Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time?

The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).

How does the immune system system distinguish "self" from "non-self" as it targets and destroys cells in the body? Multiple choice question.

The immune system recognizes the glycoproteins on the surface of its own cells as "self."

Which best describes the consequences of evolution on producing effective influenza viruses?

The process is more challenging because the virus evolves quickly.

Which of these is the most common form of the influenza vaccine?

The trivalent injectable vaccine

How does the influenza A virus target a host cell?

The virus has H spikes that are specific to receptors on the surface of the host cell.

Which of the following describes how the flu affects the respiratory system?

The virus targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, producing proteins that interfere with their function.

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form.

Which of these best explains how influenza vaccines are produced?

Viral strains are selected well ahead of flu season based on their threat and our ability to make a vaccine against them. Vaccines are then produced using one of three common methods. This process can take up to six months.

Which is the best general explanation of how viruses reproduce?

Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves

Which of these explains the general process of how viruses reproduce

Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselve

Which of these explains the general process of how viruses reproduce?

Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves

What is the structure on a virus known as a spike?

a glycoprotein on the surface of the virus that assists the virus in identifying and entering its host cell

Which method of influenza evolution can be attributed in large part to the efficiency of RNA polymerase?

antigenic drift

Local influenza outbreaks are most likely the result of which mechanism of influenza evolution?

antigenic drifty

During the immune response to influenza, the white blood cells release ______, which are chemical signals whose actions cause digestive, muscular, nervous, and integumentary symptoms. Multiple choice question.

cytokines

The influenza virus targets which types of cells in the human body?

epithelial cells

The scientific definition of ______ refers to changes in a species or population over time

evolution

Global influenza outbreaks are most likely the effect of

evolution of the virus via antigenic shift.

The quadrivalent influenza vaccine contains

four different influenza strains: three found in the other injectable form of the vaccine, and B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) virus.

During the inflammatory response, a chemical signal called increases capillary permeability and causes fluid to be released in the area of a wound.

histamine

Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in

homologous structures.

Cell-mediated adaptive immunity targets primarily ______ antigens, while antibody-mediated immunity targets ______ antigens

intracellular, extracellular

are proteins that alert the organs to the presence of a pathogen.

its potential to evolve quickly

The ______ flu vaccine can cause some flu-like symptoms.

nasal spray

Which of these cells is part of innate immune defenses

natural killer cells

Phagocytes, like macrophages, are examples of

one of the categories of innate immune defenses.

The skin and its mucous membranes are an example of

part of the innate defenses called barriers to entry.

Which type of selection favors the most common variant for a trait in a population?

stabilizing selection

Antigenic drift is a process that occurs when

there are changes on the surface spikes of the influenza virus because of mutations.

The trivalent influenza vaccine contains

three different strains of influenza, which are chosen specifically each year.

How does influenza enter the body

through the nose or mouth

An obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate itself using the cellular machinery of a host cell is called

virus

Which of the following flu viruses has an human host of origin?

A/Fujan/411/2002 (H3N2

Which type of influenza A spike helps the virus to identify receptors on the host cell?

H spikes

Which of these is a description of how the flu affects the body systems?

The virus releases proteins that disrupt respiratory epithelial cells and the immune system releases cytokines in response to the virus that cause multiple symptoms in the respiratory and other body systems.

Why is it challenging to choose influenza strains to include in vaccines?

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology

Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures?

a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing

What is a cytokine?

a chemical signal of the immune response

What is a transitional fossil

a fossil that provides a link between groups of organisms

Which of these can be attributed to the outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1918

a new variant of the influenza virus

Which of these best describes the role of cell-mediated immunity

a specific mechanism of defense in which T cells destroy antigen-bearing cells

During the process of choosing strains for the annual influenza vaccine, which of the following characteristics is most likely to qualify a strain to be included?

a strain that has a high potential for causing global pandemic

The lytic cycle is best defined as

a viral life cycle during which a virus penetrates a host cell and immediately begins to use the cell's materials and machinery to copy itself.

The lysogenic cycle is best defined as

a viral life cycle that includes a period of latency during which the viral DNA is copied along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus.

The flu vaccine generates ______ immunity because it exposes the body directly to the viral antigen.

active

Of the two main types of immunity, only the immune response is able to remember past exposure to pathogens.

adaptive

Which type of immunity is capable of identifying infected body cells as well as pathogens in the blood because it responds to the presence of specific antigens?

adaptive immunity

During the inflammatory response, histamine

allows white blood cells and clotting factor to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased.

Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures.

analogous

B lymphocytes produce That can bind specific

antibodies or antibody Blank 2: antigens or antigen

A protein produced by B lymphocytes that can bind a specific antigen is called a(n

antibody

The role of antibody-mediated immunity is to create antibodies that bind a specific

antigen

Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts?

antigenic shift

Nonspecific immune cells destroy pathogens and infected cells, while specific immune responses target present in the body cells or its fluids.

antigens

What is the target of specific immune responses?

antigens.

Medications that treat viruses by targeting the life cycle of a virus are called medications.

antiviral

The cytokines released by the white blood cells in response to infection

are proteins that alert the organs to the presence of a pathogen.

An influenza virus targets a host cell using its

capsid proteins.

The evolution of a species is driven by genetic , which can be passed from one generation to the ne

change

Evolution, by its scientific definition, refers to

changes in a species or population over time.

The H1N1 flu outbreak in 2009, to which the human immune system was slow to respond, resulted from

changes in the virus caused by antigenic shift.

Proteins released by the white blood cells of the immune system during influenza infection are called

cytokines

The various chemical signals of the immune response, which include small proteins like histamine, are collectively called .

cytokines

During the immune response to influenza infection, which of these causes a host of flu symptoms including chills, fever, and nausea

cytokines produced by white blood cells of the immune system

Flu symptoms like nausea, fever, and chills are caused by

cytokines release during the body's immune response to the influenza virus.

Which type of selection favors both extremes, making the most common variant for a trait in a population detrimental?

disruptive selection

Select all of the characteristics of influenza viruses.

envelope RNA capsid spikes

The forelimbs of modern vertebrates are homologous structures, meaning that they may have changed evolutionarily to perform different functions, but they

evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would

favor this variation.

The process of natural selection

favors some mutations, when they increase fitness.

Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term

fitness

One of the components of the process of natural selection is based upon an individual's ability to compete for resources in order to survive and reproduce. This component addresses the

fitness of individuals.

Evolution is the result of

genetic changes within a species or population over time

Which of these helps the immune system to distinguish the body's own cells from foreign cells, like pathogens

glycoproteins

During the inflammatory response, macrophages

identify and destroy bacteria or viruses in the vicinity of the wound.

The symptoms associated with the flu are largely the result of a reaction by the ______ system to the virus.

immune

General, nonspecific immune defense against pathogens is called

innate immunity

The viral life cycle during which a virus integrates into the host cell genome and delays its own reproduction is called the ______ cycle.

lysogenic

The viral life cycle during which a virus immediately begins using a host cell's resources to manufacture new viruses is called the ______ cycle.

lytic

The cells that identify and destroy pathogens during an inflammatory response are called

macrophages

Cytokines produced during influenza infection that break down muscle fibers and cause fluid to accumulate cause

muscular symptoms like joint and muscle aches.

In support of the idea that species change over time, Darwin proposed a four step process called

natural selection.

The process that drives evolution, and relies on variation in individuals, competition among individuals, differences in individual fitness, and adaptation to the environment, is called

natural selection.

An antibody is a type of ______ that binds an antigen in one form of adaptive immune response.

protein

All viruses have genetic material and a

protein capsid.

The adaptive immune response can Multiple choice question.

remember past exposure to pathogens.

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful Multiple choice question.

reproduction.

What effect does vaccination have on immune response time upon secondary exposure to a pathogen?

response time is shorter

Glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza A, the types of which are included in the name of the virus, are called ______

spikes

Cell-mediated immunity serves which immune function?

targeted destruction of cells in the body that are infected with a pathogen and display an antigen specific to that pathogen

Which of these is an example of an innate immune defense?

the body's initial inflammatory response to injury

Which body system is most responsible for the majority of flu symptoms

the immune system

After influenza has entered the respiratory system, in which of these places would you expect it to be found next? Multiple choice question.

the pharynx

Fossils that provide some information about intermediate organisms between groups, like birds and reptiles, are called ______ fossils.

transitional

Antigenic shift is a process that occurs when Multiple choice question.

two different forms of the influenza virus infect the same host cell, which reproduces elements of both virus to create a new form.

T lymphocytes are

white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that mature in the thymus and later develop single receptors for a single form of antigen.