Motor Speech Happy Quiz 1

8. What are the 3 large subcortical structures of the basal ganglia? What are the parts of the striatum? Most output from the basal ganglia goes from what structure to where? What is the general purpose of the basal ganglia? What Most of the how to happens when the basal ganglia is damaged?

Caudate nucleus putamen Globus pallidus the striatum is made up out of the caudate nucleus and putamen Most of the output from the basal ganglia is sent from the Globus pallidus to the thalamus the basal ganglia acts as a filter that prevents unwanted movements and is best observed when the basal ganglia is impaired when the basal ganglia is hyper excited because of decreased levels of dopamine voluntary movements are greatly compressed and attenuated well if neurons regenerate and lose their inhibitory abilities movement can be exaggerated and purposeless

2. Briefly explain what the direct activation pathway is, what it is also called, where it sends information to, and what sends information to it (as represented by the arrows on the model).

Direct activation pathway Pyramidal tract Super highway Fast and direct for signals to be sent A part of the Upper motor neurons Important for speech Consists of cortical bulbar and spinal tracts through the basal ganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement

4. Briefly explain what the Final Common pathway is, where it is (i.e., the neurological area), and what sends information to it (as represented by the arrows on the model).

Final common pathway LMNS Cranial nerves in particular thatll stimulate muscle movementfor speech If youre gunna have speech you will go there where the muscles are being contolled

1. How much does the brain weigh? What are the 3 main parts to the brain? Define "gyrus" and "sulcus" and don't use the word "convolution" in any part of your answer! Where is the lateral sulcus and where is the central sulcus? (You can draw a diagram to show these areas.) Give another name for the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus, and state where each is.

Humans have large brains relative to their body size as compared with other animals the normal adult brain weighs about 2.5 to 3.5 lb the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. the convoluted Ridge on the surface of the brain in contrast to a groove on the surface of the brain The lateral sulcus is the most prominent sulcus on the cerebrum and runs horizontally along the lateral sides of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe the central sulcus is the second most prominent sulcus on the cerebrum and is located near the center of the lateral sides of each hemisphere and extends vertically from the very top of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus it separates the frontal and parietal lobe Precentral gyrus also known as the primary motor cortex or motor strip in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe. postcentral gyrus the primary sensory cortex for the sensory stripThe primary somatosensory cortex is located in a ridge of cortex called the postcentral gyrus, which is found in the parietal lobe. It is situated just posterior to the central sulcus,

3. What is the purpose of the cerebellum? What could happen if it is damaged?

Is attached to the back of the brain stem where makes neural connections with the cerebral cortex and numerous other parts of the CNS the most important function is to coordinate voluntary movement so that all the muscles will contract with the correct amount of force at the appropriate times damage can cause significant deficits in performance of both gross and sealed motor tasks like walking writing and speech can become uncertain and awkward when the cerebellum is not functioning properly

9. What is the substantia nigra? What is it connected to? What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantia nigra? What does the neurotransmitter do? What happens if you don't have this neurotransmitter? (Give 2 motor problems that you might see.)

It is a subcortical gray matter structure that influences the basal ganglia it is connected to the striatum Via its own neural circuit and the neural tract from the substantia nigra to the striatum contains a large number of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine many of the neurons in the striatum are dependent on dopamine for proper functioning if the level of dopamine from the substantia nigra are lowered in the striatum the results include muscular rigidity Tremor gait disturbances and difficulty initiating movement

2. What are the 3 parts of the brainstem, from top to bottom? Why is the brainstem's importance "threefold"? (Explain the 3 functions/features of the brainstem.)

Midbrain pons medulla The threefold first it acts as a passageway for the descending and ascending neural tracts that travel between the cerebrum and spinal cord 2nd and control certain integrative and reflective actions such as respiration Consciousness and some functions of cardiovascular system 3rd and probably most important with regard to the motor speech the system contains the place where cranial nerves project out from the CNS.

4. Briefly explain these types of neurons: motor, sensory, interneurons, efferent, and afferent.

Motor neurons transmit neural impulses that cause contractions and muscles and thereby cause movement Sensory neurons carry information related to sensory stimuli interneurons link neurons with other neurons and are the most common type of neuron efferent neurons transmit their impulses away from the CNS afferent transmit their impulses toward the CNS

5. Explain the purpose of the following types of glial cells: Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendroglia, and astrocytes.

Schwann cells provide the myelin sheath around axons in the pns microglia act of scavengers and remove dead cells and other waste oligodendroglia for Milan around axons in the CNS astrocytes make up the connective tissue of the CNS

6. Explain the two types (i.e., two different functions) of neurotransmitters. Give two examples of neurotransmitters.

Some neurotransmitters have an excitatory function and they increase the probability of an electrochemical impulse being stimulated in the adjoining neuron other neurotransmitters are inhibitory and decrease probability of an Impulse occurring in the deadjoining neuron acetylcholine and dopamine are two of the most important neurotransmitters in the motor system

7. Explain what a "primary" cortex is and an "association" cortex. How are they different? List the four types of "primary" cortices.

The primary cortex comprises the parts of the cerebrum that are dedicated to the analysis of a single type of neural input. individually these areas are known as the primary auditory cortex primary visual cortex primary sensory cortex primary motor cortex The process is performed in these areas is relatively basic as compared with more complex analysis performed and higher centers of the brain The association cortex is the area of the cortex that in conjunction with other parts of the brain makes sense of the sensory impulses that have been initially analyzed by the primary corices. the association cortex whoever is not a single region of the brain and it's actually divided among four areas of the cortex the temporal Association area the parietal Association area the frontal Association area in the occipital Association area

5. Explain the Cortical speech planning and programming area of the model. Where is it? What does it do? Where does it receive signals from? Where does it send signals to?

Where speech originates or comes up with ehat you wanna say Parasylvian area Gets info for wernickesfor semantics lbrocas for grammar preotor cortex for planning Cortical speech planning and programming •Linguistic planning Wernickes area •Motor planning and programming Premotor cortex goes over different areas

3. Briefly explain what the indirect activation pathway is, what it is also called, where it sends information to, and what sends information to it (as represented by the arrows on the model).

ndirect activation pathway Extrapyramidal tract Often related to the country road Has important stops in the cerebellum and subcortical structures Plays an important supporting role for posture and muscle tone for speech If you have deficits its like you don't have the background control that you need in order for these movements to occur

6. What could happen to speech if the basal ganglia is damaged? What section of Duffy's model represents the basal ganglia?

•Effects of damage Hyperkinesia Where a lot of speech programs are storred cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement Slow stiff movement or too many involuntary movements