module 5: infant, child & adolescent

ways to prevent or treat childhood obesity:

-Avoid "dieting" and eat three meals per day. -Offer healthy foods from all food groups daily. -Avoid serving large portions. -Put healthy foods where they are easy to see and obtain. -Avoid buying unhealthy foods. -Eat out less often, especially fast food. -Encourage mainly water for beverage intake. -No more than 16 ounces of low or no-fat dairy or fortified soy products daily. -No juice or sweetened beverages. -Encourage at least one hour of physical activity daily. -Make sure child gets enough sleep. -Discourage eating in front of the television or other electronic devices. -Limit television or computer use to no more than two hours per day. -Allow child to participate with grocery shopping and preparing healthy foods children who suffer from obesity are more likely to become overweight or obese adults. major effect on self-esteem and the health of a child. major risk factor for many chronic diseases later in life, such as cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and certain cancers. now becoming more common early in life due to the childhood obesity epidemic.

nutrient needs of adolescence:

-calcium levels increase to 1,300 mg/day for bone growth. (low fat dairy products) -iron needs increase for girls with onset of menstruation. deficiency is common on girls. boys also needs it for development of lean body mass. -vitamin A is critical to support rapid development/growth. (fruits/veggies) adequate energy intake is necessary for growth. needs are based on factors like activity level. extra energy required for physical development during the teenage years should be obtained primarily from nutrient-dense foods instead of empty-calorie foods. teens tend to have poor diets and consume excessive amounts of solid fats, sugars, and sodium from processed foods., lacking fruits and veggies. nutrient concerns: vitamind D, fiber, potassium varied plant based diets can benefit. rich in fiber, minerals, complex carbs, protein, and unsat. fats.

to avoid with picky eaters:

-catering the menu to only favorite foods -only serving child-friendly foods, which can limit variety in the diet -always asking what they want to eat -pressuring or forcing a child to eat -offering food outside of scheduled meal and snack time

tips to prevent tooth decay:

-for infants: keep baby's mouth clean by wiping gums with clean washcloth. -for toddlers: brush 2 times per day for 2 minutes after breakfast and before bed. -dont put child to bed with bottle in mouth. -do not use bottle or sippy cup as pacifier. -wean children off bottle 12-15 months of age. -take child to dentist by 1 years of age. -limit added sugars -brush after every meal

recommendations for feeding toddlers:

-regular mealtimes/snacks: should consume three meals per day and 2-3 scheduled snacks. -milk: 2-3 cups of whole cow's milk or other dairy products (yogurt, cheese, etc) per day. At age 2, parents can switch to low-fat or nonfat milk to reduce fat intake. Avoid giving excess milk, as filling up on milk will reduce the consumption of healthy solid foods. -offer a variety of foods. -offer whole grains over refined grains. -include protein in most meals/snacks. -limit salty foods/sugary snacks. -wean toddlers off of bottles -avoid foods that can cause choking -limit juice intake to no more than 4 ounces (1/2 cup) per day -regular water consumption -avoid sweet/caffeinated beverages -use caution with dietary supplements cow's milk (or soy milk) and water as the main beverages choices.

early infancy:

4 to 6 months of life: breast milk, infant formula, or some combination of the two should be the sole source of nutrition. should be carried through the 1st year of life. this is because young infants' GI tracts are not ready to process more complex foods & they lack the oral motor skills to swallow solid foods safely. most infants will want and need to eat every few hours, including during the night. the spacing of feedings will gradually increase over time. other substitute for formula/breast milk, including cow's milk, goat's milk, plant-based beverages such as soy milk, homemade infant formula, or watered-down formula, should be avoided. do not provide the right balance of nutrients to meet infants' requirements and can cause serious problems such as damage to the intestines or kidneys.

typical dietary habits of college students:

High intake of fast foods High intake of foods high in fat Low intakes of fruit and vegetables Low intake of dairy Meal skipping Disordered eating habits Abuse of alcohol parental and social pressures influence college students.

requirements before they eat solids:

Sit up without support (in a high chair or lap) Has good head control. Open mouth for a spoonful of food and swallow it without gagging or pushing it back out. Reach for and grasp food or toys and bring them to their mouth. Opens their mouth and leans forward when food is offered recommended to start with iron-fortified infant cereal (rice, oat, barley, or multi-grain) by six months of age, by the time baby is 7 or 8 months old, they can eat a variety of foods from different food groups. include infant cereals, meat or other proteins, fruits, vegetables, grains, yogurts and cheeses, and more. Foods should be added to the diet one at a time, and wait three to five days between new foods to check for allergic reactions. Between 6 and 12 months, babies gradually eat more solid foods and less milk so that by 12 months, formula is no longer needed. Breastfeeding mothers may choose to wean at 12 months or continue breastfeeding as long as they like. There is no harm to an infant if breastfed beyond one year, as long as they receive adequate amounts of solid foods.

solid foods:

WHO: at six months while receiving several daily feedings of either breast milk or infant formula. other organizations: between 4 and 6 months, depending on the baby's development and interest in eating solids. Although it is called "solid" food, the first foods are pureed with no shape and minimal texture. most babies aren't ready to eat solid foods before four months of age, and starting too soon may increase the risk of obesity. also important not to start solids too late. after six months, breast milk or formula alone can't support a baby's complete nutrient requirements.

infancy:

a time of dramatic change and development. in the first year of life, babies triple their body weight. BMR is extremely high. need about 100 kcal/kg of body weight, compared to about 30 kcal/kg for adults.

dental health:

as infants, it is good to use a finger brush or wet washcloth to clean a baby's tongue and gums after formula or breast milk feedings. as the baby begins eating foods, continue to use the finger brush to clean the tongue, teeth, and gums after each meal. as they develop more teeth, an infant toothbrush and non-fluoridated toothpaste may be used. avoid putting anything in the bottle other than formula or breast milk. don't allow babies to take their bottles to bed. when the baby falls asleep, the milk will sit in the mouth. the sugar in milk will feed bacteria and invite tooth erosion. "nursing bottle syndrome" or baby bottle tooth decay.

water:

babies dont need water during the first 6 months of life unless they have diarrhea, vomiting, or high fever and @ risk of dehydration. they get plenty from being breast fed or formula. once they are consuming good amounts of solid foods around 9 months or so, they can have small amounts of water at mealtimes using a sippy cup. parents can be reassured that an infant is getting enough breast milk or formula if they are growing properly and have at least 6-8 wet diapers per day.

eating disorders:

bulimia is the most common eating disorder (18-21) due to body image issues. many of them will progress to disordered eating or full-blown eating disorders.

food insecurity on college students:

college students have much higher rates of food insecurity than the general population. primary reason for this is rising college tuition costs combined with a high cost of living. many students need to choose between paying for classes and rent or eating healthy. can harm a college student's ability to achieve educational goals, cognitive abilities impaired. tend to have lower GPAs and are less likely to graduate. tend to miss more classes, are more likely to drop a class or be withdrawn, or fail courses. Stress, anxiety, anger, frustration, and depression can all impact schoolwork. Shame from the stigma of food insecurity can also affect class attendance.

cows milk in early infancy:

cow's milk shouldn't be introduced until at least 12 months of age because it contains high concentrations of protein and certain minerals, which can stress a newborn's immature kidneys. lacks the proper amounts of iron, vitamin C, and other nutrients that infants need. can irritate the stomach and intestine lining, leading to loss of blood.

habits associated with academic success:

eat breakfast daily, consume good amounts of fruit/veggies, limit empty calorie junk food, consume adequate calories/avoid restrictive dieting, get enough sleep, regular physical activity, avoid binge drinking

college years:

engage in poor dietary habits. This can lead to weight imbalances, adverse health outcomes, and negative impacts on college success. common reasons college students report having an unhealthy diet include lack of time, easy access to high-calorie convenience foods and junk foods, stress, and the price of healthy foods.

binge drinking:

five drinks or more on one occasion for males and four drinks or more for females, which usually brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or higher. some college students drink at least twice that amount, risking severe harm or even death. a drink is defined as: 12 oz beer, 5 oz glass of wine, 1.5 oz of distilled spirits. increases the risk of car crashes, drunk-driving arrests, risky sexual behavior, sexual assaults, and injuries. also increases the risk of suicide attempts and health problems. long term, can damage the liver and other organs and lead to malnutrition. 25% of students report that they miss class or get behind in schoolwork because of their drinking. with alcohol overdose, there is so much alcohol in the bloodstream that life-supporting functions such as breathing, heart rate, and temperature control begin to shut down.

dietary guidelines for kids:

good nutrition is more critical for growth and development, academic performance. -consume a variety of fruits and vegetables -consume whole grains -fat-free and low-fat dairy products -variety of protein foods -limit calories from solid fats and added sugars -reduce sodium intake most kids consume too much sugar sweetened drinks and empty calories. also dont drink enough water. not enough fruits and veggies.

infant nutrient requirements:

have very high needs for vitamins and minerals critical for growth, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, and calcium. demand for vitamin C and iodine is also exceptionally high. iron needs are the most critical after six months of age whether they receive breast milk or formula. Foods like iron-fortified cereal can provide the necessary iron from foods.

formula fed nutrients required for six months to a year:

iron, fluoride

childhood obesity:

main goal with treating childhood obesity is to maintain weight as the child grows taller. need adequate caloric intake for growth, and it is important not to impose very restrictive diets. poor diet, lack of physical activity, too much added sugars, high calorie processed foods fast foods, and vending machine items also tend to be common among children and teens. treatment: work with children and adolescents to eat a well-balanced diet with appropriate portion sizes. Dieting, medication, or surgery are generally not recommended until the body is done growing. the goal is to provide adequate nutrition and let the child grow taller to even out the weight.

signs of alcohol overdose:

mental confusion, difficulty remaining conscious, vomiting, slow/irregular breathing, slow heart rate, cold clammy skin, seizures, bluish skin or paleness, lack gag reflex

foods to avoid in the first year:

no need to avoid common food allergens. can prevent food allergies from developing. keep an eye out for symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as hives, vomiting, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. anything that can cause choking should be avoided such as peanut butter (or any nut butters), nuts, hard candies, grapes, popcorn, hard or stringy meats, chewing gum, or cut-up hot dogs. cows milk, plant based beverages, juice/sugar sweetened beverages, honey, unpasteurized dairy products/juices, raw meats and eggs, foods with added sugars and salts.

formula fed infants nutrients required:

none

reasons why students gain weight in college:

poor diet habits, declining BMR, stress lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, lack of sleep, disordered eating

food allergies:

possible for child to grow out of food allergy with age. also possible to get later in life. most serious allergic reactions occur from foods such as milk, eggs, shellfish, soy, nuts (including peanuts), and wheat. spacing new foods at least 2-3 days apart is recommended. early and quick recognition of symptoms and treatment is the best way to avoid serious complications or death from a food allergy. symptoms vary from person to person, and can be mild or more severe. The most serious complication is anaphylaxis, in which the body goes into shock. BP drops and airways narrows. can block breathing and lead to death if not treated immediately with epinephrine injection.

disordered eating in adolescence:

prevalent during the teen years. can occur from stress, low self-esteem, and other emotional issues. more common in girls but have been increasing in boys recently. often lead to malnutrition, adolescents with eating disorders are deprived of the nutrients critical for their growing bodies. girls with anorexia nervosa experience nutritional and hormonal problems that negatively influence peak bone density, increased risk of osteoporosis. symptoms to watch out for include sudden weight loss, lethargy, vomiting after meals, and the use of appetite suppressants. many teens suffer from body image issues. body dysmorphia can lead to weight loss goals and diets that are unhealthy. eliminating entire food groups or taking in too few calories while they are still developing can have serious negative effects on their health.

academic success of kids:

proper nutrition is very important for academic success. deficits of specific nutrients are associated with lower grades and higher rates of absenteeism and tardiness among students. skipping breakfast is associated with decreased mood, alertness, attention, memory, and problem solving among students. even without appetite, breakfast should be encouraged. includes a good protein source, such as cow's milk or soy milk, cheese or yogurt, eggs, or nut butter. fruit and/or whole grains can also be given to provide healthy carbohydrates. food security: federal USDA School Breakfast and School Lunch Programs can help low income children.

adolescence:

puberty marks the beginning. starts the development of reproductive organs, menstruation, rapid growth, body composition changes. girls tend to gain body fat to prepare for reproduction and boys get muscle and bone development. all supported with proper nutrition.

tips with picky eaters:

reintroduce disliked foods periodically, as taste does change over time. ry to make the vegetable more appealing, by adding cheese or sauces. dipping raw vegetables in a yogurt-based dip is something nutritious to try. many kids dislike overly soft or mushy vegetables, so experimenting with different textures. shouldn't stress too much if their child won't eat vegetables, they can get the same nutrients from fruits. however, encouraging them at a young age will set them up for good health, and possibly weight management, later in life.

to prevent picky eaters:

reintroduce new foods several times, avoid distractions at meal time, eat as a family, give kids choices, parents model healthy eating behaviors, remove junk food, avoid filling kids with too much juice, dont offer dessert or unhealthy choices after meals, dont force a kid to clean their plate,try raw veggies with dip, make mealtimes fun, pair new foods with other liked foods, provide positive reinforcement, include kids in preparation.

toddlerhood:

represents a stage of growing independence. gain the physical abilities to feed themselves confidently & their growing language skills to verbalize food preferences. good nutritional habits should be introduced as young as possible. important to shift to a mindset of eating sit down meals and snacks. at 18 months, most childrens appetites decrease b/c they do not growing as fast as when they were infants.

mothers who pump and store for later use:

safe at room temp for 4 hours. can be refrigerated and used within 4 days. used within 12 hours when frozen. once thawed, it should be used within 24 hours.

bottle feeding guidelines:

should be fed formula approved by the FDA. homemade formula discouraged. soy formula is an option for infants with cows milk allergy. must be mixed properly with the right amount of water. may lead to dehydration and cause the kidneys and digestive system to work too hard. diluting the formula too much will prevent the baby from receiving all the nutrients. does not need to be warmed before feeding but baby prefers it at warmer temp. never use a microwave to warm a bottle as it can heat the liquid unevenly. best to use within 2 hours of preparation & within 1 hour from when feeding begins as it can spoil at room temp. any formula left in bottle should be thrown away.

ADHD:

struggle with daily activities and focusing on instruction, which can affect them behaviorally and academically. no scientific evidence that sugar causes hyperactivity. FDA does not have any evidence linking food additives with ADHD. child with these issues should be thoroughly evaluated by a physician, and an elimination diet may be recommended to possibly identify any dietary factors that may be aggravating their condition. even if dietary changes are not shown to lessen ADHD symptoms, eliminating or reducing processed foods can be nutritionally beneficial.

iron deficiency in adolescents:

toddlers who drink too much cows milk are at risk, causing deficits in brain development (milk anemia). makes it harder to absorb iron. limit to 2-3 servings a day. when a child is weaning off of breast milk, solid iron rich foods are important. symptoms: pale complexion, behavioral problems, tiredness/weakness, cravings for non food items clay, dirt, chalk, or ice (pica), brittle nails/hair, difficulty concentrating, poor academic performance. teenage girls also high risk due to blood loss form menstruation especially if combined with poor diet.

tooth decay:

tooth decay can develop as soon as the first tooth comes in. develops when the child's teeth and gums are exposed to any liquid or food other than water for long periods, or with continuous exposure during the day. any beverage or food containing sugar can cause this problem. often develop from diets high in carbs and sweets. important for children to brush their teeth after consuming any foods or beverages containing carbohydrate. apple slices nutritious and a good fiber source, the rough texture can help scrape plaque off the teeth. dairy products and cheese sticks important for dental health too.

nutrients required for breastfed infants from birth to six months of age:

vitamin D

nutrients required for breastfed infants from six months to a year:

vitamin d, iron, fluoride

school age years:

what we feed kids impact nutrition and affect weight and behavioral problems. family meals have many nutritional, social, and emotional benefits. parent needs to decide what foods will be offered at meals and snacks while at the same time giving children "healthy" choices. can promote a child's independence by allowing them to pick and choose foods from what has been made available and deciding how much of each to eat. can best support their child's eating by modeling relaxed, enjoyable eating. everyday will look slightly different. when children go through a growth spurt, their appetite increases. Other times, their appetite decreases, and they eat less. if this happens long term, it can be an issue. pressuring a child to eat more or less or eating something they don't like is nad

food jags:

when a child will only eat the same food meal after meal. normal for young children. continue offering new foods before letting them have their favorite.