Motivation and Emotion Final Review

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable.

optimistic explanatory style

________ is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.

Openness

What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion?

People can experience different emotions to the same outcome.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:

What can be?

Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study?

What makes me special?

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

a small number—between 2 and 10

Based on the text, the opposite of self-efficacy is:

doubt.

An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior.

efficacy; outcome

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions:

facilitate or inhibit that behavior.

In the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event?

noise

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:

facilitator

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed the CCT (Compassion Cultivating Training) program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Level of worry:

for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry.

The cognitive foundation underlying personal empowerment is:

high self-efficacy.

During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on:

how they can remedy the failure.

A ______ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters with failure.

mastery motivational orientation

Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:

mildly happy most of the time

When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:

participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:

personal behavior history.

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition.

pride

Validation-seeking individuals strive to:

prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability.

In his study with undergraduates solving anagrams, Mikulincer (1988) found that an exposure to one unsolvable anagram produced a(n) _____ effect, while exposure to four unsolvable problems produced a(n) _____ effect.

reactance; helpless

A(n) _____ involves both a cognitive search through available coping options and a prediction of whether each option will or will not be successful in managing the stressor.

secondary appraisal

Causality orientations reflect ________ in the personality.

self-determination

When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced. What dimension of emotion does this illustrate?

sense of purpose

Mood exists as a blend of two dimensions, which are:

valence and arousal

Which of the following events prompts the individual to make a secondary appraisal of a potentially stressful event?

sympathetic nervous system activation

All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that:

the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion.

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship:

to environmental threats and benefits.

The psychological meaning of failure for a mastery-oriented individual is:

"The more I fail, the harder I need to try."

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

"What I do will work."

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

"Why try?"

After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?

1 failure

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?

Avoid the daily mistake

Self-efficacy is not the same as ability. In what way does self-efficacy predict coping and performance above and beyond how one's ability predicts coping and performance?

Circumstances are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require coping.

The _________ muscle(s) lie beneath the eyebrows.

Corrugator

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states.

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?

Emotions can only be found in the human species

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Emotions function as one type of motive

Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression?

Gratitude visit

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at stake in the stimulus encounter.

Primary

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?

Self Action

Value is defined as:

The perceived attractiveness of a task.

According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

an almost limitless number

According to ethologists, who study the smile, smiles:

are socially motivated.

In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:

autonomy and openness.

The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:

belief that he or she has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.

Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Emotions emanate from subcortical processing and may or may not include cortical involvement.

biological emotion researchers only

In the discussion on the cognition versus biology debate on emotion, the textbook concludes that:

both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.

Reappraisal involves:

changing the meaning of a situation.

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being."

cognitive emotion researchers only

In the social sharing of emotion, which aspect is closest to a type of therapy in terms of helping the person best alleviate emotional distress and cope better with the emotional situation?

cognitive sharing

To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called:

conditional regard.

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.

control causality orientation

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or

emotion is a complex interactive chain of events.

In Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they _____.

engaged their friends; made a good bowling score

The following statement describes _____: The individual perceives himself as having characteristics a, b, and c and feelings u, v, and w, but that same person publicly expresses characteristics d, e, and f and feelings x, y, and z.

incongruence

People often try to control their emotions. The first opportunity within any emotional episode to control that emotion is to:

intentionally select into which situation you put yourself.

According to humanistic psychology, the everyday choice of following one's inner nature or following cultural priorities is not a neutral one. People generally follow social preferences and priorities because:

social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle.

According to Plutchik's analysis of emotion, which of the following does not contribute to the mix of experience that causes emotion?

social roles

Compared to people in a neutral or negative mood, people under the influence of positive affect are significantly more likely to:

solve problems in a creative way.

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to:

suffer high anxiety during social interaction.

Of the following emotion regulation strategies, which is generally recognized as the least effective strategy?

suppression