Module 1- Exam prep

How does caffeine influence metabolic pathways?

Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates

Living organisms require energy for

Mechanical work, transport work, and chemical work

Enzymes are ______

Proteins

In humans, energy stored in food is converted into ____ to perform work by the cells

ATP

A major difference between energy drinks and soft drinks is that soft drinks have _____, which are not found in energy drinks

Carbohydrates

Which organic nutrient class consists of monosaccharide monomers

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink? (A) Niacin (B) Caffeine (C) Folic Acid (D) Fats (E) Amino acids

D

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain

Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

Four

You are observing a protein structure model that is pleated sheets. Which level of protein structure does this represent?

Secondary

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in ____

Two monomers

Energy drinks do not contain energy. They contain ______ that interact with the body's metabolic pathway

Vitamins

Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they_______

Will not combine with water

The principal role for simple sugars in living organisms is to _______

create cellular energy

The second law of thermodynamics states that

during the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat

Cellular respiration is a process that

harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules

Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a ____ and starch is a ______

monomer, polymer

In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

required to start a reaction

The source of all energy is provided by _____

the sun

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics? (A) Energy is often destroyed (B) Energy can be changed from one form to another (C) Energy is always used up in reactions (D) All energy comes from the sun (E) Energy is conserved

B

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system? (A) Search out and destroy foreign substances, including viruses and bacteria (B) Absorb nutrients (C) Transmit hormonal messengers throughout the body (D) Make hemoglobin

B

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory? (A) They contain genes that are vastly different compared to bacterial genes (B) They cannot synthesize proteins (C) They have their own genomes (D) They have only a single membrane surrounding them

C

Which of the following statements best describes ATP? (A) ATP contains high energy bonds between its sugar and the first phosphate group (B) ATP consists of an adenine, a deoxyribose, and three phosphate groups (C) ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups (D) ATP contains stored energy between the adenine and its sugar

C

Which of the following monomers is correctly matched with its polymer? (A) Amino acid-protein (B) Fatty acid-protein (C) Monosaccharide-lipid (D) Glycerol-carbohydrate

A

All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy, because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy?

Bread

Which of the following best describes how energy drinks work? (A) All energy drinks contain caffeine, as it is a known stimulant that increases energy levels (B) It is the amount of food additives in energy drinks that provides the energy felt (C) Energy drinks contain vitamins that are known to interact with cellular respiration pathways, helping provide energy (D) Energy drinks contain vast amounts of carbohydrates and proteins that enter info cellular respiration pathways, directly providing ATP energy (E) Energy drinks contain numerous vitamins and minerals that are known to directly act as stimulants

C

Which of the following statements true regarding energy drinks? (A) All energy drinks must contain vitamins, food additives, and stimulants, including caffeine (B)The FDA heavily regulates energy drinks (C) Energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue (D) Energy drinks are classified as food by FDA

C

Which of the following is a likely physiological effect of caffeine ingestion? (A) Extreme increase in diuretic effects (B) Increased metabolic rates (C) Decrease in central nervous system activity (D) Decrease in blood glucose levels (E) Release of proteins into the bloodstream

B

Consuming energy drinks in excess can cause an overabundance in B vitamins. One consequence of B vitamins is a strain on the _______

Kidneys

Vitamins are_____

Molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy-related pathways

There are four classes of organic nutrients. Which of the following correctly characterizes the given energy nutrient? (A) Carbohydrates-provide the body with an immediate source of energy (B) Lipids-structural components of hair, fingernails, and claws (C) Carbohydrates-composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds (D) Proteins-make up the bulk of the plasma membrane of cells (E) Proteins-have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

A

Which of the following best describes enzymatic activity? (A) Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest (B) Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration decreases (C) Temperature has no impact on enzymatic activity (D) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions with still proceed at the same rate (E) Below a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured

A

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell? (A) Facilitated diffusion (B) Phagocytosis (C) Feedback inhibition (D) Exocytosis (E) Active transport

A

In a chemical reaction, the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule between the ______

Adenosine diphosphate and phosphate

Which is an example of potential energy? (A) A pile of leaves that have been burned (B) An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules (C) A firefly using light flashes to attract a mate (D) A candle giving off light (E) A skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill

B

Of the following list of ingredients of an energy drink, which is likely the biggest contributor to the boost of energy felt? (A) Taurine (B) Tyrosine (C) Caffeine (D) Malic acid (E) Folic acid

C

At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the ______

Chloroplast

Which of the following is the key feature of glycolysis? (A) Producing H20 (B) Producing FADH2 (C) Generating a large amount of CO2 (D) Splitting glucose into two pyruvates

D

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of caffeine on the body? (A) In the brain, caffeine activates receptors for adenosine and blocks the action of adrenaline (B) Caffeine is only water-soluble, not fat-soluble, so it is less likely to be absorbed into the bloodstream (C) Caffeine is a diuretic and can cause extreme water loss (D) Caffeine is considered a psychoactive drug because it changes brain function (E) Caffeine cannot readily cross the plasma membrane into body cells, so all effects are short-lived

D

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a non charged molecule across the membrane?

Diffusion