Msk
Types of bursa
Communications bursa; Baker's cyst, located in medial popliteal fossa Noncommunication bursa; prepatellar bursa
Muscle Orgin
Proximal portion of muscle
Time of flight artifact
When returning sound wave has passed between two tissues with markedly different speeds. If speed of sound is less than average in tissue; artifact appears to be farther from transducer Faster speed results in artifact being close to transducer on image Most commonly when imaging obese patients at muscle-fat interface
Comet tail artifact
Function of sound bouncing between two closely placed reflectors within imaged structure
Ligaments appearance
In large joints (hip, shoulder, ankle, wirst, knee): hyperechoic straplike structures 2-3 mm thick
All of the following are true of ganglion cysts except:
a. A ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the tarsals. b. Ganglion cysts typically appear sonographically as an incompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement. c. Clinically, ganglion cysts may be hard to touch and painful d. Ganglion cysts are often treated with an injection of corticosteroids.
Bullets, shrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause:
a. Acoustic enhancement b. Comet-tail artifact c. Edge enhancement d. Mirror image artifact
A complicated Baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as:
a. Pannus b. Plicae c. Septation d. Lipoma
In what position should the patient placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon?
a. Prone b. Supine c. Right lateral decubitus d. Left lateral decubitus
Subluxation denotes:
a. Synovial joint obstruction b. Partial hip dislocation c. Rupture of the bursa d. Inflammation of the acetabulum
Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as:
a. Tendosynovitis b. Tendonitis c. Cellulitis d. Pannus
Which of the following best describes the Thompson test?
a. The patient lies prone and performs plantarflexion b. The patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed c. The patient lies supine and performs plantarflexion d. The patient lies prone and performs dorsiflexion
Refractile shadowing artifact
the bending of the sound beam at the edge of a circular structure that results in the absence of posterior echoes
Sonographically, normal muscle appears as:
a. Hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands b. Complex tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands C. Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands d. Echogenic tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands
Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of:
a. Hyperemic flow b. Tendosynovitis c. Cartilaginous inflammation d. Cartilaginous extension
The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in a:
a. Hemangioma b. Lipoma C. Baker cyst d. Ganglion cyst
Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following except:.
a. Itching in the area of the tendon b. Pain c. Edema d. The area is warm to touch
What test can be performed to determine a torn Achilles tendon?
a. McBurney test b. McDonald test C. Thompson test d. Baker test
24. Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as:
a. Mirror image artifact b. Indirect artifact c. Reflective shadowing d. Refractive shadowing
All of the following are keys to identifying foreign bodies with sonography except:
a. Most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic b. A linear array transducer should be used. c. Most foreign bodies are better visualized using a standoff pad. d. Comet-tail artifact may be seen posterior to metallic objects.
Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of a(n):
A. Arteriovenous malformation b. Deep venous thrombosis C. Knee fracture d. Ganglion cyst
Which of the following best describes the Thompson test?
A. The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the achilles tendon.
Muscle insertion
Distal end
Muscle tear
Most common pathologic condition of muscles and limbs.
Reverberation artifact
Multiple delayed refelctions from strong tissue boundaries such as bone, result in linear artifact that decreases in intensity with depth
Bursa
Small fluid filled sac between two moving surfaces; facilitates movement of tendons or muscles over bony projections Viscous fluid within bursa helps reduce friction
Tendons without synovial sheath
Paratenon: loose areolar connective tissue, fills fascial compartment of tendon lacking synovial sheath Epitendineum: layer of connective tissue, closely adjoins tendon seen as echogenic layer
Anistropy artifact
Sound beam misses the transducer on the return because of the curve of the structure Results in loss of definition in the image of a structure that is curved
The Achilles tendon connects the:
a. Ankle to the knee b. Heel to the ankle C. Heel to the calf muscle d. Knee to the calf muscle
A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the
a. Baker cyst b. Thompson cyst C. Ganglion cyst d. Lipoma
A cystic mass located within the popliteal fossa is most likely a:
a. Baker cyst b. Thompson cyst c. Ganglion cyst d. Lipoma
Tendons sonographically appear as:
a. Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bone b. Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting bone to bone c. Hypoechoic, linear arrangements within hyperechoic tissue d. Hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
Which of the following at the site of a echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity foreign body may produce bright of the object? about the correct orientation
a. Fluid b. Enhancement c. Dust d. Air
A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as:
a. Focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon b. A focal echogenic area within the tendon c. A diffusely heterogeneous area within the tendon d. Edema and refractive shadowing in the area of the divided tendon
Which of the following is also referred to as a Bible bump?
a. Ganglion cyst b. Superficial endodermal cyst c. Superficial epidermal cyst d. Epidermoid
