motor learning and development chapter 9

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF PART PRACTICE?

-simplifies the skill - lets the learner experience early success, leading to increased motivation -lets learner practice on problem areas without wasting time on what's already been mastered

WHAT DOES AN EMPHASIS ON SPEED DO TO ACCURACY?

An emphasis on speed negatively affects accuracy and vice versa

What is bilateral transfer? Explain how an athlete who has been injured might be able to capitalize on this phenomenon

Bilateral transfer occurs when practice with one limb enhances the rate of the skill acquisition with the opposite limb on the same task. When a skill is practiced with one limb, the learner acquires important cognitive information about the movement problem, such as the goal of the skill and how to achieve it

Give one example each of backward and forward chaining, with a skill of your choice

Forward chaining: football punt Backward Chaining: football punt

DESCRIBE THE TERM VISULAIZATION OR COGNITIVE REHEARSAL.

Imagery involves Visualization or cognitive rehearsal of a movement in the absence of physical execution. Can be helpful As a preparatory strategy to enhance performance In reducing/controlling anxiety and increasing self-confidence In rehabilitation

Define imaginary. How could imagery be incorporated into a rehabilitation program

Imagery involves the visualization or cognitive rehearsal of a movement in the absence of any physical execution. Holmes and collins developed the PETTLEP model of motor imagery which offers practical guidelines too enhance the effectiveness of imagery interventions Physical, environment, task, timing, learning, emotion and perspective

DESCRIBE TEMPORAL ACCURACY

Improves when a performer moves faster or movement distance is decreased

What is attention cueing? Why is it included in a discussion about whole versus part practice?

In action cueing- the learner directs attention to specific aspect of the skill while performing it as a whole. This strategy allows the learner to concentrate on one particular task component or movement problem without disrupting the skill's underlying temporal and spatial characteristics.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN OUTCOME, PROCESS, AND PERFORMANCE GOALS?

Outcome goal- concerned with the final result of a competition relative to one's opponent Performance goals- are concerned with self-improvement. process goals-directs one's goal to achieve a technical element during skill execution

DESCRIBE THE 5 TYPES OF SEGMENTATION

Part-whole method- the learner practices each part separately until she demonstrates a certain level of proficiency, then she combines the parts and practices the skill in its entirety Progressive-part method- the learner begins by practicing two of the parts separately. When the criterion level is achieved, the parts are combined. Once mastered, the third part is introduced and practiced separately until the learner archives proficiency. This component is then combined with the other two. This pattern continues until the whole skill is performed. Repetitive-part method- rather than practicing the new component independently, the learner adds it to the previous parts and practices them together Forward chaining- the parts are presented in a sequence progressing from the first to the final part of the skill Backward chaining- the sequence progresses in reverse order, from the final segment to the initial one

DESCRIBE BILATERAL TRANSFER

Practice with one limb enhances skill acquisition on the same task using the opposite limb

DESCRIBE SIMPLIFICATION.

Reduces the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of the task

Explain the difference between segmentation and fractionization. Illustrate your explanation with an example, using a skill of your choice.

Segmentation means separating the skill into parts according to spatial or temporal elements. It can be implemented through the part-whole, progressive part or repetitive-part methods, and the parts may progress either from the first to the final part (forward chaining) or in reverse order (backward chaining) Fractionization is a part practice technique in which skill components that are normally performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently Ex. football punt, drumming

Define simplification. List and explain three different simplification strategies for skills of your choice.

Simplification reduces the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of the task. 1. Reduce the coordination requirements - the practitioner can reduce task difficulty by manipulating task complexity 2. Change the complexity of the environment- The practitioner may manipulate the complexity of the environment to decrease the attentional demands imposed by the task 3. Sequence from simple to complex- tasks may be modified and sequenced to become more difficult to create the most appropriate challenge for learners

DESCRIBE FRACTIONIZATION

Skill components that are normally performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently

What two task characteristics must you consider when deciding whether to break a skill into parts?

Skills that high in task complexity and low in task organization

WHAT DOES THE ACRONYMN SMART STAND FOR?

Specific Measurable Action-oriented Realistic Timely

What does the acronym SMART stand for?

Specific Measurable Action-oriented Realistic Timely

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN TASK COMPLEXITY AND TASK ORGANIZATION?

Task complexity- the more components and the greater the attention, memory and decision making requirements, the more complex the task. Task organization refers to the degree to which the subcomponents of the skill are independent

What advantage do the progressive-part and repetitive-part practice techniques provide over the part-whole method?

The progressive part method provides the learner with the opportunity to better understand its underlying timing and integration. Repetitive-part method provide the learner with a better understanding of how the parts of a skill fit into the whole.

DESCRIBE SEGMENTATION.

The skill is separated into parts according to spatial or temporal elements

What condition violates the speed-accuracy principle?

Timing accuracy Timing accuracy improves when the performer swings faster and/or when movement distance is decreased

COMPARE PART PRACTICE TO WHOLE PRACTICE?

part practice- involves breaking down the skill into natural parts or segments. whole practice involves the practitioner practicing the whole skill