Module 5 Cartography, GEOG EXAM

If a map is nominal data, it is:

a qualitative map

color lightness can imply:

an increase in quantity using the darkness of the color dark blue indicates higher magnitudes than light blue

Pictographic symbols

can be used for point feature maps designed to look very similar to their real-world counterparts

interval data

consists of numerical values on a magnitude scale that has an arbitrary zero point numerical value can order from low to high with a numeric difference between the classes ex: land elevations Numerical intervals between values are meaningful but ratios between two values are meaningless ex: Fahrenheit scale for temp -equal differences on this scale represent equal difference in temperature ex: temperature

If you classify data based on what kind of geographic phenomena the data represents it will be __________________ or ______________, or ________________

continuous or discrete or point, line, area, or volume data

what are the two levels of measurement that are quantitative

interval ratio

maps show us _______ NOT _______

maps show us DATA not phenomena

example of topographic map

maps that have irregular curves that represent elevation, lakes, etc.

nominal from the video

most basic level of measurement categorical or qualitative ex: sex, color, chocolate preference frequency or percentage cannot calculate anything pie chart, column or bar chart

interval/ratio from the video

most precise can be measured number of customers, weight, age, size scale, quantitative, parametric can be discrete or continuous mathematical versatile bar chart or histogram

example of volume phenomena

mountains and ocean trenches

what are the two levels of measurement that are qualitative

nominal ordinal

If you classify data based on levels of measurement. It will be ______, ______, _______, or _____ (Here a measurement level describes the nature of numerical info about geographic features)

nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data

volume phenomena

occupies a volume in space (including lengths, width, and depth) at the scale of the map

area phenomena

occupies an area on the map such as houses, forests, lakes, counties, and even buildings at a large enough scale

T/F qualitative maps AND quantitative thematic maps can both be classified as single-theme maps or multivariate maps

TRUE

what is an example of a thematic map

US poverty levels in 2010 coloring of counties by the percent of people under the poverty line

flow maps show transportations spatially using a line symbol called:

a flow line

isoline maps

a line on a map or chart alone which there is a constant value as of temp or rainfall or average daily solar radiation thematic map

choropleth map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas thematic map

Dot density maps

a map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature or a phenomenon thematic map

If a map is ordinal, interval or ratio data it is:

a quantitative map

color saturation/ color intensity can imply

a subtle visual variable that is best used to show subtle variations

qualitative change map

a type of map that shows the change in geographic phenomena display changes that are qualitative/categorical rather than quantitative

level of measurement

a way to describe the scaling of data in statistics four levels nominal ordinal interval ratio

example of a reference map

a world map shows the boundaries of continents, oceans, and countries, their names, as well as important water bodies

Discrete phenomena change _______

abruptly nothing in between

Mimetic symbols

can be used for point feature maps symbolize between geometric and pictographic symbols they are often created from a combination of geometric shapes ex: mimetic symbols are on tourist, recreational, and airport maps

geometric symbols

can be used for point feature maps use simple shapes such as squares, circles, and triangles to represent features need a legend to be interpreted correctly

single theme maps for quantitative data

can depict point, line, area, and continuous surface features or phenomena point feature maps -proportional and graduated symbol maps line feature maps -flow maps area feature maps -choropleth maps -cartograms -prism maps continuous surface maps -isoline/isopleth maps -dot density maps -3D perspective maps

what is another word for discrete data

categorical data often represents objects

what are the three types of qualitative changes

change in the category of features over time at the same location change in the location of a feature over time show a time series of maps side by side that cover the same area and use the same symbols and legend

For qualitative maps we use the visual variables:

color hue orientation shape

ratio data ratio level data

consists of numerical values on a magnitude scale IN CONTRAST TO INTERVAL LEVEL DATA the zero point is NOT arbitrary the zero point is clearly defined and typically the zero point denotes absence of the phenomenon ex: thematic maps showing population density or anything other density, annual precipitation, crime rate, tree heights, tax rate, family income ratio level data have all the properties of interval level data but IN ADDITION it also has a natural zero value when the variable quals 0.0 there is none of that variable ratios between two values are meaningful ex: height, weight, or measurement of time

what is an example of area phenomena

counties are areas/polygons

Orientation is used to

create patterns that show qualitative differences for features. ex: a tree symbol oriented north or east can show whether the tree is dead or alive

disadvantages of proportional/graduated symbols to map quantitative data

densities/ratios/rates are hard to display with this type of map hard to tell different circle sizes apart especially when a continuous sequence of symbols have been used human eye can't differentiate between slight variations in symbol size

single theme maps

depict only one theme (i.e. one attribute at a time) at a time. This means only one column in the attribute table will be displayed on the map

multivariate maps

depict the geographical relationships between two or more phenomena show the relationship between multiple attributes -combined mapping methods -point symbols -charts

quantitative data

depicts the magnitude of things expressed in numbers (e.g.: size, importance) such data can be quantified, measured, compared, and taken a mathematical average of

quantitative thematic maps

describe any numerical information about spatial features and their relationships answer questions like: how many, large, wide, fast, high, or deep things are using ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO data

line phenomena

describes features that follow a line without a defined width at a certain scale

point phenomena

describes things like houses or cities, which may be too small to be represented by areas or polygons on a map for a given scale

Map symbols with different sizes imply what

differences in quantity larger circle: implies greater quantity than smaller circle wider line: indicates a larger quantity than a narrower line more volume: indicates a greater quantity

Different shapes imply what

differences in type rather than differences in magnitude

color hue simply means

different colors symbols with different hues imply differences in quality or type green tree= alive brown tree= dead

Data describing the geographic phenomena could be _____ or _______

discrete or continuous

examples of continuous surfaces or continuous data

elevation aspect slope radiation levels from a nuclear plant and salt concentration from a salt marsh as it move inland

T/F Generally, vector data model is suitable for representing continuous geo-spatial data while raster data model is suitable for representing discrete geospatial data.

false Vector data model is more suit for representing discrete geospatial data, such as a point, a line or a polygon. Raster data model is more suitable for representing continuous geo-spatial data, such as terrain surface.

T/F it is okay to compute standard deviation using ordinal data

false Standard deviation cannot be computed using ordinal data which only contain the information of order (deduction and average operator cannot be applied).

T/F? One can measure the width of a line symbol on a map and tell the actual width of the corresponding line feature on the ground

false the width of a line symbol is rarely used to indicate the actual width of the corresponding line feature on the ground. instead the width is usually used to differentiate the classes of line features (ex: mainstream vs tributaries)

single themed maps -line feature maps *flow maps

flow is defined as the movement things from one place to another such as migrations of people, spread of disease, shipment of goods between regions flow maps show transportations spatially using a line symbol called a flow line

Single themed maps -point feature maps *proportional symbol and graduated symbol maps

for point features proportional and graduated symbols are commonly used to show quantitative information proportional maps use symbol size to represent the data value graduated maps use symbol size to represent groups of values (quantitative values are grouped into intervals, and all the features within a class are shown with symbols of the same size)

nominal data

has no order and only gives names or labels to various categories consists of categories used to distinguish different types of features values in nominal data are used to distinguish one features from another QUALITIES not quantities examples: gender, religion, political affiliation, college major, jersey number not always descriptive, could be stored as words or numerical code (ex: social security numbers, zip codes, and telephone numbers)- no numerical meaning NO ORDER ex: jersey numbers in basketball although numerical are measures at the nominal level the number does not imply order

What are some ways you can classify data

how the data is organized in digital format what kind of geographic phenomena the data represents how the data defines or describes the geographic phenomena levels of measurement

example of point phenomena

in a world map of major cities, each city is represented as a point

Ordinal data

includes values with order which allows comparisons of the degree between two values examples: scale of tree size (S, M, L), level of pain (1-10), movie ratings (1-5 stars), scale of hotness (hot, hotter, hottest) meaningful order but the intervals between values are not necessarily equal -ex: the gap between hot and hotter may be small whereas there might be a big discrepancy between hotter and hottest ordinal data are also considered to be categorical or QUALITATIVE still no quantifiable numeric difference between their values show position in rank such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd but they do NOT establish magnitude or relative proportions

why is mapping change difficult

it can be hard to find symbols explicit enough to convey the correct information to the reader

examples of qualitative data

land cover types soil types language and religion major in college education level name of major cities in the world non numerical in nature cannot take the average of anything

isochrones

lines of equal time difference (ex: show the range of the ash at different times 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours)

How can you tell the difference between proportional and graduated symbols

look at the legend if there is a range of data values (aka: 10,000-20,000) it is a graduated symbol map in a proportional symbol map- symbols on the map could have a size not listed but in graduated every size must be listed

Phenomena are... Data are...

phenomena are all the stuff in the real world data are records of obersvations of phenomena

what is point data used to depict

point phenomena

what is an example of quantitative data

population density and annual rainfall population in poverty of each county in the IS expressed as a quantity air temperature

Qualitative data ________ things, quantitative data ________ things

qualitative data DESCRIBES quantitative data MEASURES

if you classify data based on how the data defines or describes the geographic phenomena it will be __________ or _________-

qualitative or quantitative data

qualitative data shows what quantitative data shows what

qualitative shows the types/categories of features quantitative data shows magnitude of features/attributes

Pattern textures can imply:

quantitative differences by density a finer, more tightly-packed grid is higher in quantity than a loose, coarse grid

data that are qualitative examples

racial composition of a country rank of GDP of a country land cover types

ordinal from the video

rank satisfaction fanciness meaningful order but the values between the numbers are not equal (EX: more space between second and third than first and third) can be given as frequencies column or bar chart

ex of ratio data: ex of ordinal data:

ratio- groundwater storage water depth in mm 0-50,000 ordinal- aquifer productivity very high-very low

What are the two types of maps that are important to both geographers and the general public

reference maps topographic maps

single theme maps -area feature maps *choropleth maps

represent quantitative properties of AREA features by varying the lightness or intensity of color typically show density or rate information about area features (ex: counties, states, countries, etc.) such as population density or tax rate, rather than totals

continuous data

represents continuous phenomena which have no defined borders but a smooth transition from one value to another

discrete data

represents discrete phenomena with distinct boundaries a district, houses, towns, agricultural fields, rivers, highways are good examples of discrete phenomena

categorical data

represents objects these objects usually belong to a class (ex: soil type), a category (ex: land use type), or a group (ex: political party) these are known as categorical objects

example of line phenomena

river or road map

proportional symbol map

scale the size of simple symbols (usually a circle or square) proportionally to the data value found at that location. the larger the symbol the MORE of something exists at a location thematic map

advantages of using mimetic symbols compared with geometric or pictographic symbols:

self explained and require little work on building map legend can be wither simple or complex when representing real world features

What are the visual variables that effectively display qualitative differences?

shape orientation color hue

advantages of proportional/graduated symbols to map quantitative data

show data occurring at points show absolute values and precise numbers circles can be subdivided to show percentages of the whole easy to make

qualitative data

show the categories of things expressed by means of a natural language description

reference maps

show the simplest properties of geographic features in a specific area such as political boundaries, roads, water bodies, and cities

thematic map

shows one or a few themes of information fro a specific area which is often coded, colored, or grouped for convenience

topographic map

shows topological features including terrain elevation, water networks, boundaries, roads, towns, cities, and labels showing the names of important features. A TYPE OF REFERENCE MAP

For quantitative maps we prefer visual variables that can effectively impart the magnitude of phenomena to the reader:

size pattern texture color lightness/color values color saturation/intensity

point phenomenon

something that occurs at a point in space defined solely by a geographic location without width or area at the scale of the map

qualitative maps describe what

the location or distribution of a phenomenon and use nominal data

on flow maps the size (width) of the flow line is proportional to what

the magnitude of the flow magnitude of flow can be shown by varying texture color saturation and color lightness of the lines

quantitative maps describe what

the magnitude or value of a phenomenon and use ordinal, interval, or ratio data

Thematic maps usually describe what

the physical social political environmental and cultural properties of defined areas

What do single theme and multivariate maps have in common

they both use points, lines, and areas to display features

When do you use proportional symbol/graduated symbol mapping

total populations total production and sometimes derived data (densities, rates) of regions DO NOT map derived data with proportional/graduated symbols proportional/graduated usually imply magnitude rather than density or rates

Mappable data can be qualitative or quantitative T/F?

true

point feature maps

use symbols which show the location of an object. The point symbols can be geometric, mimetic, or pictographic

If you classify data based on how the data is organized in digital format it will be ________ or _________

vector or raster data

Almost everything in the real world is a _________ to us

volume

In multivariate maps how do you represent each attribute/phenomena

with a different symbol

Continuous phenomena such as air temp, precipitation, and elevation vary continuously without _________ _________

without incremental steps ex: temperature changes continuously from 66 to 66.01 there is always something in between two values of a temperature