Module 3 Quiz

The ____ states that no group of people should bear an unfair share of the burden created by pollution, environmental degradation, or the execution of environmental laws.

environmental justice principle

Which of the following is true about security?

While environmental security has been given less attention, it should be considered along with economic security, military security, and their interactions.

The federal government manages roughly 35% of the country's land, which is jointly owned by ____.

all U.S. citizens

A fundamental idea behind ____ is understanding that natural capital supports our economies.

environmental literacy

The energy used to assemble the parts of a new electronic device is an example of a(n)

direct cost

The ____ worldview emphasizes the value of all life and of the biosphere.

earth centered

Which type of economist views economic systems as subsystems of the biosphere that depend heavily on irreplaceable natural resources?

ecological

An environmentally literate person will understand that our ____ are immense and are expanding rapidly.

ecological footprints

What do critics say about the command-and-control approach to U.S. environmental regulation?

too focused on cleanup

Polluting industrial sites and hazardous waste dumps tend to be located disproportionately in communities populated by ____.

minorities

The view that natural resources are important but not indispensable is held by ____.

neoclassical economists

Which worldview sees humans as the planet's most important species?

planetary management

One of Brown's Plan B goals toward shifting to a more environmentally and economically sustainable future is to stabilize ____ growth.

population

What has been identified as one of the five major causes of the environmental problems we face?

poverty

In considering the best way to build a new development, someone with a life-centered worldview would think it most important that___

the developers try to protect all affected species

In considering the best way to build a new development, someone with a life-centered worldview would think it most important that____.

the developers try to protect all affected species

The avoidance of making decisions that cannot be reversed later if they turn out to be harmful is called the ____.

the reversability prinicple

To estimate the future value of a resource, the World Bank and most businesses use

10% annual discount

What is an internal cost of driving a domestic car?

Cost of materials used in manufacture

According to the textbook, which of the following ideas is one of the three that form the foundation of environmental literacy?

Ecological tipping points are long-lasting and should not be crossed.

How do proponents suggest we implement a tax shift to green taxes, which transfers taxes from income and wealth to pollution and environmental degradation?

It should be phased in over 10 to 20 years.

To which international plan to curb poverty has the United States failed to contribute its stated pledge?

Millennium Development Goals

The ecological economist believes that conventional economic growth will eventually ____.

become unsustainable because it will deplete natural capital

Celebrating and protecting ____ through a variety of approaches is an ethical guideline for developing more sustainable societies.

biodiversity

Which federal agency manages U.S. public lands and is responsible for land that is used primarily for grazing, mining, and oil and gas extraction, mostly in the western states?

buero of land management

A necessary result of implementing ____ is that some producers of harmful products and services would go out of business.

full-cost pricing

A tax on the amount of CO2 in exhaust from burning gasoline would be an example of a ____.

green tax

The ____ was deliberately designed to measure outputs, without taking into account their beneficial or harmful environmental impacts.

gross domestic product

Some people contend that any ____ worldview will eventually fail because it wrongly assumes we now have or can gain enough knowledge to become effective managers or stewards of the earth.

human-centered

What kind of environmental regulation sets heavy penalties for not reaching goals?

incentive-based

The cap-and-trade program for regulating air pollutants by the U.S. government is an example of a(n) ____.

incentive-based regulation

The economically and politically powerful interests that receive perverse subsidies spend a lot of time and money on ____, thus shifting to non-perverse subsidies would be difficult.

lobbying

Some experts cite the failure to include the harmful environmental costs in the ____ of the goods and services as one of the major causes of the environmental problems we face.

market prices

What is a financial tool to help people climb out of poverty?

microlending

An ethical guideline to sustainable living is to ____ the way that nature sustains itself.

mimic

Which approach to business is least ecologically minded?

sell more things instead of services

Decisions about how to best use and preserve national resources in a democracy are often complicated by the many ____.

special interest groups

According to the ____, when we use the earth's natural capital, we are borrowing from the earth and from future generations.

stewardship worldview

Perverse ____ can distort the economic playing field and create a huge economic incentive for resource depletion and environmental degradation.

subsidies

Analyses of budgets and appropriations reveal that the government has given an average of $2.7 million a day in ____ for privately owned interests that use U.S. public lands for activities such as mining, fossil fuel extraction, logging, and livestock grazing.

subsidies and tax breaks

The amount of a good or service available for sale at a particular price is called the ____.

supply

In a market-based economic system, economic decisions about prices are controlled by ____

supply and demand

The central view of neoclassical economists is that economic growth is ____.

unlimited, regardless of resource limitations

According to the planetary management environmental worldview, ____.

we should manage nature to meet our needs