Module 1 - CM 2116
SI
Metric drafting symbols
Chapter 4...begins below
Understanding Dimensions
Chapter 3 .....begins below
Understanding lines types
Dashes should be joined at comers;...
likewise, arcs should begin with dashes at tangent points.
Project reporting
*The computer is an ideal instrument for generating project reports, cost estimates, and other business documents. *CADD database capabilities include linking specific nongraphic information with graphic elements. *changes made to drawings and values in reports are automatically updated.
2.5 Title Blocks
*Title block to be included on each page of a set of blueprints. *typically located in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing frame. IMPT: many company use customized sheets with different title block layout, blocks moved to upper-right side *Information to be included in title block: 1. name of project 2. drawing and sheet numbers 3. Drawing title 4. Drawing number 5. Date that drawing was made 5. Initial of who made it 6. revisions to be noted in title block 7. Scale of project 8. Drawing or sheet identification. 9.Other information as required. --> other information that is normally required: *name & location of activity *specs and contract numbers *preparing activity including the Architect and Engineer (A-E) *firm (if applicable) *surnames of personnel who prepared drawings --> other information that is sometimes included: name of the consultant, architect, engineer, or designer and the signature of the approving authority.
3. Working Drawing
*also called project and construction drawings *working drawings include all the drawings required by the various trades to complete a project. *show the size, quantity, location, and relationship of the building components.
Using scale
*scale notations with every drawing *scale of drawing noted in title block *scale used depends on: -actual size of project -amount of detail needed -size of sheet selected for drawing -amount of dimensioning and notation needed -common practices
IMPORTANT: all types of dimensions are composed of two parts
1.the nominal value, which is the "ideal" size of the feature 2. the tolerance, which specifies the amount that the value may vary above and below the nominal.
dimension
= is a numerical value expressed in an appropriate unit of measure. *indicated on drawings along with lines, arrows, symbols, and notes to define the size and specification of an object. *Dimensions are a process of incorporating numerical values onto drawings to enable sizing different elements & locating parts of a building and objects.
Technical drawing/ drafting
= is the practice of creating accurate representations of objects for architectural and engineering needs. *Manual Drafting *Lettering *CAD/ CADD
Lettering
= is used on construction drawings as a means to provide written information. *4 basic classifications: -Roman -Gothic -Script -Text --> every style can be produced in italic
1. Object lines
= known as visible lines, are solid lines used mainly to define the shape and size of a structure or object. *continuous prominent lines representing the edges of surfaces or the intersection of two surfaces
Diametral dimensions
= use a circle with a forward-leaning diagonal line through it, called the diameter symbol, followed by the value for the diameter.
Extension Lines
=Extension lines are used in dimensioning to show the size of an object. *Extension lines are thin, dark, solid lines that extend from an object at the exact locations between which dimensions are to be placed. -->1/16inches of space between object and beginning of extension line *fine lines that relate to dimension lines. *Extension Lines do not touch features, instead they start about 1/6 inch (4.23 mm) from the feature and extend about 1/8 inch (3.175 mm) beyond the arrowheads of the dimension line.
Leader Lines & Arrowheads
=Leader lines are fine lines terminating with an arrowhead or dot at one end *drawn at an angle OR straight from the principal lines OR free-curved manner *Leader lines are used to label elements
Scales
=Scales require distinct machine-divided markings coupled with sharp edges to achieve accurate measurements. *The shape of the scales may be triangular, flat, or beveled, and they come in various sizes: -12inches (also available as 6inches) *Dimensions that are not drawn to scale are underlined Kubba, Sam; Kubba, Sam. Blueprint Reading (p. 66). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
4. Shop/assembly drawings
Shop and assembly drawings are technical drawings prepared by various contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers participating in the construction process to show how their product is to be made. These drawings should contain all the necessary information on the size, shape, material, and provisions for connections and attachments for each member.
ISO Standards
The ISO A series of sheet sizes is based on a constant width to length ratio of 1: √2. Each smaller sheet size is exactly half the area of the previous size, Each width is assigned a color code. The color code corresponds to that for the matching lettering stencil.
1. Diazo-Print Process
•blue lines on a white background •also known as Ozalid or blue-line prints How does it work? 1. printing process that utilizes ultraviolet light passing through a translucent original drawing to expose a chemically coated paper or print material underneath 2. Light does not pass through lines, chemical coating beneath lines remains unexposed 3. Print material exposed to ammonia vapor, this activates remaining chemical coating to produce blue lines -> can also produce black or sepia lines
CADD presentations
*CADD is primarily intend for single-line drafting but CADD 3D has many other features *objects can be created, viewed and look very realistic *fine drawings with hundreds of colors, line types, hatch patterns, presentation symbols, text styles, and other features WITH the option to instantly change features * a variety of ready-made symbols is available
Line types:
1. Object lines 2. Dashed lines
ANSI
=American National Standards Institute
ASME
=American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CADD
=Computer Aided Design and Drafting *electronic tool that enables you to rapidly create accurate drawings with the use of a computer. *reduces design time in comparison to manually drawing *drawings are neat, accurate, and highly presentable *drawings can be easily modified and converted to a variety of formats *drawings can be saved on the computer, a flash, a CD, or an external hard drive *since computer prices have dropped, many professionals have increasingly been taken advantage of CADD programs *variety of CADD programs with different specializations *There are programs that enable you to do 2D drawings, 3D drawings, renderings, shadings, punch lists, space planning, structural design, piping layouts, HVAC, plant design, project management, and other applications. *quick alteration with pinpoint accuracy *easy comparison of various options with minimal effort
ISO
=International Organization for Standardization ISO defines a set of standard metric line widths for drafting.
USITT
=United States Institute for Theatre Technology
Architect's scale
=normally flat or triangular in shape and come in different lengths. —>most popular: 12-inch (30-cm) triangular shape *all three sides of the triangle scale contain two scales on each usable surface. (except those with a 12-inch scale) *most common scales found on the triangular architect's scale: •1/32 inch = 1 foot (1/400 metric equivalent— often used for site plans—actual 1/384) •1/16 inch = 1 foot (1/200 metric equivalent— often used for large projects and small site plans—actual 1/192) •1/8 inch = 1 foot (1/100 metric equivalent— actual 1/96) •1/4 inch = 1 foot (1/50 metric equivalent—actual 1/48) •3/8 inch = 1 foot (no precise metric equivalent—actual 1/32) •1/2 inch = 1 foot (1/20 or 1/25 metric equivalent—actual 1/24) •3/4 inch = 1 foot (no precise equivalent—actual 1/16) •1 inch = 1 foot (one-twelfth fullsize—approximate equivalent 1/10) •1 1/2 inches = 1 foot (one-eighth full size) •3 inches = 1 foot (one-quarter full size)
NTS
=not to scale *detail is for illustration purposes only and not for extracting quantities and measurements.
line type
=patter of dashes, dots or gasps to make lines look different
Land measures:
measurements shown in feet and decimal parts of a foot, carried out to three places (55.478 feet) without the use of inches.
Dimension Conventions
*Dimension lines: number being centered and slightly above the line. *feet and inches need to be shown. Even if 0 e.g 10feet 0inches *Dimensions under a foot, are only displayed in inches *Overall or chain dimensions are placed outside the smaller dimensions *Arrowheads, dots, or slashes are placed at the extremities of dimension lines *Dimensions reflect actual building sizes irrespective of the scale used. * if grid lines are used, only one grid needs to be dimensioned *Door dimensions may be indicated in the floor-plan symbols or given in a door schedule. *Curved or angular leaders are often used to eliminate confusion with other dimension lines. *Dimensions showing location are given to centerlines of doors and windows on plan views. * study all the information available before making a determination regarding the dimensions in question. Check that there is no conflict or discrepancy with the information shown in other views.
Cutting-Plane Lines & Viewing-Plane Lines
*Lines consisting of two dots and a dash *used to show location of cutting planes for sectional views *arrows on the ends indicate direction in which section is observed *Lines or circular symbols are sometimes used at their ends to relate the cutting planes to their section views. *these lines are normally heavier than any other line on drawing
Edition capabilities of CADD:
*Move, copy, mirror, or rotate drawing elements with ease *Enlarge or reduce elements of a drawing *Make multiple copies of a drawing element *Add one or more drawings to another drawing *Change font style and size *Change units of measure of dimensions *Stretch drawings to fit new dimensions *Convert CADD drawings to other formats *CADD works with great accuracy *allows designer to work with different units of measure
2. Presentation drawings
*The purpose of presentation drawings is to present the proposed building or facility in an attractive setting at the proposed site for promotional purposes. *perspective view with colors and shading, but can also contain elevation views with shadows and landscaping *selling tool to land the client *This phase is also where the schematic design is developed, finalized, and approved by the client.
2. Dashed lines
*They are comprised of medium- or light-weight, uniformly sized broken lines consisting of evenly spaced short dashes and are generally intended to represent hidden surfaces or intersections of an object. BUT dashed lines have more than one purpose *On floor plans they may be used to represent features that lie above the planes e.g. high wall cabinets *On remodeling-job drawings, they are also used to indicate the position of preexisting construction. *used for relationship clarification or to show alternative positions of a movable component. *architectural drafting dashed lines may be applied in different weights to reflect their purpose
Metric's Scale
*according to ANSI, the most common SI units on drawings are millimeter mm 1. Architectural working drawings are to be dimensioned in millimeters (mm) and meters (m). 2. Plot plans and site plans are to be dimensioned in meters (m) or possibly kilometers (km), depending upon the scale, with accuracy to only three decimal places. *preferred method of metric dimensioning is called a soft conversion
6. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting
*benefits of CAD: lower product-development costs, faster processing, and a greatly shortened design cycle. *allows the consultant to focus on business of design *can be generated from most formats
1. Manual pencil drafting
*bold object lines (2H to B pencils) and light dimension lines, center lines, section lines, and so on (3H to 5H pencils) *Temporary construction lines, guidelines for lettering, and other types should be kept very light (7H or 8H) *Border lines for the drawing sheet and title block should be made bold (3B to 6B)
2. inked or computer-plotted drawings
*different pen widths are used to achieve similar effects (see Figure 3.1). When plotting (printing) using a laser or inkjet printer from a computer drawing in AutoCAD, these line-boldness conventions are replicated by configuring each line color as certain line widths.
Advantages of a computer's electronic filing system over traditional filing include:
*enables and encourages the creation of a highly organized and efficient environment. *large reduction of general working space *electronic drawings do not age or fade. *Files can be printed from disks/USB sticks/ etc *Files can be shared by several users; increased efficiency and teamwork *modifications can become instantly available to all users
2.4 Types of Blueprints
*providing accurate construction drawings helps ensure organization, reduces cost and time-consuming rework by the contractor
3. Border lines
*roughly twice as bold as object lines, which in turn are roughly twice as bold as dimension lines. In addition, AutoCAD drafting uses colors to emulate each thickness (black or white for objects, green for dimensions, blue for borders, etc.). In AutoCAD's print-dialogue box you are allowed to designate different line widths for each different color.
Indication of scale
*scale should be noted in title block *more than one scale, reference in title block as "scales are shown" *predominantly one scale, reference in title block as "or as shown"
1. Preliminary drawings: Preliminary-Design and Concept Drawings
*schematic design/concept-development drawings. *provides a convenient and practical basis for communication between the designer and the owner *these drawings are meant for exploratory purposes rather than construction
Problems with scaling
*size changes due to reproduction methods *last-minute forced dimension changes * varying degrees of drafting accuracy depending on the skills of the drafter.
linear dimension
*used for displaying and measuring length along the X or Y axis. *used to show absolute length FYI, can only be aligned along x or y axis. *extension lines are linear dimensions. -->spaced at the distance between two features and shown at each of the features *dimension lines are linear dimensions -->line perpendicular to the extension lines;
Revision Block
*usually located in right-hand corner *all revisions are noted, dated and identified by letter *optional description of revision with initials IMPT: If changes are made on the face of the drawing after it has been released for construction, a circle with a revision number or letter should accompany the change.
Most common methods to reproduce drawings:
1. Diazo-Print Process 2. Plain-Paper Process 3. Photocopy Process 4. Photographic Reproduction 5. Multicolor Offset Prints 6. Computer-Aided Design and Drafing
7 Functions of working drawings
1. Means for receiving a building permit. A building permit will be issued after approval of the drawings. 2. Used for competitive bidding. 3. provide instruction for construction 4. Used for material take-offs e.g. Labor, material, and other estimates 5. permanent record for future use 6. can be used as a basis for leasing purposes 7. After project is awarded, the drawings build basis of the contract
General process and sequence for reading blueprints:
1. Verify that set of drawings and specs is completed PLUS verify documents are most current 2. Review site or plot plan for better understanding of setting of building & surroundings 3. visually scan architectural plans for rough understanding of project. 4. Review foundation plan, read general notes 5. Review structure's wall construction, material and methods 6. Review plumbing, mechanical and electrical drawings 7. Check all notes for revisions. Have building codes been incorporated. Are notes clear and no ambiguity? 8. Review specs and compare drawings to specs
2 standardized forms of dimension:
1. linear 2. ordinate
3 drawing scales
1. the architectural scale 2. the engineering scale 3. the metric scale.
Scale
= usually the graphic representation of the project, drawn to some proportion of the actual size of the project; usually 1/8 inch is equal to a foot.
Section Lines
=(also called cross-hatch lines) indicate the cut surface in a section view. Section lines are used to emphasize the cutting-plane surface and make the view easier to visualize. *usually consist of fine linework (thinner than object lines), typically angular (45 degrees),
Dimension Lines
=Dimension lines are solid lines that are used to indicate length. (similar in weight to extension lines) *representing the distance between extension lines *fine lines that are often broken at the dimension and ending with arrowheads, dots, or a small diagonal line *tip or point of arrowheads indicate exact distance (numerical dimension either at break in line or directly above lines center) *closed arrowhead preferred *tip or point of arrowhead touches extension line *size of arrow determined by thickness of dimension line *extension line usually projects 1/16 inch beyond dimension line
Symmetry lines
=are center lines used as axes of symmetry for partial views. *To identify the line of symmetry, two thick, short parallel lines are drawn at right angles to the center line. *used to represent partially drawn views and partial sections of symmetrical parts.
Lines
=are expressive tools on well-executed drawings
Area Dimension
=are two-dimensional and measure area. *often expressed as squares of linear dimensions. Examples of units of area that are not a square of a linear unit are the acre and hectare.
CAID
=computer-aided industrial design
CAM
=computer-aided manufacturing * can also be referred to as CAD/CAM
Property Lines
=define boundaries of a property *heavier than other lines on a site or plat plan
chain dimension
=dimension that can be added together to come up with one overall dimension. *usually expressed in a single line whenever possible.
Zoning
=drawing may sometimes be divided into a grid using letters and numbers. *typically located inside the drawing frame. *easy reference to various parts of the drawing
Contour Lines
=fine lines that are used mainly to delineate variations in a site's elevation. *if site is fairly even --> few if any contour lines *if site has significant slope -->plot plan will show number of contour lines
Drafting
=is an international graphic language that uses lines, symbols, and notes to describe a structure to be built.
Linear dimensions
=or linear units, are used to measure the distance between two points. *note in title block: "all dimensions in mm" or "unless otherwise stated all dimensions are in mm" *Thin lines are used for both projection lines and dimension lines
Leader
=radially aligned line with arrowhead pointing to the circular feature *used in conjunction with both diametral and radial dimensions.
phantom lines
=thin, dark lines that consist of a long dash and two short dashes. *lighter than cutting-pane lines *used mainly to show alternative positions of fixtures, movable partitions, motion *used to indicate repeated details and materials prior to machining
ordinate dimension
=used for measuring the length along any X or Y axis and displaying length as a text with the use of a leader. *used to show lengths of entities using leader lines
Radial dimensions
=used for measuring the radius of arcs, circles, and ellipses and displaying it with a leader line. *often use an R followed by radius
Civil Engineer's Scale
=used to measure distance on site and land-related plans such as construction site plans, among other uses. *measurements are divided into tenths, twentieths, etc., rather than halves, quarters, and eighths as the architect's scale does *engineer's scale has six scales: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60.
Common blueprint lettering
A: Architectural pages S: Structural pages P: Plumbing pages M: Mechanical pages E: Electrical pages IMPT: If blueprint is more than 30 pages it may be numbered as follows: A1 through A8 (eight architectural pages) S1 through S10 (10 structural pages) P1 through P3 (three plumbing pages) M1 through M4 (four mechanical pages) E1 through E5 (five electrical pages).
5. Specialized and miscellaneous drawings
Freehand sketches = drawings made without the aid of any type of drawing instruments. -->drawing is informal in character, may or may not be drawn to scale, and need not follow any particular format. Erection drawings, or erection diagrams = indicate the location and position of the various members in the finished structure. These drawings provide info such as: supplying the approximate weight of heavy pieces, the number of pieces, and other helpful data. Framing drawings =show the layouts and provide other relevant information about the various framing components. Falsework drawings = show temporary supports of timber or steel that are required sometimes in the erection of difficult or important structures. Master-plan drawings =commonly used in the architectural, topographical, and construction fields. They show sufficient features to be used as guides in long-range area development and contain a considerable amount of information including: section boundary lines, contour lines, acreage, existing utilities, rights-of-way and appurtenances, horizontal and vertical control data, locations and descriptions of existing and proposed structures, existing and proposed surfaced and unsurfaced roads and sidewalks, streams, and north-point indicator.
Are paper/ printed construction plans outdated?
No. Although construction plans are read regularly on computer screens and are being sent via computer to job sites, paper blueprint drawings remain the preferred medium on building sites.
CAAD
= computer-aided architectural design.
blueprint reading
= finding information on prints *information displayed on a drawing in the form of lines, notes, symbols, and schedules. *information located either in the title block or in the field of the drawing
Metric System
*originated in France in 1790s as an alternative to traditional English measurements *these days the majority of countries have adapted to this system. The US does not use the metric system. Advantages: *elimination of fractions on drawings *simpler calculations *international uniformity.
5.Multicolor Offset Prints
*prints produced in several colors *Various colors are used to highlight new work in relation to existing construction or to display complex mechanical or electrical systems in new projects. *use of multiple colors results in few mistakes and requires less time for interpreting the prints
Why everything is scaled?
*projects to large for actual size. everything needs to be drawn proportionately smaller to fit.
Break Lines
=fine straight lines with zig-zag-zig offsets to show a break or termination of a partial view or to omit portions of an object. *Architects use break lines to eliminate unimportant portions of details *used on detail and assembly drawings *Small break lines are often fine, ragged lines. *used to terminate features on a drawing when the extent of the feature has been clearly defined.
CHAPTER 2....
BEGINS BELOW
Center Lines
Center lines consist of thin (light), broken lines of alternating long and short dashes. *used to identify the centers of symmetrical objects such as a column, wall, or window. *used to indicate the center of a whole circle or part of a circle and to show that an object is symmetrical symbol: C/L *Center lines are symmetrical on the axis of circular features and are also used to locate centers of windows and door symbols on floor plans.
Detail Drawings
Detail drawings provide information about specific parts of the construction and are on a larger scale than general drawings. They show features that do not appear at all or are on too small a scale in general drawings. A detail contains both - graphic and written information. *typical scale for a detail is 3 inches to 1 foot. Scale for each detail will vary.
extension lines vs. dimension lines
Extension lines show the extent of a dimension Dimension lines show the length of the dimension and terminate at the related extension lines with slashes, arrowheads, or dots. The dimension number in feet and inches is placed above and near the center of the solid dimension line.
4 types of break lines
LONG BREAKS: A straight, thin line made with freehand zigzags SHORT BREAKS a thick freehand line WOOD PARTS a jagged line for wood parts. SPECIAL BREAKS used to show cylindrical and tubular parts and to indicate that an end view is not shown;
Line weights
Line weights: 1. Manual pencil drafting 2. inked or computer-plotted drawings 3. Border lines
Blueprint
•Composite of several plans e.g. foundation plan, floor plan, elevation section, mechanical plans and details •assembled in organized set of drawings •transmit as much info as an be places on paper •one or two dimensional views •pictorial description of construction project •prepared by Architect, designer or engineer consultant •info displayed in form of lines, notes, symbols, schedules •representation of what is to be constructed Definition: A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of a technical drawing documenting an object, an architecture or engineering design.
4. Photographic Reproduction
•Photostats can be made from an original drawing by using a large, specially designed camera that produces enlargements or reductions from the original work. -> white lines w dark background *Microfilming is also an excellent means of storing drawings, thus eliminating the need to retain cumbersome original tracings
3. Photo copy process
•gaining extensive use for copying engineering and architectural drawings •picture of the original drawing is used to then produce as many prints as required •advantage of making reductions or enlargements of the original drawing •popularity due mainly to the use of ordinary paper that does not require coating and avoids the possible hazards of ammonia
ANSI Standards for Blueprint Sheets
*ANSI Y14.2, Y14.3, and Y14.5 are the standards that are commonly used in the U.S. A-size: architectural (AR)8.5x11 inches engineer (E) 9x12 inches B-size/ tabloid: 11x17 inches (AR) OR 12x18 inches (E) C-size: 17x22 inches (AR) OR 18x24 inches (E) D-size: 22x35 inches (AR)OR 24x 36inches (E) and so on
List of building systems
•the building envelope •Building sure •interior systems •roofing systems •mechanical systems •plumbing systems •electrical & lightning systems •structural systems •vertical transportation systems •life safety, ADA, Security, Building Code, Air Quality
2. Plain-paper copies
•uses plain-paper machines •prints can be made from opaque originals (undurchlässig) •used when changes/modifications occur during development stage OR when original print needs to be on vellum or film •especially useful in printing CAD plots done on bond paper •effective in making copies from shop-worn originals onto durable polyester film or vellum media •enlarging or reduction of size possible
5 types of construction drawings
1. Preliminary drawings 2. Presentation drawings 3. Working drawings 4. Shop/assembly drawings 5. Specialized and miscellaneous drawings
Hidden lines should typically begin
and end with a dash, in contrast with the visible lines. But hidden lines to ombirren where they are unnecessariy. Examples of dashed-line representations include beams and headers, upper kitchen cabinets, undercounter appliances (e.g., dishwasher or refrigerator), or electrical circuit
Volume dimensions
are three-dimensional and are expressed as the cube of linear units.
CAD
computer-aided design *used to be called computer-aideded drafting *used to design, develop, and optimize the process to make a clean, clear, computer-generated construction drawing, accurately drafted as per specified dimensions.
larger sheets require..
..the use of thicker lines than smaller sheets.
AIA
=American Institute of Architects
scale is usually either half or double...
of the scale it is paired with.
