Module 1: Introduction to ICT & Module 2: History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

40 vacuum tubes

1 transistor equals how many vacuum tubes?

Analytical Engine

1st mechanical computer; Ran off of punched cards; proposed mechanical general-purpose computer

punched cards

2nd-gen computers relied on this for input

printouts

2nd-gen computers relied on this for output

· responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner · can execute a prerecorded list of instructions · can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data

3 principal characteristics of computer

Difference Engine

A mechanical calculator that could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to six significant digits and could solve polynomial equations and other complex mathematical problems as well.

Arithmometer

A mechanical calculator; The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine that could perform the four basic mathematic functions

Napier's Bones

Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards

Slide Rule

An analog computer used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, Trigonometry

UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

Examples of 2nd-gen computers

Today to future

Fifth generation computer

Harvard Mark 1

First electro-mechanical computer

1946 to 1958

First generation computer

Z1

First programmable computer

machine language

First-generation computers relied on this, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

1971 to Today

Fourth generation computer

4th gen computers

GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices were developed in this generation of computers

IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)

Other term for Harvard Mark 1

1959 to 1964

Second generation computer

Symbolic or Assembly Language

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to this language which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

The First Stored Program Computer

China in around 500 B.C.

The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used where and when

Augusta Ada Byron

The first computer programmer in 1840; suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system; writes programs for the Analytical Engine

ARITHMOMETER

The first mass-produced calculating machine.

punched cards and paper tape

The input was based on these in first-gen computers

Stepped Reckoner

The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

1965 to 1970

Third generation computer

Microprocessor

a computer processor used by fourth generation of computers and has thousands of integrated circuits built onto a single silicon chip

Pascaline

a mechanical computer and was the first calculator

PASCALINE (1642)

a mechanical computer limited to addition & subtraction

abacus

a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations

Computer

a programmable machine

Tally Sticks

an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

Jacquard Loom

an automatic loom controlled by punched cards; simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns

COMPUTER

an electronic device that manipulates info, or data; has the ability to store, retrieve, & process data

computer

any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations

Tabulating Machine

assist in summarizing information and accounting; 680 square ft. & weighing 30 tons; mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations

ENIAC

designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables 680 square ft. & weighing 30 tons mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations

ENIAC - EDSAC - UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

examples of first-gen computers

Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I)

first commercial computer

Electronic Controls Company (1949)

first computer company

Osborne 1

first portable computer

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

first printing calculator

John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1949

founders of the Electronic Controls Company and the year it was founded

Fifth Generation Computers

gen of computers Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Third Generation Computers

gen of computers that could carry out instructions in billionths of a second; Much smaller and cheaper

Second Generation computers

gen of computers that stored their instructions in their memory

EDVAC

has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data

Charles Babbage in 1834

inventor of Analytical Engine and the year it was invented

Thomas de Colmar in 1820

inventor of Arithmometer and the year it was invented

Von Neumann in 1952

inventor of EDVAC and the year it was invented

Howard H. Aiken in 1943

inventor of Harvard Mark 1 and the year it was invented

Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1804

inventor of Jacquard Loom and the year it was invented

John Napier in 1614

inventor of Napier's Bone & the year it was invented

Per Georg Scheutz in 1843

inventor of Scheutzian Calculation Engine and the year it was invented

William Oughtred in 1622

inventor of Slide Rule and the year it was invented

Herman Hollerith in 1890

inventor of Tabulating Machine and the year it was invented

Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938

inventor of Z1 and the place and year it was invented

Charles Babbage in 1822

inventor of the Difference Engine and the year it was invented

Blaise Pascal in 1642

inventor of the Pascaline and the date it was invented

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672

inventor of the Stepped Reckoner and the year it was invented

Professor John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942

inventors of Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) and the place and year it was invented

John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946

inventors of ENIAC and the year it was invented

John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1951

inventors of UNIVAC I and the year it was invented

Fourth Generation computers

networks were formed and the internet was developed in this generation of computers

printouts

output was displayed on this in first-gen computers

Z1

requires that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated thru punch tape to program it

Atanasoff-Berry Computer

stands for ABC

IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

stands for ASCC

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

stands for EDVAC

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

stands for ENIAC

Information and Communication Technology

stands for ICT

Universal Automatic Computer

stands for UNIVAC I

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

the calculator Based on Charles Babbage's Difference Engine

Osborne Computer Corporation in 1981

the company that released Osborne 1 and the year it released Osborne 1

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

the first electronic general-purpose computer

ENIAC

the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems

ICT

the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing

Babylonia in 2400 B.C

the place and era the abacus was invented

parallel processing and superconductors

these may help make artificial intelligence a reality

integrated circuit

this was the hallmark of the third generation of computers

vacuum tubes

this was used by the first computers for circuitry and was often enormous, taking up entire rooms

magnetic drums

this was used by the first computers for memory and was often enormous, taking up entire rooms; They were very expensive to operate and used a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions

magnetic core technology

used by 2nd-gen computers for memory

semiconductors

used by 3rd-gen computers for circuitry; drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers

Transistors

used by the 2nd-gen computers for circuitry; still generated a great deal of heat

Abacus

used to perform basic arithmetic operations

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

was the first electronic digital computing device

Napier's ideas about logarithms

what was the Slide Rule based on?