Module 1

Clinical Diagnostic Interview: Probe Questions and Instructions

1. Could you tell me a little bit about yourself and what brought you here? -If the patient asks what the interviewer means by "tell me about yourself," clarify, "Like who you are, what you do, what you're like as a person, and who the important people in your life are." The goal is to get a sense of who the person is, how s/he views him/herself, current adaptive functioning, and his/her broader social context. Note that the goal here is also to help the patient feel comfortable with the interview and interviewer. -In following up on symptoms, the interviewer should inquire about both current complaints and history of psychiatric problems. For each problem (e.g., depression, anxiety, eating disorder, substance abuse), the interviewer should assess (a) subjective distress; (b) severity, including, where appropriate, impact on adaptive functioning and relationships; (c) vegetative signs or medical complications (e.g., trouble sleeping, rapid weight loss or weight gain, cessation of menstruation); (d) precipitants and duration of most recent episode or exacerbation or of recent examples (e.g., recent binge-purge episodes); and (e) history and course of the disorder, including precipitants, if known, of the original episode. The interviewer should feel confident s/he knows or has asked why the patient presented for treatment now in particular. The interviewer should also ask about other current or past mental health problems, e.g., "Are there other things you've struggled with, like problems with depression?" If the patient has completed a self-report screening inventory, the interviewer should inquire here about any items endorsed and their history. -Where appropriate, the interviewer should ask, "Have you ever gotten in trouble with the law, either as a kid or as an adult?" -If the interview is being used for clinical purposes, the interviewer should also inquire here about treatment history and family history of psychiatric disorders, beginning with a simple probe such as, "Has anyone in your family—mother, father, aunts, uncles—ever had psychological problems?" 2. Can you tell me about your childhood--what was it like growing up? -Probe for specific milestones and significant experiences, including losses, major illnesses, family moves, parental discipline, abuse, parental criminality or poverty where appropriate, etc. -Be sure to get a general impression about both childhood and adolescence and of the "cast of characters" in the person's life as a child. 3. Can you tell me about your relationship with your mother? What was (is) she like as a person, and what was she like as a parent? - if patient asks for clarification, inquire about the history of the relationship as both a child and an adult. -Now I'd like you to describe a specific encounter with your mother, something that stands out. It can be an incident that's typical of your relationship, really meaningful, really good, really bad—whatever comes to mind. -Probe if subject leaves out any of the following: what led up to the event, what both people were thinking and feeling, and the outcome. If subject has trouble with the task, give these probes at the beginning and repeat once or twice as necessary. -Inquire about one or two more events; probe incomplete, ambiguous, or incoherent narratives. 4. Could you tell me about your relationship with your father? What was (is) he like as a person, and what was he like as a parent? Ask for two vignettes. 5. Do you have brothers and sisters? Could you tell me a little bit about them and your relationships with them? -Can you describe a specific encounter with one of your brothers or sisters? -Ask for one or two more vignettes; if more than one sibling, ask for an encounter with a different sibling than described in the first vignette. -Was there anyone else who was really important to you as a child or teenager? If so, probe for one specific incident. 6. What was school like for you? Probe for success or failures, difficulties, peer rejection or neglect, etc. Ask for specific incidents. 7. What were your friendships like when you were a kid, and what are they like now? Probe friendship history. -Who are your closest friends now? Could you tell me about your relationship with one of them--what is it like? -Ask for two specific incidents, either with one friend or different friends if the subject prefers. 8. Can you tell me about your romantic relationships--what have they been like? -Get history of adult relationships. -Are you currently married or involved with someone? Could you tell me about the relationship? -Ask for two to three specific encounters in current and past romantic relationships. -How is your sex life? Probe for enjoyment, conflicts, and specific dysfunctions. Probe for sexual history, including first sexual experiences. If the patient describes no problems in his/her sex life, ask if things have always been that way. -Are there things that make you uncomfortable sexually, or have led to friction in your relationships? Is there anything about your sexual attitudes or behavior that other people might consider unusual? The interviewer should be certain that if s/he chooses not to ask certain questions about sex this is because of particular cultural constraints, not his/her own discomfort in asking the questions. 9. Could you tell me about your work history? What do you do now, and what have you done before? -Probe if necessary: "Do you tend to stay with jobs for a long time or move around a lot?" "Do you sometimes get into conflicts with coworkers or bosses, or leave one job before you've found another one?" -Ask for one or two specific encounters at current or previous jobs. -Probe for signs of obsessionality, passive aggression, or trouble committing to an occupation where appropriate. Probe attitude toward money if interviewer suspects over- or under-control. Probe for the extent to which work is satisfying or a central aspect of identity. -If a homemaker, get a sense of the extent to which the person feels fulfilled at what s/he is doing and any conflicts at home regarding the way s/he fulfills responsibilities.

other questions that may be asked during an interview

10. Do you have children? Can you tell me a little bit about them, and about your relationships with them? -Ask for two or three incidents; if subject has more than one child, solicit information on different children. -If not already clear how the subject deals with dependency issues, particularly if the subject does not have children, ask any or all of the following: "Are there situations in which you take care of people or other people take care of you?" "How do you feel about being taken care of—do you like it? Does it bother you?" "Can you give me an example of a time someone took care of you that stands out in your mind as typical, meaningful, or problematic?" 11. Now I'd like you to think of a really difficult, stressful, or upsetting time in the last year or two, and tell me about it. It can be an argument with someone important to you, a problem at work, a financial problem--anything you found really stressful. -Probe precisely how the person responded to the experience, including conscious coping strategies (e.g., "Are there things you told yourself to try to help you get through it?"). -Now tell me about another incident or situation that was difficult, stressful, or upsetting in the last year or two. Use same probes as above. Do not ask this question if you have already heard of several recent events and have a clear sense of how the subject tends to deal with pressure and regulate emotions. 12. Can you tell me about your relationship with your therapist? -If patient has a therapist, elicit treatment history, including present treatment, and ask for one or two vignettes of current and past therapists. 13. Now I'd like to finish up with a few more questions about your mental and physical health, and the ways you feel, think, and see yourself. Do not ask any questions that are redundant or already clear based on the patient's prior responses. -(Probe for panic and where appropriate.) How about positive feelings, like happiness or pride? (Probe for manic symptoms where appropriate, e.g., "Do you ever get so happy or feel so on top of the world that it's unrealistic—like you think you can do anything?") -Do you ever get overwhelmed by your feelings? -Are there times when you try to shut off your feelings entirely, or when you just feel numb? -Have you ever had trouble with alcohol or drugs? If unclear, ask if anyone close to him/her has complained about his/her drinking or drug use. Take a complete drug and alcohol history where appropriate, beginning with first use. -How does you body hold up under stress? Do you often get sick or have headaches, stomach problems, backaches, etc.? How is your health in general? Probe hypochondriasis and somatization. Ask about eating problems or other symptoms if doing so seems clinically indicated based on prior material, appearance, etc. -How do you usually feel about yourself? If the person has a traumatic history, inquire into self-blame and feelings of badness, shamefulness, or self-loathing. Do your feelings about yourself change a lot? What do you most like and dislike about yourself? -Have you ever hurt yourself, tried to kill yourself, or thought seriously about suicide? If so, probe frequency, intensity, and at least one specific incident. -Do you ever feel like you don't know who you are, or like the different sides of you don't fit together? Do you ever feel like you're outside your body, or that you're somehow separate from the things around you, like you're looking at them through a pane of glass? -If interviewee's sense of identity or ability to find meaning in life is not clear, ask, "Are there times when you feel empty inside, or like you're a different person depending on who you're with?" -Where appropriate, probe religious or spiritual beliefs that are particularly meaningful to the person, appear to hold identity together, or reveal loose thinking. Do not ask unless the patient has given you reason to believe that spirituality is an important aspect of his/her life, or unless this is normative for his/her culture or ethnicity. -Are you a superstitious person? Do you have any beliefs that other people would find unusual? -Do you believe in ESP, or believe that people can read other people's minds? Do you ever have strange thoughts or feelings that come into your head, like sensing that another person is in the room, or suddenly seeing images or hearing voices? Do not ask these questions if they seem inappropriate or the answers are obvious at this point. Follow up with direct questions about frank thought disorder if appropriate. I've asked you a lot of questions. How has this been? Is there anything we haven't covered that's really important in understanding you as a person? Is there anything else you'd like to add, or anything you'd like to ask? REMEMBER: It is useful to provide feedback to the person about what you've seen, including both things s/he is concerned about and his/her potential strengths.

the new era of positive psychology

11th reason to be optimistic: psychology was good- two victories of the diseases model: psychology was about finding what's WRONG with you. -14 disorders now treatable, 2 curable -a science of mental illness science of mental illness -taxonomy (classification of mental illnesses) and reliable diagnosis, discover causes of mental illnesses. -measuring "fuzzy" concepts -discover causes by longitudinal and experimental methods -invent treatments -efficacy and effectiveness of treatments- test treatments. not good- 3 costs of the disease model: -became victimologists and pathologizers- we forgot responsibility and that people make decisions -forgot improving normal lives and high talent. to make sad people happier what is positive psychology? psychology should be: 1. just as concerned with strength as with weakness 2. as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst 3. concerned with making lives of normal people fulfilling with nurturing high talent as with healing pathology. science of positive psychology: -measurement: authentichappiness.org -classification -causation discoverable: left hemisphere, and extremely social -interventions -efficacy and effectiveness three happy lives: 1.the pleasant life (PA) 2. the good life (engagement) 3. the meaningful life 1. the pleasant life: having as many pleasures and positive emotions as you can and learning the skills to amplify them -drawbacks: 50% heritable, habituates rapidly 2. the good life: Pleasure vs. Flow-pleasure has raw feelings. flow is when you can't feel anything. -identify signature strengths -recraft work, love, play. -derive thereby more flow 3. meaningful life: knowing your signature strengths -use in the service of something larger than you -positive institutions positivity interventions: -naughty thumb of science -random assignment -placebo controlled -long term example: have a beautiful day, gratitude visit, strengths date, fun vs. philanthropy the full life vs, the empty life: LS=PA+engagement+ meaning 15 replications pleasure= marginal good life <.001 meaning <.001 the vision and the charge 11th reason for optimism:

popular depiction of psychoanalysis video

1940s- body and mind are interdependent and should not be treated separately. uncovering of emotional conflicts which often are the root of an illness considered radical when proposed by Sigmund Freud 50 years ago. one major contribution of psychoanalysis to medicine is the evidence that unsatisfactory childhood relationships may cause repercussions years later. patient lays on a couch where is mind can roam freely where his thoughts or memories can offer a clue to the deeply rooted causes of his illness psychoanalysis is a long process of reconstructing from fragmentary recollections a picture giving the patient to correct insight into the forces of work within him, and enabling him to deal with his problems realistically.

history of psychology *387 BC to present)

387 BCPlato suggested that the brain is the mechanism of mental processes. 335 BCAristotle suggested that the heart is the mechanism of mental processes. 1774 AD Franz Mesmer detailed his cure for some mental illness, originally called mesmerism and now known as hypnosis .1793Philippe Pinel released the first mental patients from confinement in the first massive movement for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. 1808Franz Gall wrote about phrenology (the idea that a person's skull shape and placement of bumps on the head can reveal personality traits. 1834Ernst Heinrich Weber published his perception theory of 'Just Noticeable DIfference,' now known as Weber's Law (Links to an external site.). 1848Phineas Gage suffered brain damage when an iron pole pierces his brain. His personality was changed but his intellect remained intact suggesting that an area of the brain plays a role in personality .1859Charles Darwin published the On the Origin of Species, detailing his view of evolution and expanding on the theory of 'Survival of the fittest.' 1861French physician Paul Broca discovered an area in the left frontal lobe that plays a key role in language development. 1869Sir Francis Galton, Influenced by Charles Darwin's 'Origin of the Species,' publishes 'Hereditary Genius,' and argues that intellectual abilities are biological in nature. 1874Carl Wernicke published his work on the frontal lobe, detailing that damage to a specific area damages the ability to understand or produce language 1878 G. Stanley Hall received the first American Ph.D. in psychology. He later founded the American Psychological Association (Links to an external site.). 1879 Wilhelm Wundt (Links to an external site.) founded the first formal laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig, marking the formal beginning of the study of human emotions, behaviors, and cognitions. 1883The first laboratory of psychology in America is established at Johns Hopkins University .1885Herman Ebbinghaus (Links to an external site.) introduced the nonsense syllable as a means to study memory processes (Links to an external site.). 1886Sigmund Freud (Links to an external site.) began performing therapy in Vienna, marking the beginning of personality theory (Links to an external site.) .1890The term "Mental Tests" was coined by James Cattell, beginning the specialization in psychology now known as psychological assessment. 1890Sir Francis Galton developed the technique known as the correlation to better understand the interrelationships in his intelligence studies. 1890William James (Links to an external site.) published 'Principles of Psychology,' that later became the foundation for functionalism.1890New York State passed the State Care Act, ordering indigent mentally ill patients out of poor-houses and into state hospitals for treatment and developing the first institution in the U.S. for psychiatric research. 1892Foundation of the American Psychological Association (Links to an external site.) (APA) headed by G. Stanley Hall, with an initial membership of 42. 1895Alfred Binet (Links to an external site.) founded the first laboratory of psychodiagnosis. 1896Writings by John Dewey began the school of thought known as functionalism. 1896The first psychological clinic was developed at the University of Pennsylvania marking the birth of clinical psychology.1898Edward Thorndike developed the 'Law of Effect (Links to an external site.),' arguing that "a stimulus-response chain is strengthened if the outcome of that chain is positive." 1900Sigmund Freud published 'Interpretation of Dreams' marking the beginning of Psychoanalytic Thought.1901The British Psychological Society was founded.1905Alfred Binet (Links to an external site.)'s Intelligence Test (Links to an external site.) was published in France.1906The Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Links to an external site.) was founded by Morton Prince.1906Ivan Pavlov (Links to an external site.) published the first studies on Classical Conditioning (Links to an external site.).1911Alfred Adler (Links to an external site.) left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group (Links to an external site.) to form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality (Links to an external site.) and basing his theory on his own childhood.1911Edward Thorndike (Links to an external site.) published first article on animal intelligence leading to the theory of Operant Conditioning (Links to an external site.).1912William Stern developed the original formula for the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) after studying the scores on Binet's intelligence test.1912Max Wertheimer (Links to an external site.) published research on the perception of movement, marking the beginnings of Gestalt Psychology (Links to an external site.).1913John E. Watson (Links to an external site.) published 'Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It' marking the beginnings of Behavioral Psychology (Links to an external site.).1913Carl G. Jung (Links to an external site.) departed from Freudian views (Links to an external site.) and developed his own theories citing Freud's inability to acknowledge religion and spirituality. His new school of thought became known as Analytical Psychology (Links to an external site.).1916Stanford-Binet (Links to an external site.) intelligence test (Links to an external site.) was published in the United States.1917Robert Yerkes (President of APA at the time) developed the Army Alpha and Beta Tests to measure intelligence in a group format. The tests were adopted for use with all new recruits in the U.S. military a year later.1920John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner published the Little Albert experiments, demonstrating that fear could be classically conditioned.1921Psychological Corporation launched the first psychological test development company, not only commercializing psychological testing, but allowing testing to take place at offices and clinics rather than only at universities and research facilities.1925Wolfgang Kohler published 'The Mentality of Apes' which became a major component of Gestalt Psychology.1927Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud, published her first book expanding her father's ideas in the treatment of children.1929Wolfgang Kohler criticizes behaviorism in his publication on Gestalt Psychology.1932Jean Piaget published 'The Moral Judgment of Children' beginning his popularity as the leading theorist in cognitive development.1932Walter B. Cannon coined the term homeostasis and began research on the fight or flight phenomenon (Links to an external site.).1935Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was published by Henry Murray (Links to an external site.).1936Egas Moniz published his work on frontal lobotomies as a treatment for mental illness.1938Electroshock therapy was first used on a human patient.1939Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test was published (Links to an external site.) which eventually became the most widely used intellectual assessment.1939The Canadian Psychological Associated was founded.1942Carl Rogers (Links to an external site.) published 'Counseling and Psychotherapy' suggesting that respect and a non-judgmental approach to therapy (Links to an external site.) is the foundation for effective treatment of mental health issues.1942Jean Piaget (Links to an external site.) published 'Psychology of Intelligence' discussing his theories of cognitive development (Links to an external site.).1942Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed and fast became the most widely researched and widely accepted psychological assessment device.1945The state of Connecticut passed licensure legislation for psychologists, becoming the first state to recognize psychology as a protected practice oriented profession.1945The Journal of Clinical Psychology (Links to an external site.) was founded.1945Karen Horney published her feministic views of psychoanalytic theory, marking the beginning of feminism.1949Boulder Conference outlines scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology, looking at the M.D. versus Ph.D. used by medical providers and researchers, respectively.1950Erik Erikson published 'Childhood and Society,' where he expands Freud's Theory to include social aspects of personality development across the lifespan (Links to an external site.).1952A study on psychotherapy efficacy was published by Hans Eysenck (Links to an external site.)suggesting that therapy is no more effective that no treatment at all. This prompted an onslaught of outcome studies which have since shown psychotherapy to be an effective treatment for mental illness.1952The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Links to an external site.) (DSM) was published by The American Psychiatric Association (Links to an external site.) marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification.1952Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) (Links to an external site.) first used in the treatment of schizophrenia (Links to an external site.).1953B.F. Skinner (Links to an external site.) outlined behavioral therapy, lending support for behavioral psychology via research in the literature.1953Code of Ethics for Psychologists was developed by the American Psychological Association (Links to an external site.).1954Abraham Maslow helped to found Humanistic Psychology (Links to an external site.) and later developed his famous Hierarchy of Needs (Links to an external site.).1957Leon Festinger proposed his theory of 'Cognitive Dissonance' and later became an influence figure in Social Psychology (Links to an external site.).1961John Berry introduced the importance of cross-cultural research bringing diversity into the forefront of psychological research and application.1961Carl Rogers published 'On Becoming a Person,' marking a powerful change in how treatment for mental health issues is conducted.1963Alfred Bandura introduced the idea of Observational Learning on the development of personality.1963Lawrence Kolberg introduced his ideas for the sequencing of morality development (Links to an external site.).1967 Aaron Beck (Links to an external site.) published a psychological model of depression suggesting that thoughts play a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression.1968 DSM II was published by the American Psychiatric Association (Links to an external site.).1968First Doctor of Psychology (Links to an external site.) (Psy.D.) professional degree program in Clinical Psychology was established in the Department of Psychology at The University of Illinois - Urbana/Champaign.1969Joseph Wolpe published 'The Practice of Behavior Therapy.'1971First Doctorate in Psychology (Psy.D.) awarded (from The University of Illinois - Urbana/Champaign).1973APA endorsed the Psy.D. degree for professional practice in psychology.1980DSM III published by the American Psychiatric Association (Links to an external site.).1983Howard Gardner (professor at Harvard University) introduced his theory of multiple intelligence, arguing that intelligence is something to be used to improve lives not to measure and quantify human beings.1988American Psychological Society (Links to an external site.) established.1990The emergence of managed care prompts the APA (Links to an external site.) to become more political, leading to the idea of Prescribing Psychologists (Links to an external site.) and equity in mental health coverage.1994DSM IV published by the American Psychiatric Association (Links to an external site.).1995First Psychologists prescribe medication through the U.S. military's psychopharmacology program (Links to an external site.).1997Deep Blue, the supercomputer at the time, beats the World's best chess player, Kasparov (Links to an external site.), marking a milestone in the development of artificial intelligence.1998Psychology advances to the technological age with the emergence of e-therapy (Links to an external site.).1999Psychologists in Guam gain prescription privileges for psychotropic medication.2002New Mexico becomes the first state to pass legislation allowing licensed psychologists to prescribe psychotropic medication (Links to an external site.).2002The push for mental health parity gets the attention of the White House as President George W. Bush promotes legislation that would guarantee comprehensive mental health coverage.

pre-employment screening or fitness for duty screening

Another Type of Clinical Interview may be for a purpose that "Clears" the person to proceed to a job or other important security type promotion within a corporation or Government agency. This type of interview is called a Pre-Employment Screening or Fitness for Duty Screening:

other specialties in psychology

Counseling psychologists help people accommodate to change in their lives or lifestyles. For example, they provide vocational and career assessment and guidance or help others come to terms with life events, such as loss of a loved one or divorce. They also help with developmental stage and adjustment issues like students adjusting to college life, and help others with behavioral changes, such as smoking cessation. They can also consult with other psychologists or physicians on physical problems that have underlying psychological causes. In addition to these two main fields, professional psychologists can also train in other fields, and can work directly with clients. Educational psychologists focus on how effective teaching and learning occurs, often consulting with teachers and parents to accomplish their goals. Industrial and organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of work life. Neuropsychologists specialize in the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of patients with brain injuries or neurocognitive deficiencies. Rehabilitation psychologists work with stroke and accident victims, as well as those with developmental disabilities and mental retardation. School psychologists work directly with parents, teachers and students in public and private schools to diagnose learning and other disabilities and to design treatment plans. Sports psychologists help athletes focus on progress toward competitive goals, as well as deal with problems stemming from lack of motivation, anxiety or fear of failure. Occupational health psychologists improve the quality of work and protect and promote the safety, health and well-being of workers. Forensic Psychologists deal with the intersection of psychology and the legal process. Training to be a professional psychologist in some of these fields may require specialized post-doctoral work. Information for those with doctoral or Master's level training in these varied fields of psychology and career options within each can be found on the American Psychological Association (APA)'s website (www.apa.org) and at www.psichi.org.

Health psychology video

Dr. Shiela Forman health psychology is a subset of clinical psychology an focuses on the mind, the body and the environment and how these 3 factors affect our health both in terms of prevention and coping health psychology uses the biopsychosocial model- biology, psycho-mind, social-enviornment health psychology is the application of psychology to the medical field to health issues. biology- someone may have a predisposition to disease psychological- you need to manage stress and anxiety or it can compromise their cardiac health environment- choices they are making. are they going through fast food restaurants everyday, are they not exercising?

Clinical Diagnostic Interview

General Principles: This part of your lesson is a guide for interviewing. It is meant to assist you in creating a template from which will form the basis of you to think about what you might ask your Fictioterm-11nal Mock Client. -Clinical interviewing is a skill that takes hours and hundreds of clients to fully master. The purpose of the interview is to 1) Gather Information necessary for the evaluation and treatment of the client and 2) Lay the foundation for future interactions. It is important to remember when asking questions, if the client or patient says something with an ambiguous meaning, or that could lead to important information, the interviewer should ask about it (e.g., "What did you mean when you said that your husband is sometimes 'off key'?"). Questions in bold form the "skeleton" of the interview, i.e., the "script" around which the interviewer should improvise. They are intended to standardize and systematize the interview but not to straightjacket the interviewer. As interviewers get comfortable with the interview, they should use the Synopsis at the end of this lesson, which summarizes these questions, to guide research interviews. -This is largely a narrative-based interview, which requires inferences based on what subjects say, the way they say it, and what they do not say that seems implicit. Thus, getting behind the "headlines"—the generic, explicit beliefs patients provide—to the "text" or narrative beneath it is essential to reliable and valid scoring. When in doubt, ask for an example of a specific instance. Always inquire about unclear or unusual word choice. -If interview questions become redundant because the answers are clear from previous responses, do not ask them (e.g., do not ask about depression if patient has already told of a history of depression). -The interviewer should inquire about suicidality or psychosis at any point in the interview if the patient's symptoms, narratives, or presentation suggest that such questions are likely to be relevant (e.g., if the patient reports depression, or if the interviewer has any suspicion of suicidality, the interviewer should inquire about suicidal ideation, plans, and past suicidal behavior early in the interview). If at any point in the interview the patient seems disorganized, disoriented, manic, or shows subtle or frank signs of thought disorder or psychosis, the interviewer should immediately assess mental status (e.g., orientation to person, time, and place; memory; and comprehension of proverbs) and current or recent drug use, and should directly inquire about psychotic or manic symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, racing thoughts). If the patient is psychotic or manic, the rest of the interview should be abbreviated, with a primary focus on questions necessary for making an appropriate clinical disposition. -Particularly if the interview is being used for clinical purposes or for assessing Axis I symptoms (e.g. Axis I refers to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (Links to an external site.)classification system that you learned about in Abnormal and other psychology courses) as well as personality functioning, administration of a symptom checklist prior to interviewing can be useful to minimize the likelihood of missing symptoms the patient does not volunteer during the interview. -The interviewer should interject questions about checklist responses during initial questioning about current symptoms or wherever else doing so appears appropriate. The interview should take about 1 to 2 1/2 hours. If it is taking longer with a subject, the interviewer should ask for fewer vignettes (a vignette is a short story or illustration that the patient tells about an episode in their life) or less detail as the interview proceeds, once s/he has a good "feel" for the patient.

clinical interviewing video

basic interviewing skills: -attending behavior -non-directive listening responses -directive listening responses -directive action responses -skilled use of questions complex interviewing skills: -intake -mental status examination -suicide assessment interviewing intake interview: -what brings you in today? -tell me what led up to those experiences. what triggers it? a. exploration of both physiological and cognitive symptoms mental status examination: 1. appearance 2. behavior/psychomotor activity 3. attitude towards interviewer -these are all inferred through observations of clients 4. affect and mood 5. speech and thought 6. orientation and consciousness 7. memory and intelligence 8. reliability, judgment and insight 9. perceptual disturbances -these are not inferred A. assessing obsessive thoughts -intruding thoughts that get stuck in your head over and over. B. exploring for possible psychotic thoughts -voices in your head

what is clinical psychology?

clinical psychologists- who make up the largest specialty in the field pf psychology- are concerned with the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. while some clinical psychologists specialize in treating severe psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression, many others may help people deal with personal issues, such as divorce or the death of a loved one. they provide an opportunity to talk and think about things that are confusing or worrying, offering different ways of interpreting and understanding problems and situations. they are trained to use a variety of approaches aimed at helping individuals and the strategies used are determined by the speciality they work in. Clinical psychologists often interview patients and give diagnostic tests in their own private offices. They may provide individual, family, or group psychotherapy and may design and implement behavior modification programs. Some clinical psychologists work in hospitals where they collaborate with physicians and other specialists to develop and implement treatment and intervention programs that patients can understand and comply with. Other clinical psychologists work in universities and medical schools, where they train graduate students in the delivery of mental health and behavioral medicine services. A few work in physical rehabilitation settings, treating patients with spinal cord injuries, chronic pain or illness, stroke, arthritis, or neurological conditions. Others may work in community mental health centers, crisis counseling services, or drug rehabilitation centers, offering evaluation, therapy, remediation, and consultation. Areas of specialization within clinical psychology include health psychology, neuropsychology, geropsychology, and child psychology. -Health psychologists study how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness. They promote healthy living and disease prevention through counseling, and they focus on how patients adjust to illnesses and treatments and view their quality of life. -Neuropsychologists study the relation between the brain and behavior. They often work in stroke and head injury programs. -Geropsychologists deal with the special problems faced by the elderly. Work may include helping older persons cope with stresses that are common in late life, such as loss of loved ones, relocation, medical conditions, and increased care-giving demands. Clinical psychologists may further specialize in these fields by focusing their work in a number of niche areas including mental health, learning disabilities, emotional disturbances, or substance abuse. The emergence and growth of these, and other, specialties reflects the increasing participation of psychologists in direct services to special patient populations. Often, clinical psychologists consult with other medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients, especially treatment that includes medication. Clinical psychologists generally are not permitted to prescribe medication to treat patients; only psychiatrists and other medical doctors may prescribe most medications. (See the statement on physicians and surgeons.) However, two States—Louisiana and New Mexico—currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe medication with some limitations. Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. These range from short term crises, such as adolescent rebellion, to more severe, chronic conditions such as schizophrenia. Some treat specific problems exclusively, such as phobias or clinical depression. Others focus on specific populations: youth, ethnic minority groups, and the elderly, for instance. Clinical psychology programs also tend to emphasize more severe, biologically-based disorders.

Freud: The Hidden Nature of Man video

people are afraid of my ideas and when they are afraid they strike out. Sigmund Freud disturbed the world. Freud's native city was Vienna. he came from a large lower middle class Jewish family. until he was 40, he led a conventional life. his speciality was reach into the nervous system and he became leading authority on paralysis and children.

History of Clinical Psych

psychology was becoming well founded in laboratories at universities by the later half of the 1800s. the field of psychology insisted on pure science as its practice . Lightner Witmer, a previous student of Wilhelm Wundt, changed that view. he was the head of psychology department at the University of Pennsylvania and worked with a young boy who had difficulty spelling. he helped the boy and it led to his opening of the first psychological clinic in 1896. -the clinic was dedicated to helping children with learning disabilities. in 1907, he founded the first journal of the new field of psychology, The Psychological Clinic, and coined the term clinical psychology as "the study of individuals by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change". by 1914, there were 26 similar clinics in the U.S most psychiatrists and neurologists were working with patients who had serious mental distress while the clinical psychology field was growing. clinical psychologists were improving their psychological assessment skills. during WWI, psychologists became strong assessment specialists bc of the development of the two intelligence tests, Army Alpha and Army Beta, which tested verbal and nonverbal skills. assessment became the main discipline of clinical psych based on success of these tests. in 1917, the American Association of Clinical Psychology was founded. this association only remained until 1919 when the American Psychological Association created a section on Clinical Psychology. growth of clinical psych was slow. the American Association of Applied Psychology was created in 1930 and it acted as the primary forum until after WWII when the APA reorganized. when WWII began, the military requested clinical psychologists. they evaluated soldiers who returned from battle and noticed psychological distress. it was labeled "shell shock" which was later known to be Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD. the psychologists were asked to treat this condition since the doctors were overwhelmed by physical injuries. around the same time, female psychologist, banned from war created the National Council of Women Psychologists to help people deal with stress of war. they offered advice on child rearing to young mothers. after the war, the US Veterans Administration invested a large amount of money to create programs to train clinical psychologists at the doctoral level to treat the many veterans that needed treatment. over half of all psychology PhDs were given to clinical psychology in 1950, when there was no programs in 1946. psychotherapy was added to psychology in 1947, along with focus on reseach. in 1945, the American Psychological Association created the division of clinical psychology, now called Division 12. it is the leading organization in the field. even though psychology therapy was a largest part, the PhD educational model did not provided training necessary for practice instead of research. in 1968, a pilot program was approved at the University of Illinois and many similar programs were developed aftr. the Practitioner Scholar Model of Clinical Psychology or Cail Model that gave a Doctor of Psychology (Psy. D) degree was recognized at the 1973 Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology. the first program based on this model was at Rutger University. Today, half of all clinical psychology graduate students are enrolled in Psy. D programs. clinical psychology has grown steadily since the 70s. clinical psychologists are experts of psychotherapy and assessments. careers in hospitals are the fastest growing employment opportunities for clinical psychologists.

fitness for duty video

requirement for job is a psychological evaluation or a letter from a psychologist that says you're not crazy or anything -feel free to answer them truthfully. make them feel comfortable. I work for you and not for the state department. the report will go to you, and then you decide what you do with it. every single thing client says is confidential. 1. do you have any questions for me for my qualifications or for what we will be doing today? 2.tell me about yourself. where you were born, your family, etc. - it is important to use the language of the client. 3. what kind of stresses did moving around cause you? -what strengths has the client exhibited so far? -clarify and ask questions if you dont understand what they are saying. 4. tell me about your educational history. 5. have you had any psychiatrical treatment in the past? -is she trying to normalize her own neurosis? 6. have you experienced a loss before? -empathize with your client. 7. do you have any serious medical problems? 8. any family issues? 9. do you have any children? 10. is there anything else we haven't covered that you want to talk about? open ended question -client responded with defensive maneuver explain cognitive/ intellectual testing procedure afterwards. testing is an objective way of giving information about the person. tell the client if you see no problem writing a good report.

clinical psychology career overview video

some specialize in research while others focus on assisting companies and groups in managing conflict and managing conflict and operating more effectively. most serve as clinical psychologists and work in counseling centers, hospitals and independent or group practices. over 40% re self employed, a at 5 times higher than most other professions educational requirements: a doctoral degree and a state license are required for many positions. the work can be emotionally draining. helping someone kick a drug habit, come to terms with the loss of a loved one, or cope with chronic pain or illness. knowing you made a positive change in someone's life can be fulfilling.