Modules 40, 41, 42, 43,

Bipolar disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

Cognitive therapy

more adaptive ways of thinking

Biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

What is a cognitive perspective on psychological disorders?

The person's emotional reactions are produced not directly by the event, but by the person's thoughts in response to the event.

What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?

Through psychoanalysis, Freud tried to give people self insight and relief from their disorders by bringing anxiety-laden feelings and thoughts into conscious awareness. Psychoanalytic techniques included using free association and interpretation of instances such as transferance and resistance. Psychodynamic therapy has been influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but differs from it in many ways, including the lack of belief in id, ego, and superego. this contemporary therapy is briefer, less expensive, and more focused on helping clients find relief from current symptoms. Psychodynamic therapists help clients understand how past relationships create themes that may be acted out in present relationships

T/F: PET scans of murderer's brains reveal lower than normal activation in the frontal lobes

True

T/F: the left frontal lobe and adjacent brain reward center become more active during positive emotions

True

T/f: psychodynamic therapists aim to help people gain insight into unconscious dynamics that arise from their life experiences

True

chronic schizophrenia

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten. slow developing process where recovery is doubtful

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Active Listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Two neurotransmitters that are at work during periods of brain inactivity and hyperactivity that accompany major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?

Norepinephrine (increases arousal and boosts mood): is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania Serotonin: also scarce or inactive during depression

Counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

binge eating disorder

a disorder characterized by compulsive overeating

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience *four or more weeks!!

Acute Schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods follows life stressors and recovery is much more likely

Psychotic Disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression ** a split from reality

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Psychological Disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior Such thoughts or behaviors are dysfunctional or maladaptive

Insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses *designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behaviors *psychodynamic and humanistic

Unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

obsessive-compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that uses technology to progressively expose people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

What is the best therapy choice for treating phobias?

behavior therapy

Exposure therapy

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy , that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the specific goals and techniques of Carl Roger's client-centered approach?

both psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are insight therapies==they attempt to improve functioning by increasing client's awareness of motives and defenses. Carl Roger's client-centered therapy proposed that therapists' most important contributions are to function as a psychological mirror through active listening and to provide a growth-fostering environment of unconditional positive regard

epigenetic marks

chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off

Rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Disassociative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Delusion

false belief

Hallucinations

false perceptions; sensory experiences

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

state-dependent memory

if you temporarily put people in a bad or sad mood, their memories, judgements, and expectations suddenly become more pessimistic

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Transferance

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

Panic Disorder

in which a person experiences panic attacks--sudden episodes of intense dread--and fears the next episode's unpredictable onset

Phobia

in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of something

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

in which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

Personality Disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning forms three clusters characterized by: 1) Anxiety 2) Odd or eccentric behaviors 3)dramatic or impulsive behaviors

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the _______ perspective

social cognitive

catatonia

state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time of schizphrenia

Carl Rogers encouraged humanistic therapists to possess these three traits.

summarize, invite clarification, and reflect feelings.

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Medical Model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Learned Helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Shania sees a cognitive therapist for depression. Shania's therapist has explained to her that cognitive therapy is very effective for depression because it addresses:

the relationship between thoughts and feelings

Epigenetics

the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Psychodynamic therapies

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Group therapy

treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

social cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Reinforcement

when a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Disassociative identity disorder

A rare disassociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly known as multiple personality disorder)

How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies? What techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?

Behavior therapies are NOT insight therapists. Classical conditioning techniques such as exposure therapies and aversive conditioning attempt to change behaviors through counterconditioning--evoking new responses to old stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies and of cognitive-behavioral therapy?

Cognitive therapies--such as Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy for depression assumes that our thinking influences our feelings and that the therapist's role is to change client's self defeating feelings by training to percieve and interpret them in more constructive ways CBT combines cognitive and behavioral therapy--a newer CBT variation is called dialelectical behavior therapy that teaches clients cognitive tactics to tolerate distress and regulating emotions and trains them in social skills and mindfulness meditation

What is the main premise of therapy based on operant conditioning principles, and what are the views of its proponents and critics?

Operant conditioning operates under the premise that voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences. Therapy based on operant conditioning therefore uses behavior modification techniques to change unwanted behaviors by positively reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring or punished undesirable behaviors. Critics maintain that (1) techniques such as those used in token economies may produce behavior changes that disappear when rewards end and (2) deciding which behaviors should change is authoritarian and unethical

Behavior Therapy

Presumed Problem: Dysfunctional behaviors Therapy aim: Learn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones.

Cognitive Therapy

Presumed Problem: Negative, self-defeating thinking Therapy Aim: Promote healthier thinking and self-talk.

Group and Family Therapy

Presumed Problem: Stressful relationships Therapy Aim: Heal relationships

Client-Centered Therapy

Presumed problem: Barriers to self-understanding and self-acceptance Therapy aim: Enable growth via unconditional positive regard, acceptance, genuineness, and empathy.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Presumed problem: Self-harmful thoughts and behaviors Therapy Aim: Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Presumed problem: Unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences Therapy aim: Reduce anxiety through self-insight.

How do psychotherapy and the biomedical therapies differ?

Psychotherapy is treatment involving psychological techniques between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome pscyhological difficulties Biomedical therapy treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on patient's physiology

Describe the three components of the explanatory style that depressed people use to explain the bad events that happen to them. (See Figure 42.4)

Stable: "ill never get over this" Global: "I cant do anything right" Internal: "its all my fault"