Mood & Affect

What is hypomania?

A less severe form of mania.

What is depression?

A mood characterized by low mood.

What is euthymic/norma mood?

A normal mood.

When is ECT typically administered?

After midnight.

What is mania?

An abnormally elevated mood.

What are common emotional expressions during a manic episode?

Angry, aggressive, and sarcastic behaviors.

What does 'ALGEE' stand for?

Assess, Listen, Give reassurance and information, Encourage appropriate professional help, Encourage self-help and other support strategies

What is the duration of a manic episode?

At least 1 week, or any duration if hospitalization is necessary.

What does ECT cause?

Causes a seizure.

What is distractibility?

Easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.

How is ECT administered?

Electrodes applied to head to deliver electrical impulses to brain.

Mood Disorders

Emotional alterations that interfere with life

Mood

Emotional state

What is increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation?

Engaging in purposeless or excessive activities.

What is excessive involvement in activities with high potential for painful consequences?

Engaging in risky behaviors with negative outcomes.

What is the assessment for manic episode?

Evaluation of symptoms and behaviors associated with mania.

What is inflated self-esteem or grandiosity?

Exaggerated sense of self-importance or superiority.

What are the characteristics of bipolar disorder?

Extreme mood ranging from low to high.

Major Depression Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing depression, including gender, age, family history, marital status, stressful life experiences, history of abuse, and low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

What are delusions of grandeur?

False beliefs of having exceptional abilities or importance.

First-Degree Relative

Family member with major depressive disorder

What are some risk factors for suicide in adolescents?

Family strife, parental mental illness/alcoholism, fighting, access to weapons, victim of bullying/cyberbullying

Anergia

Fatigue and loss of energy

What is the mood and affect during a manic episode?

Feelings of grandiosity and euphoria.

What is labile mood?

Frequent and rapid shifts in laughter and crying

What is the resulting change in brain chemistry after ECT?

Helps correct chemical imbalance.

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Highly effective in those with psychotic features.

What medications are used during ECT?

IV anesthetic and muscle relaxant/paralytic.

What are some behavior cues of suicide?

Ideation, substance abuse, purposelessness, anxiety, trapped, hopelessness, withdrawal, anger, recklessness, mood changes

Affect

Immediate verbal and nonverbal emotional expression

What are the symptoms of a manic episode?

Increased energy or activity, along with three or more additional symptoms.

Psychomotor Agitation

Increased physical movement and restlessness

What is sensorium?

Intellectual processes

What are the common symptoms of depression in children?

Irritability, clinginess, hyperactivity, antisocial behaviors

What are the criteria for a manic episode?

Lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day.

Anhedonia

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities

What are the risk factors for suicide?

Men, women, young women, older adults, previous suicide attempt, chronic medical illnesses, psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, starting an antidepressant, environmental factors

Depression

Mood disorder characterized by depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite changes, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor changes, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death

Mania

Mood disorder characterized by elevated mood, irritability, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, racing thoughts, and risky behavior

Major Depression Criteria

Must experience 5 or more symptoms during a 2-week period, including depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite changes, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor changes, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death

What are physiological and self-care considerations in Bipolar disorder?

Neglect of ADLs

Norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter decreased in depression and increased in mania

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter imbalanced in depression and mania

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter involved in mood and cognition

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter involved in mood, cognition, and reward

Does asking about suicide cause suicide?

No

What is the general appearance and motor behavior during a manic episode?

Observable physical appearance and movement patterns.

What is suicidal ideation?

Passive - thinks about/wants to die but has no plans, active - thinks about and seeks ways to commit suicide

What is judgment and insight?

Patient's ability to make decisions and understand their condition

What is mood and affect?

Patient's emotional state and expression

What is sensorium and intellectual processes?

Patient's level of consciousness and cognitive abilities

What is self-concept?

Patient's perception of themselves

What are physiological and self-care considerations in depression?

Patient's physical health and ability to care for themselves

What are roles and relationships?

Patient's social roles and interactions

What is suicidal ideation?

Patient's thoughts of self-harm or suicide

What are the treatment options for depression?

Psychotherapy, interpersonal therapy, behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, exercise, proper diet and rest

What is the thought process and content during a manic episode?

Rapid flow of ideas and tangential thinking.

What is psychomotor agitation and pressured speech?

Restlessness and rapid speech patterns.

What are the common symptoms of depression in adolescents/teens?

Sadness, irritability, substance abuse, self-harm

Psychomotor Retardation

Slowing of thought and reduction of physical movement

What is flight of ideas?

Subjective experience of racing thoughts.

What is the severity of mood disturbance in bipolar disorder?

Sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.

What are some lifespan considerations for adolescents?

Suicide is a leading cause of death, protective factors include close parent-child relationships, academic achievement, family life stability, connectedness with peers, screening for risk factors

What is the 'IS PATH WARM?' acronym used for?

Suicide prevention

How many symptoms need to be present during a manic episode?

Three or more (four if the mood is only irritable).

How often is ECT treatment given?

Up to 15 treatments, three times per week.

Why is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used?

Used for patients who don't respond to or can't tolerate other treatments

When is hospitalization necessary in bipolar disorder?

When there is a risk of harm to self or others, or when there are psychotic features.

Single or Divorced, Stressful Life Experiences, History of Abuse, Dysfunctional Family Relationships

higher risk of depression