Motor Learning and Performance Chapter 8

negative transfer

occurs when a treatment degrades performance in comparison to those that received no additional practice

positive transfer

occurs when a treatment facilitates performance over and above no practice at all

law of practice

says that improvements are rapid at first but slower later in practice

far transfer

transfer of learning from one task to another very different task or setting (indoor vs outdoor, good vs bad weather)

near transfer

transfer of learning from one task/ setting to another that is similar

generalized transfer

transfer to relatively different activities is the goal (measured by transfer test performed in the future that may be a different task)

they are not learning curves, between-subject effects and within-subject variability is masked

what are some of the limitations of performance curves?

Stimulus ID because when they experience repetition they begin to anticipate

what is one of the processes that improves with practice? how?

To find out if practice is efficient and helpful to the athlete/ performer

what is the main goal of transfer designs?

relatively permanent & temporary

whenever learners practice and especially when instructors intervene it is important to have a way to separate _____ & _____ effects

transfer

which between transfer and retention tests are usually further from the target?

transfer designs

which design allows sufficient time for temporary effects to dissipate (time needed varies based on the complexity of skill), evaluate learners in a transfer or retention test with all groups under identical conditions, & any differences observed are due to relatively permanent capability for performance acquired during earlier practice?

complex skills are broken down into simpler ones for beginners, for safety the practice conditions are different from the real situation (because it is a controlled environment)

why is transfer of learning important in many instructional situations?

motor learning

a set of processes associated with practice or experience, leading to relatively permanent gains in the capability for skilled performance

retention & transfer designs

_______ can analyze whether a change that improves performance in practice also improves learning

transfer closely related to learning

_______ is seen when practice on one task contributes to performance capability of another task

the use it or lose it principle

because things in the motor system are not permanent you must use them or you will lose them

generalized

both near and far transfer are considered ____ transfer overall

TRUE

improved performance does not define learning, instead it indicates that learning may have happened (T/F)

specific transfer

is useful in cases where the criterion for learning is performance on a specific task (measured by similar retention tests)

FALSE

learning changes are not inferred from certain performance changes (T/F)

FALSE

learning changes are transitory not relatively permanent (T/F)

TRUE

learning produces an acquired capability for skilled performance (T/F)

TRUE

learning results from practice or experience and is not directly observable (T/F)

performance curves

plots of individual or average performance against practice trials (measures performance) can increase/ decrease depending on how the task is scored

error bars

provide info about between-subject's variability