module 3 bio

One major contributor to sprawl is ________.

the trend toward increasing the per capita land consumption

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Early People and Agricultural Beginnings Long ago, two sisters were talking as they returned from their morning trip to collect mushrooms, seeds, berries, and green leaves for the day's meals. The younger woman was watching the progress of a small rabbit as it hopped across the path and toward the clan's trash midden (refuse heap), where broken tools (made of bone, stone, or shell) were tossed, and where discarded food was thrown. She noticed the rabbit stop and begin nibbling at the many new, green shoots sprouting across one side of the midden. She walked over to look, and she saw that some of last year's discarded dried fruits were growing. Surprised and interested, she called her sister over to discuss this find. It is probably true that ________.

until now, this group had not considered deliberately planting seeds

Urban sustainability advocates urge us to ________.

use renewable energy sources and recycle materials

Factors involved in soil formation include ________.

weathering of parent material and the addition of organic material

More than half the ________ in the United States and Canada has/have been lost to urban and agricultural development, but the recent ________ subsidizes landowners to restore or protect remaining areas.

wetlands; Wetlands Reserve Program

Shelterbelts are to ________ as terraces are to ________.

wind erosion; water erosion

No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.

with steeply sloped fields

The average American generates approximately ________ lb of solid waste per day.

4.4

________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species.

90; 15

Recycling aluminum cans saves ________% of the energy needed to make the same amount of aluminum from virgin bauxite.

95

Decomposers are most likely found in the ________.

A and O horizons

The horizon where leaching has deposited materials is called the ________.

B horizon

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. The prevalence of "throwaway mentalities" and increased packaging have amplified the consumption of paper and plastic in our society. Disposable plates, cups, and utensils are convenient, sanitary, and inexpensive, and packaging preserves freshness, prevents breakage, protects against tampering, provides information to consumers, and allows shipment of products over long distances. However, paper and plastic do not degrade readily in sanitary landfills. Garbologist William Rathje found legible newspapers in landfills decades after disposal. Because trees used to make virgin paper and petrochemicals used to make plastics may soon become depleted, source reduction is the best solution to the waste dilemma. Denmark has banned the use of nonrefillable beverage containers, and McDonald's restaurants in Austria and Sweden have been using biodegradable, compostable cutlery. Recycling has value as well, as long as the recycling loop is closed and people purchase recycled items. Bottle bills and municipal curbside collection provide recycling incentives. Paper recycling is profitable if waste is properly sorted. All kinds of paper and cardboard are recyclable. Food and paperboard (non-corrugated thin coated board) can contaminate collections, however, reducing their value. After processing, paper and cardboard are used to make paper towels and paperboard for packaging cereal, shoes, and toys. Decapped, washed, and flattened plastic is recycled into carpets, pillows, and new bottles. Although low‑density polyethylene (LDPE), from which grocery bags are made, is the most widely used plastic, beverage bottle polyethylene terephthalate, or PET(E), and high‑density polyethylene, or HDPE, are the most widely recycled plastics. Containers from toxic substances such as motor oil, pesticides, and solvents are not usually accepted with collected plastic because of contamination. Methods to reuse and recycle polystyrene are in development, although presently, Styrofoam is not collected with other plastics and is considered a contaminant as well. ________ are wastepaper contaminants that can decrease the value of collected paper and cardboard.

Cereal boxes

________ is the loss of more than 10% of soil productivity in arid areas due to such factors as erosion, soil compaction, overgrazing, and forest removal.

Desertification

Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

Designate lanes as carpool-only.

________ represent(s) the largest source of unregulated hazardous waste.

Households

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, Monsanto Company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, corn, along with soybeans, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them?

Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species.

Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid?

It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.

________ is the buildup of salts in soils as a result of overirrigation.

Salinization

________ refers to the agricultural practices in which the members of a farming family produce only enough food for themselves and do not make use of large-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, or machinery and technology.

Subsistence agriculture

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Early People and Agricultural Beginnings Long ago, two sisters were talking as they returned from their morning trip to collect mushrooms, seeds, berries, and green leaves for the day's meals. The younger woman was watching the progress of a small rabbit as it hopped across the path and toward the clan's trash midden (refuse heap), where broken tools (made of bone, stone, or shell) were tossed, and where discarded food was thrown. She noticed the rabbit stop and begin nibbling at the many new, green shoots sprouting across one side of the midden. She walked over to look, and she saw that some of last year's discarded dried fruits were growing. Surprised and interested, she called her sister over to discuss this find. Which of the following choices is something brought about by the beginning of agriculture?

The ability to rely on crops every year allowed even farmers to have much more free time, resulting in the development of crafts, architecture, and other "urban" professions.

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, Monsanto Company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, corn, along with soybeans, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. Why have most bioengineered crops been modified for "resistance" traits?

These traits have the economic potential to save on production costs.

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, Monsanto Company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, corn, along with soybeans, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. Why do soybeans, corn, and canola dominate the GM crop market?

They are ingredients in processed foods, so they are more easily accepted.

Humus is ________.

a soil component composed of organic compounds that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility

The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.

affected by rainfall, freezing, and thawing

Monoculture ________.

agricultural practices increase a crop's susceptibility to insect pests

Around the world, most major cities are situated ________.

along rivers, oceans, roads, or train routes

A resource sink is ________.

an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs

In order for livestock to be considered organic, ________.

animals must be fed 100% organic agricultural feed

Plants with showy flowers typically ________.

are pollinated by animals

The results of the overapplication of fertilization can include ________.

eutrophication in nearby waters

Raising which of the following requires the most land and water per kg protein produced?

beef cattle

Heavy metals ________.

bioaccumulate in animal tissues

Aquaculture ________.

can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions

Which of the following requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein?

chicken

The role of zoning is to ________.

classify areas for different types of urban development and land use

Managing crop competitors and pests has been challenging to agronomists for centuries. One approach, integrated pest management, ________.

combines synthetic chemical pesticides with biocontrol techniques

Life‑cycle analysis ________.

examines the life cycle of products for ecological efficiency

Researchers in Switzerland have demonstrated that organic farming ________.

decreased organic soil losses while giving yields almost as high as conventional farming

Compaction of soil in a garden harms plants by ________.

decreasing aeration, decreasing infiltration, and increasing runoff

What drives the move to the suburbs from cities?

desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions

The new urbanism tries to ________.

develop walkable neighborhoods, with homes and businesses close together

The European Union nations ________.

do not support the growth or sale of GM crops

Throughout history, cities have ________.

drawn resources from surrounding agricultural areas

People around the world have become more dependent on global markets for their food. As a result, recent U.S. government policies encouraging ________ have had a major negative effect on food availability.

ethanol production

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. The prevalence of "throwaway mentalities" and increased packaging have amplified the consumption of paper and plastic in our society. Disposable plates, cups, and utensils are convenient, sanitary, and inexpensive, and packaging preserves freshness, prevents breakage, protects against tampering, provides information to consumers, and allows shipment of products over long distances. However, paper and plastic do not degrade readily in sanitary landfills. Garbologist William Rathje found legible newspapers in landfills decades after disposal. Because trees used to make virgin paper and petrochemicals used to make plastics may soon become depleted, source reduction is the best solution to the waste dilemma. Denmark has banned the use of nonrefillable beverage containers, and McDonald's restaurants in Austria and Sweden have been using biodegradable, compostable cutlery. Recycling has value as well, as long as the recycling loop is closed and people purchase recycled items. Bottle bills and municipal curbside collection provide recycling incentives. Paper recycling is profitable if waste is properly sorted. All kinds of paper and cardboard are recyclable. Food and paperboard (non-corrugated thin coated board) can contaminate collections, however, reducing their value. After processing, paper and cardboard are used to make paper towels and paperboard for packaging cereal, shoes, and toys. Decapped, washed, and flattened plastic is recycled into carpets, pillows, and new bottles. Although low‑density polyethylene (LDPE), from which grocery bags are made, is the most widely used plastic, beverage bottle polyethylene terephthalate, or PET(E), and high‑density polyethylene, or HDPE, are the most widely recycled plastics. Containers from toxic substances such as motor oil, pesticides, and solvents are not usually accepted with collected plastic because of contamination. Methods to reuse and recycle polystyrene are in development, although presently, Styrofoam is not collected with other plastics and is considered a contaminant as well. Plastic ________.

from beverage containers is easily recyclable if decapped, washed, and squashed

The world's urban populations are ________.

growing at a faster rate than the global population as a whole

During the past half century, global food production has ________ world population growth.

grown at a faster rate than

Organic farming ________.

has become more challenging because of contamination by GM crop varieties

Bt crops ________.

have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against insect pests

The urban heat island effect is caused by ________.

heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces

E-wastes are a source of ________.

heavy metals

Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________.

hunting and gathering

Which of the following represent the categories of hazardous waste?

ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic

In the United States today, the approach which best reduces the volume and weight of municipal solid waste is ________.

incineration

Urban sprawl typically results in

increased commuting distances.

Industrial agriculture ________.

increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area

Suburban living encourages ________.

increased use of automobiles

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

increased use of fossil fuels

Which of the following produces the largest amount of hazardous waste?

industry

Deep-well injection ________.

involves the injection of hazardous wastes into porous rock deep beneath human water supplies

Agricultural productivity increased during the Green Revolution as a result of improvements in fertilizers, crop breeding, pest control, and ________.

irrigation

Monoculture farming ________.

is a development of industrial agriculture

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Early People and Agricultural Beginnings Long ago, two sisters were talking as they returned from their morning trip to collect mushrooms, seeds, berries, and green leaves for the day's meals. The younger woman was watching the progress of a small rabbit as it hopped across the path and toward the clan's trash midden (refuse heap), where broken tools (made of bone, stone, or shell) were tossed, and where discarded food was thrown. She noticed the rabbit stop and begin nibbling at the many new, green shoots sprouting across one side of the midden. She walked over to look, and she saw that some of last year's discarded dried fruits were growing. Surprised and interested, she called her sister over to discuss this find. This is the story of a group whose food ________.

is supplied by hunters and gatherers

A greenway ________.

is the link that provides pathways for wildlife to travel between parks and preserves

Recombinant DNA ________.

is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms

Lining a landfill with a thick tough plastic barrier is a good way to address problems related to ________.

leachate

Which of the following are classified as heavy metals?

lead, mercury, cadmium

Planting ________ between regular crops will help replace depleted nitrogen.

legumes

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, Monsanto Company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, corn, along with soybeans, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. Which of the following was a positive environmental aspect of the Flavr Savr tomato?

less food waste because it is less likely to rot

The most problematic greenhouse gas produced from most landfills is ________.

methane

Decomposition in a landfill will happen faster if there is more ________.

moisture

Over half of all U.S. MSW consists of ________.

paper, food waste, and yard waste

pH influences ________.

plant growth

It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________.

plant-based foods

Erosion can result in a vicious cycle of worsening erosion because ________.

plants are less likely to grow in eroded soil

The O horizon is ________.

primarily composed of organic materials

Seed banks are important for ________.

protecting genetic diversity

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. The prevalence of "throwaway mentalities" and increased packaging have amplified the consumption of paper and plastic in our society. Disposable plates, cups, and utensils are convenient, sanitary, and inexpensive, and packaging preserves freshness, prevents breakage, protects against tampering, provides information to consumers, and allows shipment of products over long distances. However, paper and plastic do not degrade readily in sanitary landfills. Garbologist William Rathje found legible newspapers in landfills decades after disposal. Because trees used to make virgin paper and petrochemicals used to make plastics may soon become depleted, source reduction is the best solution to the waste dilemma. Denmark has banned the use of nonrefillable beverage containers, and McDonald's restaurants in Austria and Sweden have been using biodegradable, compostable cutlery. Recycling has value as well, as long as the recycling loop is closed and people purchase recycled items. Bottle bills and municipal curbside collection provide recycling incentives. Paper recycling is profitable if waste is properly sorted. All kinds of paper and cardboard are recyclable. Food and paperboard (non-corrugated thin coated board) can contaminate collections, however, reducing their value. After processing, paper and cardboard are used to make paper towels and paperboard for packaging cereal, shoes, and toys. Decapped, washed, and flattened plastic is recycled into carpets, pillows, and new bottles. Although low‑density polyethylene (LDPE), from which grocery bags are made, is the most widely used plastic, beverage bottle polyethylene terephthalate, or PET(E), and high‑density polyethylene, or HDPE, are the most widely recycled plastics. Containers from toxic substances such as motor oil, pesticides, and solvents are not usually accepted with collected plastic because of contamination. Methods to reuse and recycle polystyrene are in development, although presently, Styrofoam is not collected with other plastics and is considered a contaminant as well. Closing the recycling loop refers to ________.

purchasing items made from recycled materials

Industrial ecologists ________.

redesign industrial systems to minimize physical inefficiency and maximize economic efficiency

In general, buying in bulk is environmentally friendly because it ________.

reduces packaging waste

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________.

remain connected while living in less centralized communities

Leaching ________.

removes water-soluble nutrients from soil

In Japan, the presence of ducks and the aquatic fern Azolla in rice cultivation has shown that ________.

restoring portions of the biodiversity of a natural ecosystem increases crop yields and profits

Water diversion and pumping has allowed humans to grow crops in areas where natural supplies have been limited. A major challenge that exists in these regions has been ________.

salinization of soils

Soil texture refers to the relative amounts of ________ in soil.

sand, silt, and clay

Leaching and the rate of movement of water would be greatest in a soil classified as ________.

sandy

We lose 5 to 7 million hectares of productive cropland per year to ________.

soil degradation

Recent investigations of the impact of GM crops on biodiversity in Great Britain indicate that ________.

some GM crops and sites showed increased biodiversity, while others showed decreases

The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________.

that they spread environmental impact over a larger area