moist

The hyper-secretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of a.recurrent infection. b.destruction of alveolar septa. c.reduced inflammation. d.barrel chest.

a.recurrent infection.

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is due to a.release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells. b.air trapping with resultant excessive alveolar pressure. c.excessive α1-antitrypsin. d.autoantibodies against pulmonary basement membrane.

a.release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.

The amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration is called the a.residual volume. b.functional residual capacity. c.expiratory reserve volume. d.vital capacity.

a.residual volume.

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by a.resistance to airflow. b.hyperresponsiveness. c.decreased residual volumes. d.decreased lung compliance.

a.resistance to airflow.

Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called a.tension pneumothorax. b.open pneumothorax. c.pleural effusion. d.empyema.

a.tension pneumothorax.

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is due to a.thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. b.loss of alveolar elastin. c.pulmonary edema. d.hyperplasia and deformation of bronchial cartilage.

a.thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Structure(s) that engage in exchange of respiratory gases include(s) the (Select all that apply.) a.trachea. b.bronchi. c.pulmonary artery. d.pulmonary capillaries. e.alveoli.

a.trachea. b.bronchi. d.pulmonary capillaries. e.alveoli.

When assessing an individual during an acute asthma episode, you should expect to find (Select all that apply.) a.use of accessory breathing muscles. b.expiratory wheezing. c.foul-smelling sputum. d.coughing. e.feeling of chest tightness.

a.use of accessory breathing muscles. b.expiratory wheezing. d.coughing. e.feeling of chest tightness.

When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies a."It sounds as if the classmate was just lucky and less exposed at daycare." b."It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia." c."It sounds as if your child is having a severe reaction to bacterial pneumonia. It hits some children harder than others." d."It sounds as if your child has a case of viral pneumonia, while the classmate had bacterial pneumonia."

b."It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia."

Which enzyme assists with protein digestion? a.Amylase b.Chymotrypsin c.Lactase d.Lipase

b.Chymotrypsin

The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis include a.diffuse white-out. b.Ghon tubercles. c.bibasilar infiltrates. d.tracheal deviation.

b.Ghon tubercles.

Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances? a.Diffuse interstitial lung disease b.Hypersensitivity pneumonitis c.Sarcoidosis d.Acute respiratory distress syndrome

b.Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

When exposed to inhaled allergens, a patient with asthma produces large quantities of a.IgG. b.IgE. c.IgA. d.IgM.

b.IgE.

Which statement regarding pepsin is true? a.It is secreted by parietal cells in gastric pits. b.It is secreted as an inactive proenzyme. c.It accomplishes most of the digestion of dietary protein. d.It is permanently denatured by a pH less than 4.0.

b.It is secreted as an inactive proenzyme.

Croup is characterized by a.a productive cough. b.a barking cough. c.an inability to cough. d.drooling, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing.

b.a barking cough.

Viral pneumonia is characterized by a.a productive cough. b.a dry cough. c.exudative consolidation. d.significant ventilation-perfusion imbalance.

b.a dry cough.

After evaluation, a child's asthma is characterized as "extrinsic." This means that the asthma is a.of unknown pathogenesis. b.associated with specific allergic triggers. c.associated with respiratory infections. d.induced by psychological factors (stress).

b.associated with specific allergic triggers.

Pancreatic secretions are high in a.hydrochloric acid. b.bicarbonate ions. c.intrinsic factor. d.secretin.

b.bicarbonate ions.

A restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by a.increased total lung capacity. b.decreased residual volume. c.inspiratory wheezing. d.expiratory wheezing.

b.decreased residual volume.

Lack of alpha1-antitrypsin in emphysema causes a.chronic mucus secretion and airway fibrosis. b.destruction of alveolar tissue. c.pulmonary edema and increased alveolar compliance. d.bronchoconstriction and airway edema.

b.destruction of alveolar tissue.

The structure and secretions of the salivary gland most closely resemble those of the a.gastric gland. b.exocrine pancreas. c.liver. d.gallbladder.

b.exocrine pancreas.

A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is a.contaminated water. b.immunosuppression. c.being a male. d.overuse of antibiotics.

b.immunosuppression

An increase in filtration of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the interstitium occurs with ________ pressure. a.increased capillary colloid b.increased capillary hydrostatic c.decreased capillary hydrostatic d.decreased interstitial colloid

b.increased capillary hydrostatic

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of a.ventricular hypoxia. b.increased pulmonary vascular resistance. c.left ventricular strain. d.hypervolemia.

b.increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

Secondary pulmonary hypertension is most often caused by a.increased pulmonary blood flow. b.increased pulmonary vascular resistance. c.increased left atrial pressure. d.decreased alveolar compliance.

b.increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

Empyema is defined as an a.exudative bronchitis. b.infection in the pleural space. c.infection localized in the lung. d.infection in the blood.

b.infection in the pleural space.

The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is a.prematurity. b.lack of surfactant. c.maternal illegal drug use during pregnancy. d.umbilical cord compression.

b.lack of surfactant.

Obstructive disorders are associated with a.low residual volumes. b.low expiratory flow rates. c.increased expiratory reserve volume. d.decreased total lung capacity.

b.low expiratory flow rates.

A patient exhibiting respiratory distress as well as a tracheal shift should be evaluated for a.pneumonia. b.pneumothorax. c.pulmonary edema. d.pulmonary embolus.

b.pneumothorax

Failure of normal partitioning between the forgot and midgut can lead to a congenital condition known as a. tracheoesophageal fistula b. esophageal Atresia c. intestinal atresia d. anal agenesis

c. intestinal atresia

Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax? a.Course crackles throughout the left chest b.Tracheal deviation to the left c.Absent breath sounds on the left d.Respiratory acidosis

c.Absent breath sounds on the left

Which can be absorbed through the intestinal epithelia without further digestion? a.Sucrose b.Lactose c.Glucose d.Glycogen

c.Glucose

Which complication of asthma is life threatening? a.Exercise-induced asthma b.Late phase response c.Status asthmaticus d.Mast cell degranulation

c.Status asthmaticus

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction a.diverts blood to hypoxic regions. b.increases blood flow to the base of the lung. c.can lead to secondary pulmonary hypertension. d.is always detrimental to the patient.

c.can lead to secondary pulmonary hypertension.

The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by a.increased pulmonary blood flow. b.increased expiratory flow rates. c.increased residual lung volumes. d.decreased chest wall compliance.

c.increased residual lung volumes.

Brush-border enzymes are produced by ________ cells. a.pancreatic acinar b.gastric mucosa c.intestinal epithelial d.goblet

c.intestinal epithelial

A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is a.resistant organism. b.allergy to drugs used. c.noncompliance. d.immunosuppression.

c.noncompliance

Asthma is categorized as a(n) a.restrictive pulmonary disorder. b.infective pulmonary disorder. c.obstructive pulmonary disorder. d.type of acute tracheobronchial obstruction.

c.obstructive pulmonary disorder.

Virchow's triad can result in a.decreased pulmonary arterial pressure. b.alveolar collapse. c.pulmonary embolus. d.bronchoconstriction.

c.pulmonary embolus.

The peripheral chemoreceptors a.are located in the medulla oblongata. b.lead to hypoventilation when stimulated. c.respond to the arterial oxygen level. d.are unresponsive to pH and CO2 levels.

c.respond to the arterial oxygen level.

Absorption of glucose and amino acids across the intestinal epithelium occurs by a.endocytosis. b.ATP-driven transporters. c.sodium-dependent carriers. d.passive diffusion.

c.sodium-dependent carriers.

Most of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is supplied by the a.hypoglossal nerves. b.enteric nervous system. c.vagus nerves. d.celiac ganglia.

c.vagus nerves.

Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily due to a.inflammatory events in the lung. b.secondary pneumonia. c.weak muscles of respiration. d.inactivity secondary to the disorder.

c.weak muscles of respiration.

Which person is at greatest risk for developing a pulmonary embolism? a.A 25-year-old man with asthma b.A 28-year-old woman in the first trimester of a normal pregnancy c.A 42-year-old woman with a broken ankle d.A 67-year-old man with a deep vein thrombosis in the femoral vein

d.A 67-year-old man with a deep vein thrombosis in the femoral vein

Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection? a.Productive cough b.Low-grade fever c.Night sweats d.Cyanosis

d.Cyanosis

Older individuals may experience which change in the mouth? a.Increase in salivation b.Increase in taste for salt c.Increase in the number of papillae d.Increased exposure of dentin

d.Increased exposure of dentin

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiological event? a.Loss of alveolar elastin and premature closure of airways b.Pulmonary edema and decreased alveolar compliance c.Mast cell degranulation that causes decreased surfactant d.Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

d.Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

Chronic pulmonary hypertension can eventually cause which complication? a.Pulmonary emboli b.Respiratory acidosis c.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d.Right heart failure

d.Right heart failure

The assessment findings of a 5 year old with a history of asthma include extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus, and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment? a.The child probably has consolidated pneumonia; oxygen should be started immediately. b.Since there is not wheezing, asthma is the problem, but oxygen should be started immediately anyway. c.The signs and symptoms are consistent with asthma; start oxygen and then check to see that your stethoscope is working properly. d.The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.

d.The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.

COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes a.pulmonary edema. b.muscle atrophy. c.prolonged inspiration. d.air trapping.

d.air trapping.

Copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with a.emphysema. b.epiglottitis. c.pulmonary edema. d.bronchiectasis.

d.bronchiectasis.

Shifts in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represent the a.effect of carbonic anhydrase on the uptake of CO2. b.ability of blood to pick up more CO2 when PaO2 is low. c.amount of hydrogen in solution in the blood. d.changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.

d.changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.

Right-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension is also called a.diastolic heart failure. b.high output failure. c.coronary disease. d.cor pulmonale.

d.cor pulmonale.

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is a.high fever. b.alveolar infiltrates on a chest x-ray. c.increased white blood cell count. d.dry cough.

d.dry cough.

The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is a.tachycardia. b.hypotension. c.frothy secretions. d.hypoxemia.

d.hypoxemia.

The sympathetic nerve endings in the GI tract secrete a.acetylcholine. b.histamine. c.gastrin. d.norepinephrine.

d.norepinephrine

A patient with flail chest will demonstrate a.absence of chest movement with breaths. b.no inspiratory breath sounds. c.fluttering chest movements on expirations. d.outward chest movement on expiration.

d.outward chest movement on expiration.

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called a.an abscess. b.pleurisy. c.flail chest. d.pleural effusion.

d.pleural effusion.

The portion of the stomach that controls gastric emptying is the a.fundus. b.body. c.antrum. d.pylorus.

d.pylorus

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a.more common in men. b.readily treatable. c.caused by genetic mutation. d.rapidly progressive.

d.rapidly progressive.

The primary stimulus for pancreatic secretion is a.gastrin. b.histamine. c.acetylcholine. d.secretin.

d.secretin

Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach would a.decrease motility. b.decrease hydrogen chloride secretion. c.inhibit acidity. d.stimulate motility.

d.stimulate motility.

Autonomic nervous system stimulation effects on the respiratory system include a.parasympathetic stimulation dilates airways. b.sympathetic stimulation constricts airways. c.sympathetic stimulation relaxes pulmonary blood vessels. d.the autonomic system has no effect on the respiratory system.

c.sympathetic stimulation relaxes pulmonary blood vessels.

The central chemoreceptors for respiratory control are a.located in the carotid artery. b.responsive primarily to changes in pH and CO2. c.responsive primarily to hypoxemia. d.less important than the peripheral chemoreceptors in maintaining respiration.

b.responsive primarily to changes in pH and CO2.

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the a.stomach. b.small intestine. c.large intestine. d.cecum.

b.small intestine.

An acute asthma attack is associated with (Select all that apply.) a.bronchoconstriction. b.bronchial mucosal edema. c.hypersecretion of mucus. d.alveolar collapse. e.hypoxemia.

a.bronchoconstriction. b.bronchial mucosal edema. c.hypersecretion of mucus. e.hypoxemia.

Chronic occupational lung disease is characterized by (Select all that apply.) a.causation from long-term inhalation of inorganic material. b.a latent period before symptoms occur. c.hyperactive respiratory macrophages. d.a progressive cough and dyspnea with exercise. e.possible negative chest x-ray when symptom-free.

a.causation from long-term inhalation of inorganic material. b.a latent period before symptoms occur. d.a progressive cough and dyspnea with exercise. e.possible negative chest x-ray when symptom-free.

The action of bile is to a.emulsify fats. b.digest cellulose. c.convert sucrose. d.release free amino acids.

a.emulsify fats.

The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via a.sputum culture. b.Mantoux skin test. c.chest x-ray. d.blood culture.

a.sputum culture.

How much fluid is secreted from the intestinal glands daily? a.1/2 liter b. 1 liter c.2 liters d. 4 liters

c.2 liters

Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with a.hyporesponsiveness of airways. b.unknown precipitating factors. c.IgE-mediated airway inflammation. d.irreversible airway obstruction.

c.IgE-mediated airway inflammation.

"My doctor said I have cor pul-something, which is a heart problem," says Mr. Garabedian. "I thought I just had these bad lungs that can't be fixed. How can that make my heart go bad?" Which mechanism leads to the development of cor pulmonale, which should serve as the basis for your response to Mr. Garabedian? a.Left ventricular failure causes pulmonary venous congestion and pulmonary edema. b.Pneumothorax causes compression atelectasis, decreased alveolar ventilation, and impaired oxygenation. c.Increased resistance to pulmonary arterial flow leads to compensatory right ventricular hypertrophy. d.Impaired ventilation causes decreased PaO2, which precipitates cardiac dysrhythmias.

c.Increased resistance to pulmonary arterial flow leads to compensatory right ventricular hypertrophy.

Which assessment would support a diagnosis of type A COPD rather than type B COPD a.Copious sputum, dyspnea, cor pulmonale b.Noisy breath sounds, fatigue, high PaCO2, overweight c.Normal PaCO2, scant sputum, accessory muscle use, barrel chest d.Barrel chest, productive cough, cyanosis, very decreased PaO2

c.Normal PaCO2, scant sputum, accessory muscle use, barrel chest

Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with a.myasthenia gravis. b.poliomyelitis. c.Pickwickian syndrome. d.pneumonia.

c.Pickwickian syndrome.

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia due to a.cardiogenic pulmonary edema. b.upper airway obstruction. c.accumulation of alveolar exudates. d.interstitial edema.

c.accumulation of alveolar exudates.

Surfactant is a phospholipid that reduces a.pulmonary vascular capacitance. b.elastic recoil force. c.alveolar surface tension. d.pulmonary capillary fragility.

c.alveolar surface tension.

Cystic fibrosis is associated with a.asthma. b.chronic bronchitis. c.bronchiectasis. d.emphysema.

c.bronchiectasis

When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?", the nurse responds that a."Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round." b."Swelling and mucus in your airways causes air to be trapped in your lungs, which makes your chest round." c."Coughing caused by your condition has changed the structure of your airways, which makes your chest round." d."Scar tissue in your lungs makes them stiff and more full of air than usual, which makes your chest round."

a."Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round."

Which is associated with contraction of the gallbladder? a.Cholecystokinin b.Morphine c.Norepinephrine d.Gastrin

a.Cholecystokinin

Which is true about epiglottitis? (Select all that apply.) a.Is usually caused by H. influenzae type B b.Can be caused by bacterial infection c.Usually occurs in children d.Is characterized by pain with swallowing e.Generally resolves without intervention

a.Is usually caused by H. influenzae type B b.Can be caused by bacterial infection c.Usually occurs in children d.Is characterized by pain with swallowing

The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is a.Mycobacterium tuberculosis. b.Haemophilus tuberculosis. c.Tuberculosis tuberculoci. d.Mycococcidio tuberculosis.

a.Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma? a.Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) b.Decreased functional residual capacity c.Increased FEV1 d.Reduced total lung volume

a.Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Which is true about lung compliance? (Select all that apply.) a.Represents lung expandability b.Decreases in the elderly c.Can be decreased by obesity, abdominal distention, pregnancy d.Is decreased in emphysema e.Is affected by body position

a.Represents lung expandability b.Decreases in the elderly c.Can be decreased by obesity, abdominal distention, pregnancy e.Is affected by body position

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have a.a productive cough. b.normal lung sounds. c.a barrel chest. d.substantial weight loss.

a.a productive cough.

Widespread atelectasis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and diffuse, fluffy alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph are characteristic of a.acute respiratory distress syndrome. b.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. c.asthma. d.cor pulmonale.

a.acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Most of the carbon dioxide in blood is transported a.as bicarbonate. b.on the hemoglobin molecule. c.as carbonic acid. d.dissolved in plasma.

a.as bicarbonate.

A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of a.bacterial pneumonia. b.viral pneumonia. c.tuberculosis. d.acute respiratory distress syndrome.

a.bacterial pneumonia.

Characteristics of asthma include (select all that apply.) a.chronic inflammatory disorder. b.airway hyperresponsiveness. c.alveolar collapse. d.genetic susceptibility. e.airway remodeling.

a.chronic inflammatory disorder. b.airway hyperresponsiveness. d.genetic susceptibility. e.airway remodeling.

Clinical manifestations of pleural effusion include (Select all that apply.) a.dyspnea. b.sharp pain in expiration. c.productive cough. d.diminished breath sounds. e.a tracheal shift, if large.

a.dyspnea. d.diminished breath sounds. e.a tracheal shift, if large.

Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a a.fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV. b.viral pneumonia found in transplant recipients. c.non-infectious inflammation in the lung. d.pneumonia secondary to bladder infection.

a.fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV.

Hypoventilation causes a.hypoxemia. b.respiratory alkalosis. c.increased minute ventilation. d.decreased PaCO2.

a.hypoxemia

To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke a.impairs alpha1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate. b.paralyzes the cilia, causing impaired mucociliary clearance. c.predisposes to respiratory infections. d.introduces carcinogens into the lungs.

a.impairs alpha1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.

t is true that diffuse interstitial lung disease (Select all that apply.) a.leads to loss of alveolar walls. b.may be immunologic in nature. c.produces a productive cough. d.is always reversible. e.shows on x-ray as a "honeycomb lung."

a.leads to loss of alveolar walls. b.may be immunologic in nature. e.shows on x-ray as a "honeycomb lung."

The pulmonary structure that has the least pulmonary blood flow is a.lung apex. b.middle lung. c.lower lung. d.zone 4.

a.lung apex.

Chief cells secrete a.pepsinogen. b.hydrogen chloride. c.intrinsic factor. d.gastrin.

a.pepsinogen

The propulsive movement of the GI tract is called a.peristalsis. b.transmission. c.contraction. d.constriction.

a.peristalsis

Restrictive respiratory disorders include (Select all that apply.) a.pneumothorax. b.emphysema. c.chronic asthma. d.type B COPD. e.ARDS.

a.pneumothorax. e.ARDS.

Common characteristics of sarcoidosis include (Select all that apply.) a.presence of CD4+ T cells. b.a non-productive cough. c.leukocytosis. d.granulomas in multiple body systems. e.fatigue, weight loss, and fever.

a.presence of CD4+ T cells. b.a non-productive cough. d.granulomas in multiple body systems. e.fatigue, weight loss, and fever.

Legionnaires disease is characterized by a.presence of systemic illness. b.airborne mechanism of communicability. c.mild symptomatology. d.resolution with or without antimicrobial therapy.

a.presence of systemic illness.

When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will a.put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table. b.remove the telephone to reduce myocardial oxygen demand. c.add a box of surgical masks to the nursing supplies near the door. d.remove the water pitcher to comply with anticipated fluid restrictions.

a.put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.