Move to Global War--Japan

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) An unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war. The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

Treaty of Kanagawa

(1854) trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by U.S. admiral Matthew Perry

Inukai

(1931-1932) Prime minister of Japan during age of anxiety; during period of economic problems a frustrated public called for radical policies and a campaign of assassinations of political/business leaders culminated resulting in his assassination.

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Japanese attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in response to deadlock in talks about embargo. The Japanese forces destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

A plan that justified Japanese expansion in East Asia by claiming that Japan was helping other Asian people escape from European colonialism. The reality was the Japanese just took the place of the Europeans.

Japan and Soviet Union 1940

After the signing of the Three Power Pact, the Japanese entered into an agreement with the Soviet Union, which helped Japan secure the northern border.

Tojo

Although he was not the emperor of Japan, as military leader and the new prime minister, he designed the Japan war plan in the Pacific theater.

New Order in East Asia

Announced in November 1938, Japanese strategists had hoped to force Chiang to join a Japanese-dominated New Order in East Asia, comprising Japan, Manchuria, and China. Jiang Jeishi refused to agree and continued the war.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939

August 1939, Hitler and Joseph Stalin agreed not to attack each other but divided Poland for an easy win, but Germany didn't keep true to their word and attacked Stalin later. This played a role in the agreement that was reached between the Soviet Union and Japan after the signing of the Three Power Pact

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese Nationalist leader who faced opposition from the Communists in China and the Japanese during the 1930s. After the "Chinese Incident" Sino-Japanese War 1937, he refused to give up.

London Naval Conference

Conference held in 1930 to discuss disarmament and review the treaties of the Washington Conference. Representatives from Britain, U.S., France, Italy, and Japan agreed to regulate submarine warfare and to place limits on new construction of cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and other warships. Japanese military leaders had hoped for a revision of the 5:5:3 ration from the Washington Naval Conferences. This did not happen and the limitation was extended to other vessels.

Five Powers Treaty

Five Powers Treaty: Signed as part of the Washington Naval Conference, U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy set a ten-year suspension of construction of large ships and set quotas for the number of ships each country could build.

Manchukuo

In 1932 Japan established this puppet state in their conquered territories of Manchuria. In 1933 the League of Nations reprimanded Japan, and so the nation withdrew from the organization, which was at the same time as Germany withdrawing as well

Anti-Comintern Pact

In 1936 Japan signed this with Germany and it was later ratified by Italy. It was in opposition to Communism but actually proved to be the foundation for diplomatic alliance between these three powers. Each now had allies and pushed their demands for individual success.

Three Power Pact (Tripartite Pact)

In September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the pact. It stated that Germany and Italy would dominate Europe. Japan was left to dominate East Asia.

Manchurian Crisis

Japan invades Manchuria in 1931. This led to increasing criticms of Japan by other countries. Japan wanted access to Manchuria's natural resources and have a way to keep the Soviet Union from moving into that region of China.

Yamamoto

Japan's greatest naval strategist. Argued that the U.S. fleet in Hawaii was "a dagger pointed at our throat" and must be destroyed, but also designed the strategy for the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Kwantung Army

Japanese Army that occupied Manchuria before/during WWII. Created to guard Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War.

Wakatsuki

Japanese Prime Minister whose government fell as a result of the Kwantung Army take over of Manchuria. Signals shift away from political leadership to more military influence. Kwantung army did not obey orders from the political leadership. Falls from power in 1931.

Sino-Japanese War 1937

On July 7, 1937, fighting began at the Marco Polo Bridge. It is not clear who started that fighting. The military pushed for more reinforcements despite Prince Konoye's attempts to restrain them. By the end of July, Japanese forces had taken control of Beijing. Japanese used air raids on civilian population.

Four Powers Treaty

One of a series of seven treaties that were created by the Conference of Limitations of Armaments. This treaty was signed on December 21rst, 1921 between the United States, France, Great Britain, and Japan. The whole purpose of the treaty was to eliminate the development of rival countries in East Asia and to maintain the territorial sovereignty of countries that had signed the treaty and their property in the pacific.

Meiji Period

Period of time that started in the 1850s. Japan's Emperor defeated the last Tokugawa shogun. He opened up Japan to the rest of the world and started trading. Modernizing and Industrializing came quickly.

Konoye

Prime Minister from June 1937-1939. He sought to restrain the army. At that point the Tosei-ha were dominant in the government and the foreign policy goals of that group was committed to expansion in China. He would become Prime Minister again in the fall of 1940. Again, his goal was to restrain the military, but again he would fail.

Tanaka

Prime Minister of Japan in 1929. He called on the Kwantung army to follow his orders. They did not. The prime minister resigned.

Hirota Koki

Prime minister of Japan from 1936-1937. He made numerous compromises and concessions to the military. He agreed to an army plan that basically gave control of the Japanese government to the military. He signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Hitler in November 1936.

Manchuria

Resource-rich area in China. Russo-Japanese War also about this territory. A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China. The Japanese government opposed this conquest, but the people supported it. The gov't. was dominated by the military.

Admiral Okada

Served as Japanese prime minister from 1934-1936. After a Kodo-ha minister was fired, a Kodo-ha officer assassinated the leader of the more moderate Tosei-ha. After the assassin was tried and executed, there was a coup that attempted to overthrow the Okada government. Even though the government stood, Okada offered his resignation in 1936.

Admiral Saito

Served as prime minister of Japan from 1932-1934. His government was an interim government. He seemed to favor the Kodo-ha faction and appointed military leaders to high positions. He did, however, stand his ground against the more radical elements of the Kodo-ha faction.

Rich country, strong military

Slogan of the Meiji government

The Rape of Nanjing

The Chinese govt. had moved its capital to Nanjing. As the Japanese approached, the Chinese govt abandoned Nanjing. When the Japanese forces took control on December 13, the remaining soldiers and civilians were subjected to atrocious behavior.

Kwantung Army

The Japanese army posted in Manchuria to guard the South Manchurian Railway and other Japanese interests. It was increasingly acting without authorization from the government. They assassinated Zhang Zuolin in 1928 and seized Manchuria in 1931.

US response to Japanese entry into French-Indochina

The US placed a tighter embargo on Japan. Your book just says places an embargo. It's important to remember that the US had already introduced some trade restrictions before this time. The economic embargo did leave Japan feeling more desperate for resources.

Toesi-ha

The more moderate faction in the Japanese military that wanted more voice in government but sought legal ways to gain influence. This group also wanted to maintain good relations with the Soviet Union. Advocated modernizing the military.

Koda-ha

The more radical group in the Japanese military that favored a system of military dictatorship with an emperor. This faction also thought that a way with the Soviet Union was inevitable.

Nine Powers Treaty

The nations represented at the conference agreed to respect the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China

Sino-Japaense War of 1894-1895

War between Japan and China. Japan's military advances were evident. Japan defeated China. The Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan the Pescadores Islands, Formosa, and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.

Shidehara

Was the foreign ambassador in Washington D.C. The diplomacy promoted by this ambassador came to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s. These type of diplomacy was basically Japanese internationalist (some would say accommodationist) diplomacy in the 1920s. He was Foreign Minister from 1924-27, and 1929-31, and he had good English. Accepted the Washington Treaty System, realized that Japan received so much of its natural resources from the West. Became the new PM from 1945-1946 and was called upon by MacArthur to draft a revised constitution. Proved to be too conservative however and the American's ended up writing it and forcing Shidehara and his committee to accept it.

Mukden Incident

a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China, known as Manchuria.

Opium Wars

a war between Great Britain and China that began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium trade and ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges in the Treaty of Nanking.