Module 42: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

college

1 in 3 felt so depressed that it was difficult to function

rates

3.9 percent of men and 7.2 percent of women worldwide will have a depressive episode 7.6 percent experiencing moderate or severe depression

Major depressive disorder is characterized by at least _____ signs of depression.

5

pieces of depression puzzle

(1) Stressful events interpreted through (2) a brooding, negative explanatory style create (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts. These thoughts and actions, in turn, fuel (1) stressful experiences such as rejection. Depression is a snake that bites its own tail.

linkage analysis

First, geneticists find families in which the disorder appears across several generations. Next, the researchers look for differences in DNA from affected and unaffected family members.

most episodes end on their own

a person with major depressive disorder today will spend about three-fourths of the next decade in a normal, nondepressed state An enduring recovery is more likely if the first episode strikes later in life, there were few previous episodes, the person experiences minimal stress, and there is ample social support

Women have a greater risk of depression than men for several reasons, including:

all of these stresses

bipolar disorder short

alternates between depression and overexcited hyperactivity

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes. attention-sustaining frontal lobe area

An effective way to break the cycle of _____ is to explain stressful events in terms that are specific and temporary.

depression

Eeyore, a character in the Winnie the Pooh series by A. A. Milne, speaks slowly, has a pessimistic view, and often doesn't wish to participate in social activities. These behaviors suggest that the character suffers from:

depression

A new DSM-5 diagnosis for children who are constantly irritable and have frequent outbursts is called ____ disorder.

disruptive mood dysregulation

Studies of people suffering from major depressive disorder have found that the depressive episode typically:

ends with or without treatment

social-cognitive perspective

explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive depression - people see life through the dark glasses of low self-esteem

self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style

feed depression's vicious cycle

nonsuicidal self-injury

find relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain. attract attention and possibly get help. relieve guilt by inflicting self-punishment. get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism). fit in with a peer group. typically suicide gesturers, not suicide attempters

depression info

half people with depression also have symptoms of another disorder, such as anxiety or substance abuse. 300 million people suffer major depressive or bipolar disorder chronic for 20%

genes and depression

increases if you have a parent or sibling with the disorder If one identical twin has it, the chances are 7 in 10 that the other twin will fraternal twins, the corresponding odds are just under 2 in 10 37% heritability

Bipolar disorder is much _____ common than major depressive disorder, but it is often _____ dysfunctional.

less more

Eighteen-year-old Bianca is an unmarried, white American high school senior. Bianca is experiencing a major depressive episode, and her depression is at its lowest point. However, Bianca does NOT drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca is:

less likely to attempt suicide than her friends who drink alcohol.

reaction to suicide

listen connect protect

Elaine feels that her life is empty. Over the last few months, she has lost interest in her career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is MOST likely suffering from:

major depressive disorder

For the past four weeks, 20-year-old Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder

stressful events often precede depression

one person in four diagnosed with depression has been brought down by a significant loss or trauma,

major depressive disorder short

prolonged state of hopeless depression. can have seasonal pattern (cry more during winter then summer), reprieve of depression --> mania

Breakup with a romantic partner with depression

stable global internal

breakup with a romantic partner with successful coping

temporary specific external

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation animals and humans learn when they experience uncontrollable painful events.

difference

Anxiety is a response to the threat of future loss. Depression is often a response to past and current loss.

major depressive disorder DSM-5

Depressed mood most of the time Dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time Significant challenges regulating appetite and weight Significant challenges regulating sleep Physical agitation or lethargy Feeling listless or with much less energy Feeling worthless, or feeling unwarranted guilt Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions Thinking repetitively of death and suicide

depressed brain

During depression, brain activity slows; during mania, it increases. The left frontal lobe and an adjacent brain reward center become more active during positive emotions Serotonin is also scarce or inactive during depression

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common. milder forms, mania's energy and flood of ideas fuel creativity

men and women

Women are generally more vulnerable to disorders involving internalized states, such as depression, anxiety, and inhibited sexual desire. Men's disorders tend to be more external—alcohol use disorder, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control. When women get sad, they often get sadder than men do. When men get mad, they often get madder than women do.

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

suicide rates of different groups

national racial gender age other group differences day of the week (25% on Wednesday)

Thirty-seven-year-old Steven is a single male who has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half and has begun taking an antidepressant. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and does not want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven is:

more likely to attempt suicide because his energy and initiative are rebounding.

Seventy-five-year-old Wally lost his wife to a heart attack two years ago, and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Wally is:

more likely to attempt suicide, because the suicide rate increases among older men.

bipolar info

more often among those who rely on emotional expression and vivid imagery, such as poets and artists, and less often among those who rely on precision and logic, such as architects, designers, and journalists less common than major depressive disorder, but it is often more dysfunctional.

Studies of the genetic contribution to depression indicates that depression is linked to:

multiple genes

explanatory style

who or what they blame for their failures. blame someone else- angry blame yourself/themselves- stupid and depressed