Module 2:

Which of the following is not an example of an in-group?

A high school

One day while walking into school, Oscar let the door close behind him instead of holding it open for the person behind him. He looked back and received an angry look from the stranger. In this example the reaction of the stranger can be understood as____?

A negative sanction

According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite?

A senator

Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor?

A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?

A vert small group of witnesses, the presence of an ally and the ability to keep ones answer private.

Sociologically, what term best applies to a group of people who share an elevator briefly and do not interact with one another?

Aggregate

During the civil rights movement, Rosa parks and other black protesters spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ____?

An act of deviance

Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down?

Authoritarian

According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime?

Because his fame protects him from retribution.

Why do people join utilitarian organizations?

Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining.

The result of the Zimbardo prison experiment was ____?

Both the prisoners and guards internalized their roles and the experiment was ended prematurely.

According to Marx, the ____ own the means of production in a society?

Bourgeoisie

The process by which we develop a sense of self referred to as the "looking glass self" was developed by ___?

Charles Horton Cooley

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?

Coercion to join

Jerry read an article about a strange group of people who live in a compound in Texas and engage in polygamy. Since this practice goes against the dominant cultures expectations, Jerry realizes that this must be a ___?

Counterculture

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?

Deviance is socially defined

According to Simmel, which of the following groups is most unstable?

Dyad

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a ___ to a ____?

Dyad; triad

Which of the following is an example of a corporate crime?

Embezzlement

_____ is the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms and behaviors?

Ethnocentrism

Ogburn's Cultural Lag Theory suggest that a change in the non material culture will result in changes in the material culture?

False

Norms that are not strictly enforced are ____?

Folkways

Emile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ___?

Functionalist

The March of Dimes' shift from curing polio to lessening birth defects is an example of ____?

Goal Displacement

The protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ____?

God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ___?

Habitual actions

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents?

Horticultural

What does a functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement?

How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension

Karl Marx once argued that the capitalist class in society controls the working class by getting them to believe that hard work and living in property are virtues. This illustrates a form of ____ social control?

Ideological

Marx was critical of religion because he viewed it as a form of ___social control?

Ideological

According to Goffman, individuals act___?

In ways that convey a particular image

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies?

Industrial

A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control.

Informal negative sanctions

In anomie theory, seeing goals as legitimate, but means as illegitimate-is called___?

Innovation

The concept of relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

It is not the act itself but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

Which of these is an example of a total institution?

Jail

The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ___theory

Labeling

Clothing, jewlery and hairstyles are examples of?

Material culture

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers?

Max Weber

Groups are different than networks because____?

Networks have more open boundaries than groups.

According to Mead's theory, during which stage do children pretend to take the roles of specific people?

Play

Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a ________.

Positive sanctions

A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________.

Primary deviance

Due to their size, secondary groups often break into____?

Primary groups

_____deviance is a violation of norms that____result in a person being labeled a deviant.

Primary; does not

Ouchi's Study of japanese corporations revealed all of the following features except?

Providing a narrow job training

Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the US?

Rates of violent and non violent crimes are decreasing.

Individuals who are addicted to drugs are often admitted to in-patient programs. Here they undergo a process of ____?

Re socialization

What is a group whose values, norms and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?

Reference group

When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic reward, she is dealing with competing _____?

Reference groups

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities?

Role strain

Societies practice social control to maintain ____?

Social Order

Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society?

Software engineer

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society?

The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses.

What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups such as those without phones.

Who is more likely to be an expressive leader?

The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children

Norms describe__?

The expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of values.

What is the largest difference between the functionalist and conflict perspectives and the interactionist perspectives?

The first 2 perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this?

The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status.

What is the major emphasis of traditional organizations?

The past is the best guide for what should be done in the present.

The functional view of deviance is concerned with which of the following?

The role of deviance in promoting social change

What is a disadvantage of the Mcdonaldization of society?

There is less variety of goods.

What is an advantage of McDonaldization of society?

There is more world wide availability of goods.

What role do secondary groups play in society?

They are transactional, task-based and short term filling practical needs.

Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on around us.

True

Parents are typically the first agents of socialization to teach children about the world.

True

People are rarely aware of how their culture influences them because it is taken for granted?

True

Socialization refers to the process where by people learn attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.

True

Studies on kids who receive socialization in a day care center reveal that the kids are typically "smarter" and "meaner" meaning they perform better academically but have trouble interacting in harmonious ways.

True

The values of material comfort and science and progress are part of what Robin Williams would refer to as a value cluster?

True

Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to____?

Wealth

Richard is an employee with a large computer chip making plant. One day he comes to work late and is reprimanded by his boss. Which characteristic of bureaucracy does this example illustrate?

Written rules

A diffusion of responsibility occurs when ___?

a group is larger than a dyad and each member feels that someone else will act

Dysfunctions of bureaucracies include:

bureaucratic incompetence, alienation and red tape.

What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies?

increased productivity, increased efficiency and equal treatment for all

One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______.

informal sanctions

A parent who is worrying over her teens dangerous and self destructive behavior and low self esteem may wish to look at her child's___?

reference group, in-group and out-group

The groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves ___?

reference groups

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________.

the looking glass self

Spousal abuse is an example of ___?

violent crime

Which is not an example of normative organization?

A Study hall

Twin Studies reveal that most human behavior can be explained with____?

A combination of nature and nurture

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where?

A community where neighbors do not know each other very well.

Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership?

A fire station