Motivation and Emotion Exam 1 (chapter 1-3)

What is a positive charge of a neural impulse called?

Action potential

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Adds emotions, complex motives, increased memory abilites

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

Enables reasoning, planning, creating, problem solving

What is the body's chemical messenger system?

Endocrine system (thyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes)

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS produce?

Pleasurable experience of reward, hotspot for liking

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented HYPOTHALAMUS produce?

Pleasurable feelings associated with feeding, drinking, mating

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE produce?

Pleasure and reinforcement

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented SEPTAL AREA produce?

Pleasure center associated with sociability and sexuality

What do glial cells do?

Provide structural support for neurons, help in forming new synapses, and form myelin sheath

What is synaptic transmission?

Relaying information across the synapse via neurotransmitters

What is a negative charge of a neural impulse called?

Resting potential

DOPAMINE allows communication between brain areas involved in what?

Reward, pleasure, euphoria, motor function, compulsion, perservation

People are motivated when their behavior is ____, _______ and _______.

strong, purposive and resilient.

Cognitions

refer to mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, expectations, plans, goals, strategies, appraisals, attributions and the self-concept.

Persistence

implies that behavior has endurance - that it sustains itself over time and across different situations.

Direction

implies that behavior has purpose - that it is aimed or guided toward achieving some particular goal or outcome.

Energy

implies that behavior has strength - that it is relatively strong, intense and hardy or resilient.

The second Grand Theory was....

-Instinct theory -If someone does something, its because they have the instincts to do it.

ID refers to______ Super ego refers to_______ Ego refers to ________

-Pleasure -Morality -Reality

What motivational or emotional experience does the RETICULAR FORMATION produce?

Arousal

Which aspect of the three circle paradigm does it come from if it exists in every culture around the world?

- Genetics ex: the possession of a spouse

Reification

- to treat something abstract as if it were correct

functionalism

- we have a reason for everything we do

What year was the first true laboratory in psychology started and by whom?

-1879, Wundt Leipzig

How is motivation expressed publicly?

-Behavior: Effort: exertion put forth during a task, percentage of total capacity used Persistence: Time between when a behavior first starts until it ends Latency: Duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given an opportunity to do so. Choice: when presented with two or more courses of action, preferring one course of action over the other Probability of response: number (or percentage) of occasions that the person enacts a particular goal-directed response given the total number of opportunities to do so Facial expressions Bodily gestures -Engagement: how actively involved a person is in a task Four interrelated aspects of engagement: Behavior, emotion, cognition, agency -Psychophysiology: the process by which psychological states (motivation and emotion) produce downstream changes in the body's physiology. Study of interaction between bodily and mental states. -Brain activations: underlie every motivational and emotional state. Ex. When thirsty, the hypothalamus is active. -Self-report: When an interviewer asks a person about the presence, intensity and quality of their motivation.

What is the third Grand Theory

-Drive theory -satisfying and reducing the drive -the reduction of a drive is a negative reinforcement -It can't explain how increasing a drive is a good thing

Two fundamental questions to ask about motivation

-The first question is what causes behavior and how does motivation affect behaviors initiation persistence, change, goal directness and eventual termination -the second question is why does behavior vary in its intensity. Behavior varies in intensity both within the individual and between different individuals.

Who was the founding father of behaviorism?

-Watson

Tautology

-a statement which is true by its own definition

paradigm

-a structure or a framework

What is the three circle paradigm?

-also known as the biopsychosocial model -this model consists of three aspects, our genes, our habits and our ideas and in some areas of our lives some of these intersect another

Who was the founding father of psychoanalysis?

-freud

Homology

-universal human characteristics

Circular definitions

-why new we aggressive? because we have this... why do we have this? because we are aggressive

What are the 3 layers of the brain?

1. Brain Stem and Cerebellum 2. Limbic System 3. Cerebrum

What are the 3 types of brain scans?

1. CT scanning: computerized tomography 2. PET scanning: positron emission tomography 3. MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

What are the 2 purposes of the amygdala?

1. Detect the aversive characteristics of environmental objects 2. Detect and respond to beneficial stimuli

Explain what happens when dopamine is released.

1. Dopamine Release 2. Emotional Positivity 3. Enhanced Functioning (creativity and insightful problem solving)

What are the 2 ways for viewing windows on the brain and define them?

1. EEG: records brain waves (patterns of electrical activity) typically with electrodes placed on the scalp 2. Brain Scans (recording brain's electrical/biochemical activity at specific sites)

What are the 4 motivationally relevant neurotransmitter pathways?

1. Endorphines 2. Norepinephrine 3. Dopamine 4. Serotonin

Explain the steps of the motivated brain with example of hunger.

1. Environmental Event (i.e. food deprivation--dieting) 2. Biochemical Agent (i.e. ghrelin hormone) 3. Brain Structure (i.e. ghrelin stimulates hypothalamus) 4. Aroused Motivation (i.e. stimulated hypothalamus creates the experience of hunger)

Explain the steps of the emotional brain with example of dopamine release in response to a good event.

1. Environmental Event (unexpected pleasant event occurs) 2. Biochemical Agent (dopamine released) 3. Brain Structure (dopamine stimulates limbic structures) 4. Aroused Emotion (feeling good, pleasure, positive affect)

What are the 3 avoidance-oriented brain structures?

1. Right Prefrontal Cerebral Cortex 2. Amygdala 3. Hippocampus

What are the 3 principles of the brain?

1. Specific brain structures generate specific motivational states. 2. Biochemical agents stimulate these brain structures. 3. Day-to-day events stir biochemical agents into action.

What are the 2 ways of looking inside the brain?

1. Surgeon's view 2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Why is the brain important?

1. Thinking Brain: cognitive and intellectual functions; "what task it is doing" 2. Motivated Brain: "whether you want to do it" 3. Emotional Brain: "what your affective state is while doing it"

Explain the organization of the nervous system entirely.

2 main parts: central (brain & spinal cord) and peripheral (outside brain & spinal cord) Peripheral is broken down into the autonomic (unconscious body functions) and somatic (conscious body movements) Autonomic is broken down into sympathetic (maintain homeostasis, fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (activities when body is at rest)

What is a neurotransmitter pathway?

A cluster of neurons that communicate with other neurons using 1 particular neurotransmitter

Framework to Understand Motivation and Emotion:

Antecedent Conditions (Environment, Events, Social Contexts) ---> Motive Status (Need, Cognition, Emotion) ----> Energizing, Directing and Sustaining (Behavior, Engagement, Psychophysiology, brain activity, self-report) ---> Changes in life Outcomes (Performance, Achievement, Learning, Adjustment, Skill, Talent, Well-being).

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented LEFT PREFRONTAL CEREBRAL CORTEX produce?

Approach motivational and emotional tendencies

What motivational or emotional experience does the avoidance-oriented HIPPOCAMPUS produce?

Behavior inhibition system during unexpected events

What is oxytocin and what is it associated with?

Bonding hormone; seeks support and nurturance of others during times of stress

What is epilepsy?

Brain disorder that is often marked by seizures and loss of consciousness; caused by out-of-control electrical activity in the brain

What is a neural impulse?

Brief electrical surge that carries the neuron's message

What are ions?

Charged particles that are moved across the cell membrane

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemical messages that relay neural messages across the synapse

What is the reaction that occurs when the amygdala stimulates the CENTRAL GREY?

Defensive behavior; freezing and pain suppression

What motivational or emotional experience does the avoidance-oriented AMYGDALA produce?

Detecting and responding to threat and danger (fear, anxiety, anger)

When a threatening event causes amygdala stimulation, what neurotransmitters are released?

Dopamine, Serotonin, Noradrenaline and Acetylcholine

What are the functions of the brain stem and cerebellum?

Drive vital functions (HR, breathing, digestion)

What is the reaction that occurs when the amygdala stimulates the TRIGEMINAL FACIAL NERVE?

Fear facial expression

Emotions synch what four things together fast?

Feelings: Subjective, verbal descriptions of emotional experience Arousal: Bodily mobilization to cope with situational demands Purpose: Motivational urge to accomplish something specific at that moment Expression: Nonverbal communication of our emotional experience to others.

Who came up with ID, ego and super ego?

Freud

What trigger dopamine release?

Incentives (stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards)

NOREPRINEPHRINE allows communication between brain areas involved in what?

Increase alertness and facilitate arousal

What is Influence vs. Motivation?

Influence: the social process in which one requests that the other change his or her behavior or thought (attitude, opinion). -it's an interpersonal process that occurs under various names such as persuasion, compliance, conformity, obedience and leadership Motivation: a private, internal process. Instead of leading people to follow a socially engineered way of thinking or behaving, motivation provides a person with energy and direction to engage or cope with their environment in an open-ended, adaptive, problem-solving way.

ENDORPHINS allow communication between brain areas involved in what?

Inhibition of pain, reduction of anxiety, control of fear, and generation of counter feelings

What is the synapse?

Insulating gap between nerve cells

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX produce?

Learning the incentive value of events and making choices

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CEREBRAL CORTEX produce?

Learning-response outcome contingencies that underlie perceived control beliefs and mastery motivation

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented CEREBRAL CORTEX (FRONTAL LOBES) produce?

Making plans, setting goals, formulating intentions

SEROTONIN allows communication between brain areas involved in what?

Mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition

What motivational or emotional experience does the approach-oriented ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX produce?

Mood, volition, making choices

What is the reaction that occurs when the amygdala stimulates the PARBRACCHIAL?

Panting and respiratory distress from increased respiration

What does it mean that the amygdala stimulates many other parts of the brain, but very few parts of the brain send stimulations back to the amygdala?

Partial explanation for why strong emotions (especially negative) can overwhelm cognitive processes

What 2 neurotransmitter deficiencies relate to clinical depression?

Serotonin: motivation to cope is diminished Dopamine: inhibits experience of pleasure

What is the reaction that occurs when the amygdala stimulates the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS?

Stress hormone release

What is cortisol and what is it associated with?

Stress hormone; associated with poor intellectual functioning, negative affect, poor health outcomes

What is the reaction that occurs when the amygdala stimulates the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS?

Sympathetic nervous system activation

Why are we not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior?

The conscious is the cortical brain (language structures), the subconscious is in the subcortical brain (nonlanguage structures).

What are lesions?

Tissue damage that results from disease or injury

What was the first Grand Theory and what was it about?

Will was the first theory -It was basically unknown explained by the unknown "Ignotium per ignotus" -If a cat wants out of a box, its will will get it out.

What motivational or emotional experience does the avoidance-oriented RIGHT PREFRONTAL CEREBRAL CORTEX produce?

Withdraw motivations and emotional tendencies

Emotions

are complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive reactions to the significant events in our lives (ex. An opportunity, a threat, a loss). They generate brief, attention-getting bursts of emergency-like adaptive behavior.

Needs

are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being. Ex. hunger and thirst

The study of motivation concerns those internal processes that give behavior its _______, ___________ and ___________.

energy direction persistence

motive

is an internal process that energizes, directs and sustains behavior.

The study of motivation and emotion exists to answer what?

the "why?" questions of behavior, thought and feeling.