Module 4 test

The speed of light and what is it the product of?

(3.00 *10^8 m/s) is the product of its wavelength and frequency All em waves c= λ𝓥

Electron-dot structures shortcut

1-2: same 3-12: -10 from column number

Completely fill D orbital

10 electrons (5 boxes)

Completely fill F sub orbital

14 electrons (7 boxes)

Early ____s: scientists observed certain elements emitted visible light when heated in a flame

1900

Completely fill S orbital

2 electrons (1 box) Completely fill P orbital==6 electrons (3 boxes)

matter has ____ different states, which are (lowest to highest)

4; solid, liquid, gas, and gas with more energy

Green light has a frequency of 6 × 1014 Hz, and the speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s. The wavelength of green light is _____ × 10-7

5 The speed of light is the product of wavelength and frequency

Yellow light has a wavelength of 6 × 10-7 m. Given that the speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s, what is the frequency of this light?

5 × 1014 Hz ν = cλ = 3×10^8m/s6×10^-7m= 5 × 1014 Hz

Given that Planck's constant is 6.6 × 10^-34 J⋅s, what is the energy of a photon of light with a frequency of 1.1 × 10^16 s^-1?

7.3 × 10^-18 J E = hν = (6.6 × 10-34 J⋅s)(1.1 × 1016 s-1) = 7.3 × 10-18 J

A sulfur atom has 16 electrons, but only 6 occupy the outermost 3s and 3p orbitals, so

A sulfur atom has six valence electrons

The set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves given off by atoms of an element is called the

Atomic emission spectrum

The form of energy that includes visible light, X rays, and microwaves and that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space is called

Electromagnetic radiation

The term for all forms of electromagnetic radiation, with the only differences in the types of radiation being their frequencies and wavelength, is the

Electromagnetic spectrum

Light emitted by elements when heated revealed the arrangement of ____ in atoms which explained the ____ behavior of elements

Electrons, chemical

The ___ of a photon is equal to Planck's constant multiplied by the ____ of the photon

Energy, frequency

German physicist Max Planck's study of the light emitted by heated objects led him to conclude that matter can gain or lose ___ only in small, specific amounts called ___

Energy, quantums

Which of these formulas correctly expresses the relationship between the energy of a photon (Ephoton) and its wavelength (ν)?

Ephoton = hν

filling in orbitals is done by

Filling in vertically

The number of waves that pass a given point per second is called the

Frequency

Noble gases have completely filled p-orbitals p6, which are

He, Kr, Ne, Xe, Ar, Rn Electron configurations can be shortened by using==noble gas configuration

Noble gases

Helium and neon

Completely full elements

Hydrogen, Helium, and Neon

Wavelength and frequency are ____ related.

Inversely

The wave model of light cannot explain all of light characteristics, which are

It cannot explain why heated objects emit only certain frequencies of light light at a given temperature It cannot explain why some metals emit electrons when light of a specific frequency shines on them

What conclusion did German physicist Max Planck come to as a result of his study of the light emitted by heated objects?

Matter can gain or lose energy only in small, specific amounts called quanta.

Which of these properties of light are not explained by the wave model?

Only certain frequencies of light are emitted by heated objects. Shining light of a specific frequency on some metals causes them to emit electrons.

When light of a certain frequency, or higher than a certain frequency, shines on the surface of a metal, electrons are emitted. This is called the

Photoelectric effect

A ____ is a massless particle that carries a quantum of energy.

Photon

What is the term for a massless particle that carries a quantum of energy?

Photon

The wave model depicts light as continuous waves, whereas the particle model depicts light as a beam of bundles of energy called ______.

Photons

Light can behave as a beam of bundles of energy called ___ or it can behave as a continuous stream of radiation that behaves like a ___

Photons, wave

White light separates into all the colors of the visible spectrum when it is passed through a

Prism

The minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom is called a

Quantum

Which has more energy: red or green?

Red: lower frequency → longer have length

Electron configuration

The arrangement of electrons in an atom

Ground state

The lowest allowable energy state of an atom

True or false: Sunlight is an example of white light, which is made up of all visible light.

True Sunlight contains all the colors of the visible spectrum. When all these colors are combined the light appears to be colorless.

Plank's constant is a ________ number

Very small

The fact that certain frequencies of light cause some metals to emit electrons cannot be explained by the ____ model of light.

Wave

The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave is the

Wavelength

What questions were left unanswered by Rutherford's atomic model?

What determines differences in chemical behavior? How are electrons arranged in space around the nucleus? Why aren't electrons pulled into the nucleus?

Electromagnetic radiation (& examples)

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space Examples: microwaves,x-rays, television, radio waves, gamma, ultraviolet, and infrared Changing electric and magnetic fields

Ultra violet

above violet

The electromagnetic spectrum includes _____ _______ of electromagnetic radiation

all forms

Which does the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum include?

all forms of electromagnetic radiation

The distance from the origin of a wave to the crest is called the

amplitude

Rutherford model: didn't explain how electrons are ________ around the _________ or why electrons aren't pulled into the positively charged nucleus

arranged; nucleus

Orbital diagrams represent electrons in orbitals using.....

arrows in boxes

Rutherford model proposed that an ________ ________ is concentrated in the ________ and that electrons move around it

atom's mass; nucleus

________ __________ between particles that hold them in whatever matter state they're in

attractive force

4s comes _______ 3d

before

Infrared

below red

Analysis of the light revealed that an element's __________ _________ is related to the arrangement of the electrons in its atoms

chemical behavior

Electron-dot structures

consist of the element's symbol-- representing the nucleus and inner-level electrons-- surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons

The atomic emission spectrum of an element can be used to determine if an element is present in a sample because each element's atomic emission spectrum ______.

consists of a unique set of lines of different wavelengths

Waves of the same colors could have ______ wave lengths

different

Albert Einstein proposed that light has a ______ _______

dual nature

Which is the form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space?

electromagnetic radiation

Photoelectric effect

electrons (called photo electrons) are emitted from a metal's surface when light at or above a certain frequency shines on the surface Dim light, not as much electrons, the more light, the more electrons Can think of sunlight going to chloroplast in photosynthesis

what causes matter to shift to a higher stage as time goes on?

energy increases

When an atom gains energy, it is in an _______ state

excited

Planck's constant

h, has a value of 6.626 x 10^-34 J x s, where J is the symbol for joule, the SI unit of energy, The energy of radiation increases as the frequency increases

Safer: Hydrogen or helium

helium (doesn't react with anything

How are wavelength and frequency related?

inversely

Photon

is a massless particle that carries a quantum of energy Minimum energy that can be gained or lost by atom

Quantum

is the minim amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom Quantum, quantity

Frequency (𝓥)

is the number of wave that pas a given point per second Hu "chew" is symbol

Wavelength (λ)

is the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave Lambda: name of symbol

Noble gases are the element in the ______ column of the periodic table - Group ___

last; 18

Radio wave have the _______ amount of energy

least

Valence electrons

located in the atom's outermost orbitals-- generally associated with the atom's highest principal energy level. They determine an element's chemical properties

Ground-State Electron

lowest state possible Configuration

3d has _____ energy than 4s

more (may be some overlapping)

An electron falls from the 4th energy down to the first. Another electron falls from the second energy level to the first. Which will produce light with a longer wavelength? → n= 4 to n=1 or n=2 to n=1

n=2 to n=1 → less energy

________ and ________ are inversely related, and what does inversely mean wavelength, frequency Inversely

one decreases, the other one increases

Rutherford model: didn't explain why electrons aren't pulled into the ___________ __________ __________

positively charged nucleus

The electron configuration for an element can be represented using the noble-gas notation for the noble gas in the (with example)

previous period and the electron configuration for the addition orbitals being filled Calcium- [Ar]4s2 2 e- in the highest energy level 2 valence electrons

Matter can gain or lose energy only in small specific amounts called...

quanta

In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a __________ ________ for the hydrogen atom. Bohr correctly predicted the _________ _________ in hydrogen's atomic emission spectrum

quantum model; frequency lines

n=1 can have

s

' n=2 can have

s or p

n≥4 can have

s, p, d, or f

n=3 can have

s, p, or d

Max Plank (1858-1947)

showed that there is a direct relationship between the energy of a quantum and the frequency of emitted radiation

Pauli exclusion principle

states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single orbital, but only of the electrons have opposite spins

Aufbau principle

states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available As the energy increases, they get closer together 3d has more energy than 3s 4s would fill first

Hund's rule

states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals

Absolute zero

temperature where matter has its minimum energy/temperature (-200 Celsius) Coldest thing can get Less movement

Which defines wavelength?

the distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave

Which defines the amplitude of a wave?

the height of a wave from the origin to the crest

A quantum is

the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom.

Which defines frequency?

the number of waves that pass a given point per second

What is it called when light of a certain frequency is shined on a metal and electrons are emitted from the metal's surface?

the photoelectric effect

Which color of light has the shortest wavelength? → red, yellow, blue, or violet

violet

Which color of light has the most energy?→red, yellow, blue, or violet

violet'' An electron falls from the 4th energy down to the first. Another electron falls from the second energy level to the first. Which move has a larger change in energy? → n= 4 to n=1 or n=2 to n=1==n= 4 to n=1 → 4-1 is 3 and 2-1 is 1

Microwaves (how it works)

water molecules rotate and vibrate

Amplitude

wave's height from the origin to a crest

A beam of light has both ________-like and __________-like properties

wave; particle