MSK ANATOMY

Satallite cell

myoblasts that remain with a limited ability to regenerate

Sarcolema

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

Transverse process

points of attachment for muscles

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

where ventral and dorsal rami exit

Intramembranous Ossification

(1) Blood supply brings factors leading to osteoprogenitor differentiation (2) Osteoblasts are formed and generate bone matrix and initiate calcification (3) Calcification occurs with hydroxyapatite crystals harden matrix (4) Osteocytes form and monitor change in bone tissue (5) Osteoclasts remove parts of bone forming internal spaces = spongy (6) Periostium forms fibrous and cellular layers most bones of the skull (facial bones and flat bones of calvaria) and the majority of the clavicle

Endochondral Ossification

(1)Chondroblasts turn mesenchyme into hyaline cartilage which grows in length and width (2) Blood vessels bring osteoprogenitor cells and factors to form osteoblasts (3) Lay out bone matrix and initiate calcification - bone collar is formed at diaphysis (4) Osteoblasts form primary ossification center (5) Osteoclasts remove debris and form trabeculae and medullary cavity (6) Osteoblasts build bone at epiphyses known as the secondary ossification center - osteoclasts do #5 here as well (7) Interstitial growth - occurs at epiphyseal plates and is growing in length (8) Appositional growth = growth in width = directly on bone surface or directly outside medullary cavity (9) Epiphyseal plates become bone and are called epiphyseal lines (10) Hyalin cartilage remains on ends as articular cartilage (11) Periosteum surrounds bone besides cartilaginous regions Cartilage model formation within mesenchyme then bone forms within cartilage model. Forms base of skull (sphenoid, occipital, and ethmoid) and most bones of body.

Muscle properties

1. electrical excitability 2. contractility 3. extensibility, 4. flexibility

Bone repair

1. hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus 3. Bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling *Bone can remodel without realignment but this will affect nearby joint function

Functions of muscular system

1. produce movement 2. stabilize body positions 3. store and move substances 4. produce heat

Internal intercostal muscles

11 pairs - most active during exhalation and take an inferolateral course

External intercostal muscles

11 pairs - most active during inhalation and travel and inferomedial course. They help to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

Lateral ligaments of the ankle

3 - attach to lateral malleolus of the fibula stabilizing ankle during inversion

Coccyx

4 fused vertebra act as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments

bone extracellular matrix

55% bone minerals = inorganic and 30% organic matrix which is unmineralized and made up of collagen fibers plus 15% water. Gives bone tensile strength.

Tarsal bones

7 - calcaneus, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform, navicular talus

Steps leading to muscle contraction

AP -> ACh release at NMJ -> sarcolema -> T-Tubules -> sarcoplasmic reticulum -> Ca++ release -> contraction

Lateral pterygoid

Action: Depresses and protracts mandible CN V3 - mandibular nerve

Masseter Muscle

Action: Elevation, protraction, retraction CN V3 - mandibular nerve

Medial Pterygoid

Action: protraction and elevation CN V3 - mandibular nerve

Articular cartilage

Avascular hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones and functions to reduce friction between bones and absorb shock - doesn't heal well and receives necessary joints through synovial fluid

Lamina

Between spinous and transverse processes

Supra-orbital Margin

Boundary between squamous and orbital parts

Atlas/Axis

C1 and C2 respectively - don't have vertebral bodies - Atlas has no spinous process - Axis - has dens/odontoid process projecting superiorly from vertebrae

Phrenic nerve

C3-5 and helps keep the diaphragm alive

Bone minerals

Calcium and phosphorous are the most important and are stored in the mineralized matrix of bones. The absorption, transport, and incorporation of these minerals are dependent on vitamin D, vitamin K and potassium

closed vs open fracture

Closed = skin intact Open = bone protudes through skin

Coronal Suture

Connects frontal and parietal bones. This is a type of fibrous joint where bones are close together and jointed by sutural ligaments

Superior Orbit

Formed by the frontal bone and houses the supra-orbital foramen/notch

Aging and bone

Demineralization leading to loss of bone mass and collagen production slows so bone is more brittle as that contributes to flexibility. Collapse of vertebrae leads to kyphosis. Menopause leads to increase bone loss

Fontanels

Dense connective tissue regions between incompletely ossified cranial bones - anterior fontanel is between parietal and frontal bones - posterior fontanel is between parietal and occipital bones

Calvaria

Dome-like roof "skullcap"

External acoustic meatus

Entrance to the ear and pathway for sound waves to reach the tympanic membrane - within temporal bone

Bone remodeling

Essential process where old bone is replaced by new bone and 5-10% of bone does this each year. Spongy bone does this fastest -20%- and compact bone works slower at 4% Triggered by mechanical loading, endocrine signals, and changes in mineral concentrations in blood - sensed by osteocytes

FOOSH fracture

Falling on an outstretched hand - distal radius fracture, styloid process of ulna

Medial Orbit

Formed by lacrimal fossa which houses the lacrimal sac which produces tears and also formed by ethmoid bone

Floor of Orbit

Formed by maxillary bone and directly below that is the maxillary sinus. If the eye is blown out the orbital contents to herniate into here

Posterior orbit

Formed by the sphenoid bone and houses the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure

Thoracic vertebrae

Get progressively larger, have longer transverse processes, and less mobile than cervical and lumbar vertebrae

Bone minerals

Hard and fragile

Erector Spinae muscles

Iliocostalis - most lateral; longissimus - middle; spinalis - closest to vertebrae. I Love Spagetti - Extention - when bilateral sides contral - Lateral flexion - when only one side contracts *strained when lifting heavy things

Space and vertebral column

In space theres a lack of compression of the spinal cord and straightening of spinal curvatures - small sample size, difficult to measure intervertebral disc height in space, and difficult to isolate one variable

Mandibular Foramen

Inferior alveolar nerve which is a branch of V3. Inferior alveolar nerve blocks given at dentist blocks sensation of all mandibular teeth and gingiva on same side

Mastoiditis

Inflammation of mastoid air cells

Hard Palate

Made up of maxilla (Palatine process) and palatine bones (paired)

Sternum

Manubrium: Jugular notch at top and clavicular notches superiolateral Body: separated from manubrium via sternal angle (level of second rib) Xiphoid process - tail end

Herniated disc

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus Presses on spinal cord or nerves. Since nerve roots exit above disc space its the nerve root exiting below and the spinal cord thats most at risk

Extrinsic eye muscles

Obliques perform abduction and attach to the lateral eye but the medial orbit. Recti move in one direction. (SO4LR6)3

excessive thoracic kyphosis

Often associated with osteoporosis microfractures leading the collapse of the vertebral body

Sternocleidomastoid

Origin: sternum and clavicle insertion: mastoid process action: bilateral flexion of the cervical vertebrae and unilateral lateral flexion of the neck and contralateral rotation innervated by CN XI

Orbicularis Oculi

Panniculus Carnosus - closes eye lids - orbital part - hard close of eye - like when light is turned on unexpectidly - Palpebral part - soft close of the eye like when blinking

Sternalis

Panniculus Carnosus - with an unknown function - its found near the sternum

Palmaris Brevis

Panniculus Carnosus - wrinkles the skin of the palm

Dartos

Panniculus Carnosus that wrinkles the skin of the scrotum

Hypophyseal fossa

Pituitary gland hypophysis

Buccinator

Presses teeth against molar teeth (with tongue, keeps food out of oral vestibule) and resists distension of cheeks (sucking in cheeks)

Osteoclast

Releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids at ruffled border. Bone resorption. Formed by fused monocytes.

Parathyroid hormone

Removes minerals - increases resorption, absorption, and reabsorption

Facet Joints

Synovial joint where superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae meet

Atlanto-occipital joints

Synovial joints (condylar) - occipital condyles articulate with superior articular facets of atlas - allows for flexion and extension "Yes"

Atlanto-axial joints

Synovial pivot joint - allows for rotational movement of the neck "No"

Muscle organization

Tendon -> belly -> fascicle -> fiber -> myofibril

Muscle innervation

The neurovascular bundle runs deep to the muscle and limb muscles typically receive innervation from multiple spinal cord levels

Sagittal Suture

Unites parietal bones in midline

Pterion

Weak spot - articulation point of frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. Middle meningeal arteries travel deep to this point

Closed reduction

When fracture ends are aligned via manual manipulation with skin remaining in tact

Open reduction

When fracture ends are aligned with surgical intervention and may require hardware to hold it in place

Adult Dentition

[2:1:2:3] I Can Perform Medicine - 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Premolars, 3 Molars - 8 total in each quadrant

Articular cavity

a narrow space containing a thin layer of synovial fluid - synovial fluid: reduces friction, absorbs shock, nutrient and waste exchange for the articular cartilage

Movements of digit 1

ab/aduction - sagittal plane, flexion/extension - coronal plane

lumbrical and interosseous muscles

abduction and adduction of digits, shaping hand (flex MCP, extend PIP and DIP) innervated by the ulnar nerve

Crystal arthritis (gout)

accumulation of uric acid eroding joint structures - due to an inability to break down purines

acromioclavicular joint

acromion -> acromion end of clavicle - plane joint

Bone deposition

addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

Paranasal sinuses

air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity found within cranial bones and lines with mucosa. Each sinus drains separately into nasal meatuses

Synostosis

an ossified joint that is immobile such as ossified sutures and epiphyseal lines - change from synchondrosis - perminent

Saddle synovial joint

angulation - articulating bones are convex-concave and fit into one another. Found in the thumb

Condylar synovial joint

angulation - oval shaped condyle of one rests on elliptical cavity of another. Found in the wrist

Synovial ball and socket joint

angulation and rotation - ball like surface of one rests against cuplike depression of another. Found in the hip and shoulder and they increase mobility and stability

Sacral promontory

anterior projecting edge of body of S1

Excessive lumbar lordosis

anterior tilting of pelvis often associated with sudden weight gain due to weakened trunk muscles

iliofemoral ligament

anteriorn support among the strongest ligaments in the body and prevents hyperextension during standing

Rectus Sheath

aponeuroses (sheet of purely white fibrous tissue) of anterolateral abdominal muscle that encloses rectus abdominis

Vertebral arch

arch enclosing the back portion of the spinal cord mad up of bilateral lamina and pedicles

Articular processes and Facets

articulate with adjacent vertebrae

Hyoid bone

at C3 level - horse-shoe shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bones. Serves as an attachment point for anterior neck muscles and ligaments

plantar aponeurosis (fascia)

attaches to the calcaneus posteriorly and the metatarsals anteriorly and supports arch and planter surface of the foot

Ischial tuberosity

attachment for hamstring muscles

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

attachments are entirely within the tongue - there are four of them - CN XII

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

attachments on structures outside of the tongue and alter the position of the tongue and there are four of them - CN XII

Malleus

auditory ossicle that attaches to the tympanic membrane

stapes

auditory ossicle that sits in the oval window - smallest bone in body

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease affecting synovial membranes changing the consistency of synovial fluid and limiting joint space

basicranium

base of skull

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children- shape

Displaced fracture

bone ends are out of normal alignment

non-displaced fracture

bone ends retain their normal position

Communited fracture

bone is shattered into multiple fragments- shape

Cartilaginous joint of intervertebral discs (symphysis)

bones are joined by fibrocartilage between C2/3 to L5/S1 and disc thickness increases inferiorly

Synovial joint

bones joined by a fibrous capsule (dense irregular connective tissue) enclosing a cavity around the joint

Cartilaginous Joint

bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present ex: synchondrosis and symphysis

Neurocranium

bony case of brain

Pelvic brim

bony edge surrounding and defining the pelvic inlet

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

Joints of the hand

capometacarpal (CMC) joints, metacarpophalengeal joints (MCP), proximalinterphalangeal joints (PIP), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

Symphysis

cartilaginous joint along the midline where bones are connected by fibrocartilage such as the pubic symphysis or intervertebral discs - maintains hyaline but the fibrous cartilage binds them together

Synchondrosis

cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage such as epiphyseal plates (temporary) - limited movement - allows for bone growth

Secondary curvature of the spine

cervical (developed for babies to hold up their heads) and lumbar (developed when learning to walk) regions convex/extended - lordosis

Orbicularis oris

closes the oral fissure and protrudes lips

Articular discs

complete discs that divide the synovial cavity into two functional cavities

Circumduction

complex angular movement combining flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction where the distal ends of the limb moves in circles

Sacroiliac joints

compound joint between sacrum and ilium with auricular surfaces and weight-bearing joints allow minimal movement. Fibrous (syndesmosis) and synovial (plane)

Radiocarpal joint

condyloid joint where the distal radius meets the proximal row of carpals - lunate, scaphoid, triquetrum

Endosteum

connective tissue layer that lines the medullary cavity

Fascia

connective tissue surrounding a group of muscles - compartmentalizing them based on common functions or innervations

Joints

connective tissue that lay between surfaces of bones that facilitate growth, allow, and limit movement

Articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint

connects distal radius and ulna

Pharyngotympanic tube

connects the nasopharyns and the middle ear - when you pop your ears you are pressurizing this region

Cervical vertebrae

considerable range of motion, flexion, extension, and rotation

Mastoid process

contains mastoid air cells (mucosa lined spaces) that connect to the middle ear

Hyperextension

continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

Sacral hiatus

continuation of sacral canal absence of lamina and spinous process of S5

sacral canal

continuation of vertebral canal, containing sacral nerve roots in cauda equina.

Connective tissue of muscle

continuous and emerge from the muscle belly as a tendon to attach to the periosteum of bone and neurovasculature follows the connective tissue into the muscle fiber - periosteum - surrounds the tendon - Epimysium - surrounds muscle belly - perimysium - surrounds muscle fascicle - endomysium - surrounds muscle fiber

Myofibril

contractile unit that extends the length of a muscle fiber

Sliding filament mechanism

converts ATP's chemical energy into mechanical energy of motion

Common fibular nerve

courses around the neck of the fibula

Deep palm

covers digits 2-5 and is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm containing - myofibrils, mitochondria, myoglobin, glycogen, sarcoplasmic reticulum

Flexion

decreasing in angle between articulating bones away from anatomical position

Supinator

deep muscle originating on the humerus and ulna and inserting on the radius. Performs supination and is innervated by the radial nerve

Pronator quadratus

deep muscle originating on the ulna and inserting in the radius. It performs pronation and is innervated by the median nerve

Flexor digitorum profundus

deep muscle originating on the ulna and insertion on the distal phalanges of digits 2-5. performs flexion of MCO, PIP, and DIP, and is innervated by both the median ulnar nerves

Ligaments

dense regular connective tissue connecting bone to bone

Cranial Fossae

depressions that form the bowl at the base of the cranial cavity

sesamoid bones

develop in tendons where friction is excessive - pisiform in flexor carpi ulnaris tendon and patella in quadriceps femoris tendon

hypothenar muscle

digit 5 and is innervated by the ulnar nerve it performs abduction flexion and opposition of digit 5

Shoulder separation

dislocation of the acromioclavicular join

Patellar ligament (tendon)

distal part of quadriceps femoris tendon and it goes from the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

bone tissue

dynamic connective tissue structure with osseous cells suspended in a dense extracellular matrix

internal acoustic meatus

entrance from cranial cavity to the internal ear within the temporal bone and transmits the facial and vestibulochoclear nerves

Fibularis longus

eversion of ankle via innervation from superior fibular nerve

Sciatic nerve

exits via greater sciatic foramen and supplies sensory and motor to most of the lower limb

compact bone

external dense layer of bone oriented longitudinally and provides strength in bending

Periosteum

external fibrous connective tissue layer of bone

Extracapsular ligamets

extrinsic ligaments (support joint and affect range of motion) found outside of the articular capsule

Viscerocranium

facial skeleton

subscapular bursa

facilitates movement between neck of scapula and subscapualris tendon; communicates with joint cavity

Subacromial burse

facilitates movement of supraspinatus tendon

Primary curvature of spine

fetal position - concave/flexion - thoracic and sacral regions maintain this - kyphosis

Supportive cartilage

fibrocartilage creating a better fit between bones

Fibrous Joint

fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular) - amount and length of connective tissue differs between joints and affects range of motion ex. gomphosis (teeth), sutures (skull), syndesmosis (lays between bones)

Suture joint

fibrous joint specific to the skull where bones are close together and joined by suture ligaments

Syndesmosis

fibrous joint: found where articulating bones are further apart and joined by longer sheets of connective tissue, such as the interosseous membrane which allows for more movement ex: supination and pronation of forearm and lower leg

Articular (synovial) capsule

fibrous outer layer: fibrous tissue that binds articulating bones together (structural layer) synovial inner layer: well vascularized membrane that lines the synovial cavity and secretes synovial fluid

Gomphosis

fibrous peg and socket joint where tooth and bone are joined by periodontal ligaments (PDL) and allow for some movement

Osteopenia

first stage loss of bone mass

Aponeurosis

flattened sheet-like tendon

Organic matrix

flexible

Jugular foramen

formed by temporal and occipital bones and transmits the accessory, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves and the jugular veins

Zygomatic arch

formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

Levator ani

forms majority of floor and surrounds urogenital structures and most at risk during birth

Vertebral foramen

forms vertebral canal with articulated vertebrae

Bifid spinous process

found in C2-6

long bone

found in limbs and consist of epiphyses which are the ends of bones, diaphysis which is the shaft of the bone containing the medullary cavity, and the metaphyses which separates the two

Costal facets

found on vertebral bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae and is where the head of the rib articulates with the vertebrae and the neck articulates with transverse processes

Transverse foramina

found only in cervical vertebrae and where the vertebral arteries run through bilaterally

Infra-hyoid muscles

four of them and they support and depress hyoid and larnyx during swallowing and speaking

Supra-hyoid muscles

four of them and they support and elevate the hyoid bone and form the floor of the mouth

Interstitial lamellae

fragments of broken down osteons that fill the space between osteons

Nucleus pulposes

gelatinous part of vertebral disc - semi fluid and portion the can herniate out

Plane synovial joint

gliding - articulating surfaces slide on each other - they are flat or slightly curved and found between: - clavicle and sternum - clavicle and scapula - carpals - tarsals

axial skeleton

head and trunk - encloses and protects body cavities

Glenohumeral joint

head of humerus -> glenoid cavity of scapula - ball and socket joint. Supported by glenoid labrum - fibrocartilage; deepens glenoid cavity slightly. Rotator cuff muscles - main source of stability of the glenohumeral joint; encircle the joint all except inferiorly

Talocural joint

hinge joint between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus - dorsi and plantar flexion

medullary cavity

hollow space in bone containing neurovasculature and bone marrow

greater sciatic notch

ilium and ischium closed by sacrospinous ligaments and form greater sciatic foramen

Mid-shaft fracture

impacts radial nerve and muscles of the posterior arm and forearm and thus extension at all arm joints will be affected and supination

Central canal

in center of osteon containing blood vessels and nerves and interconnected to interosteonic canals

Piriformis

in the greater sciatic foramen originating on the sacrum and inserting on the greater trochanter of the femur. Performs lateral rotation and completes the posterior edge of the pelvic floor. Innervated by the sacral plexus

Facial nerve paralysis - bell's palsy

inability to close the eye - orbicularis oculi Food accumulating in cheeks - buccinator Food/Saliva coming out of the corner of the mouth - orbicularis oris

Meniscus

incomplete discs that improve fit, redistribute weight, and absorb shock

Extension

increase in angle between articulating bones often to restore to anatomical position

Calcitonin

increases deposition decreases absorption increases excretion and decreases resorption

Growth hormone and sex hormones

increases deposition in bone remodeling

Muscles of the perineum

inferior to the pelvic diaphragm muscles associated with erectile bodies

Internal oblique

inferolateral course and the intermediate layer of the abdominal muscles. Performs flexion when contracting bilaterally and rotation and lateran flexion when contracting unilaterally

External oblique

inferomedial course and most superficial of the abdominal muscles. Performs flexion when contracting bilaterally and rotation and lateran flexion when contracting unilaterally

Olecranon bursitis

inflammation between bone and skin of the elbow "students ellbow"

Subacromial bursitis

inflammation of bursa leading to impingement on tendons and the joint space of the shoulder

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa typically caused by irritation from repetitive use resulting in pain and reduced range of motion. Joint space, cartilage, tendons, and nerves could all be damaged as a result of this and bursa can be found between bone and skin, bone and tendon, or between tendons and ligaments

carpal tunnel syndrome

inflammation of tendon sheaths in the wrist leading to compression on the median nerve

Sinusitis

inflammation of the mucosal membrane within the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses leading to thickened mucous congestions and pain

Distal humerus fracture

injury to the ulnar nerve affecting the hypothenar muscles, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum profundus

Thenar muscle

innervated by median nerve and located on the first digit it performs abduction, flexion and opposition of first digit

spongy bone

internal porous layer of bone providing strength in compression oriented along lines of stress

tibiofibular syndesmosis

interosseous membrane connecting the tibia and fibula

support of wrist joints

interosseus membrane radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

Intracapsular ligament

intrinsic ligament (bind joints together) found inside articular cavities - cruciate ligaments for example

Capsular ligaments

intrinsic ligaments (bind joints together) that thicken the articular capsule for example a collateral ligament

Obturator foramen

ischial and pubic rami closed by the obturator membrane

Circumferential lamellae

large plates that completely surround the external and internal circumferences

Deltoid (medial) ligament

large, strong that attach to the medial malleolus of the tibia stabilizing the ankle during inversion

Scoliosis

lateral curvature and rotation of vertebrae

Concentric lamellae

layers in an osteon

short bone

length and width are relatively the same - includes carpals in hands and tarsal bones in ankles

Temporomandibular joint syndrome

limited range of movement, crepitus - joint clicking, causes - trauma, problems with teeth or arthritis

Labrum

lip of fibrocartilage that deepens the socket - often found in ball and socket joints

Triceps brachii

long head originates on scapula and medial and lateral heads originate on humerus and it inserts on the olecranon process. It performs elbow and shoulder extension and is innervated by the radial nerve

Soft Palate

made up of 5 muscles including the uvula. These muscles elevate, depress, and tense the soft palate to ensure food goes down

Vertebral body

main weight-bearing component - mostly spongy bone

Prime mover (agonist)

maintain muscle responsible for producing a specific movement through concentric contraction

Masticatory sling

masseter (superficial) and medial pterygoid (deep)

Osteocyte

mature bone cells that maintain daily metabolism found in compact and spongy bone

Synergyst

may weakly act with prime mover (concentric) or acting as a fixator for intermediate joint (isometric

Knee Menisci

medial meniscus - less mobile lateral meniscus - nearly circular and smaller

Bone formation

mesenchymal skeleton - embryonic connective tissue - model is formed by week 6 of development (mostly mesoderm)

Muscle cell formation

mesoderm -> myoblasts (fuse to form...) -> muscle fiber

incus

middle auditory ossicle

Linea alba

midline raphe

Lamellae

mineralized circular plates of bone matrix in compact bone

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

modified synovial hinge joint formed where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone - can protract, retract, elevate, and depress.

Osteoporosis

more severe loss of bone mass with enlarged spaces in bone

Elbow dislocation

most common in children and is caused by a sudden pulling of the forearm and hand. The proximal radioulnar joint is dislocated so the radial head is disconnected and the anular ligament which wraps around it is damaged.

Motor Units

muscle fibers associated with one motor neuron - the larger the motor unit the stronger the contractions and the smaller the motor unit the more precision the muscle has

Panniculus Carnosus

muscle in subcutaneous tissue of the face scalp and neck and moves the face and changes facial expressions - CN VII - Sternalis - unknown function Palmaris brevis - wrinkle skin of palm Dartos - wrinkle skin of scrotum

Antagonist

muscle that opposes the action of another muscle through eccentric contraction

Fixator

muscle that stabilizes proximal parts of a limb while movements are occurring in distal parts through isometric contraction

Hip fracture

neck of femur is fractured

Oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone - shape

Transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone- shape

Clavicular fracture

occurs when falling directly on shoulder with arms at the side - indirect force transmitted from an outstretched hand. Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major insert on the medial aspect of the clavicle and the trapezius inserts onto the lateral part of the clavicle

Shoulder dislocation

often from excessive lateral rotation and extension of arm. This occurs at the glenohumeral joint and is dislocated inferiorly

Articular tubercle

on temporal bone and lays in front of the mandibular fossa. Where the mandibular condyle lays during protraction

Temporalis muscle

origin - superior and inferior temporal lines of the parietal bone Insertion - coronoid process of the mandible Action - retraction and elevation of the mandible Innervation - CN V3 - mandibular nerve

Deltoid

originates at the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula and inserts on the humerus. It performs shoulder flexion/extension, medial/lateral rotation, and abduction. It is innervated by the axillary nerve.

Pectoralis major

originates at the clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages and inserts on the humerus. It performs flexion, extension, adduction, and medial rotation at the shoulder. It is innervated by the brachial plexus

quadriceps femoris

originates at the ilium and femur and inserts on the tibial tuberosity performing flexion at the hip and knee via femoral nerve innervation

Biceps femoris

originates at the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the fibula, performing extension at the hip and flexion at the knee via sciatic nerve innervation

adductor magnus (hamstring part)

originates at the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the linea aspera, performs extension of hip and is innervated by the sciatic nerve

Iliopsoas

originates at the lumbar vertebrae and ilium and inserts on the lesser trochanter, performs hip flexion and is innervated by the lumbar plexus

Adductor magnus (adductor part)

originates at the pubis, inserts on the linea aspera, performs adduction of the hip, innervated by obturator

Pectoralis minor

originates at the ribs and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula. It stabilizes the scapula moving inferiorly and anteriorly and it is innervated by the brachial plexus

Serratus anterior

originates at the ribs and inserts onto the medial border of the scapula. It performs shoulder protraction and medial rotation. It is innervated by the long thoracic nerve

Gluteus maximus

originates on coccyx, sacrum and ilium and inserts on iliotibial tract. performs hip extension and is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve

Gluteus medius and minimus

originates on ilium and inserts on greater trochanter. performs abduction of the hip via superior gluteal nerve innervation

semitendinosus

originates on ischial tuberosity adn inserts on the tibia, performs extension at the hip and flexion at the knee adn is innervated by the sciatic nerve

Trapezius muscle

originates on the external occipital protuberance and the spinous processes of the vertebrae and inserts on the spine of the scapula, acromion, and the clavicle. It is innervated by the accessory nerve

Gastrocnemius

originates on the femur and inserts on the calcaneus, performs flexion at knee and plantarflexion at ankle via innervation from the tibial nerve

Brachialis

originates on the humerus and inserts on the coronoid process of ulna. Performs flexion at the eblow and is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

sartorius

originates on the ilium and inserts on the medial tibia, performs flexion at the hip and knee, innervated by femoral nerve

semimembranosus

originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the tibia performing extension at the hip and flexion at the knee via sciatic nerve innervation

Adductor longus

originates on the pubis and inserts on the linea aspera. Performs adduction at the hip and is innervated by the obturator nerve

Gracilis

originates on the pubis and inserts on the tibia. Performs adduction at the hip and flexion at the knee. Innervated by obturator nerve

Biceps brachii

originates on the scapula and inserts in the radial tuberosity. performs shoulder and elbow flexion and elbow supination. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

Latissimus dorsi

originates on the spinous processes of vertebrae and sacrum iliac crest and inserts on the intertubercular sulcus. It performs extension adduction and medial rotation at the shoulder and it is innervated by the brachial plexus

Soleus

originates on the tibia and fibula and inserts on the calcaneus performing plantarflexion at the ankle via innervation from the tibial nerve

Rectus abdominis

originates on the xiphoid process and costal margin and inserts on the pubis. It is also attached to the rectus sheath through tendinous intersections. Performs flexion of trunk and compression of abdominal viscera

Annulus fibrosus

outer component made up of fibrocartilage that is thinner posteriorly

External Occipital Protuberance

palpable attachment point for trapezius and ligaments of the neck

Spinous Process

palpable posteriorly

Tendon

parallel collagen that is not well vascularized - slow to heal

Tibialis anterior

performs dorsiflexion and inversion via innervation from the deep fibular nerve

Distal radioulnar joint

pivot joint between the ulnar notch of the radius and head of ulna

intertarsal joints

plane/saddle joints between tarsals - inversion and eversion

coccygeus

posterior muscle of pelvis

Mandibular condyle

posterior process of mandible

Anterior cruciate ligament

prevents anterior displacement of tibia - weaker then PCL

posterior cruciate ligament

prevents posterior displacement of tibia - important in stabilizing the femur

Hinge synovial joint

produces angulation - change of angle between axes of articulating bones occurring when convex surface of one bone fits into the concave of another. Found at: - knee - elbow they function in one direction

Pivot synovial joint

produces rotation - movement along longitudinal axis conducted by a rounded surface of one bone articulating with a ring formed by another bone and ligament found between: - Atlas and axis - radius and ulna

Lumbar vertebrae

prominent superior articular processes and transverse processes have no facets or foramina

Thoracic wall (cage) function

protect organs resists negative internal pressure attachment points for muscles

Function of vertebral column

protection of spinal cord, point of attachment for bones and muscles, cartilaginous and synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae allow movement

Support of elbow joint complex

radial collateral ligament, anular ligament, and ulnar collateral ligament (most stable)

petrous part of temporal bone

raised area on internal surface of cranial vault which encloses structures of middle and inner ear including the ossicles, cochlea, and vestibular apparatus within the temporal bone

Bone resorption

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

Long thoracic nerve injury

results in winged scapula and serratus anterior cannot properly function limiting ability to protract and rotate mediallt

Subscapularis

rotator cuff muscle originating anterior scapula and inserting on the lesser tubercle. It performs medial rotation at the shoulder and is innervated by the brachial plexus

Supraspinatous

rotator cuff muscle originating on the posterior scapula above the spine and inserts on the greater tubercle. Performs adduction at the shoulder and is innervated by nerves in the brachial plexus

Infraspinatous and teres minor

rotator cuff muscle originating posterior scapula below spine and Inserts on the greater tubercle. It performs lateral rotation at the shoulder and is innervated by the brachial plexus

Floating ribs 10/11-12

rudimentary cartilages do not connect to sternum

Transversus Abdominis

runs a horizontal course and is the deepest of the abdominal muscles. Function is to perform compression movements

Interosteonic canals (Volkmann's and perforating)

runs perpendicular to central canal. Blood vessels and nerves from periosteum penetrate compact bone through these.

Bursa

sac-like structures similar to synovial capsules found between bone and skin ligament or tendon and their main function is to reduce friction

Sacrospinous ligament

sacrum to ischial spine

Sacrotuberous ligament

sacrum to ischial tuberosity

Pes Anserinus

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus all insert here

Pectoral girdle

scapula + clavicle + sternum - transition between axial and appendicular skeleton allowing for free movement of the upper limb can depress/elevate, protract/retract, and rotate uppwards and downwards

Osteoblast

secrete organic bone matrix and begin calcification of bone matrix - build - bone deposition

Intercostal spaces

separate ribs and costal cartilages

Diaphragm

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the primary muscle of inhalation - Structures passing through it include: inferior vena cava, esophagus, CN X, Descending aorta, thoracic duct (lymph) - dome shaped during relaxation - Straight during inhalation abdominal and neck muscles also assist in respiration

irregular bones

shape doesn't fit into other categories such as vertebrae and bones of the face

Acetabulum

socket for head of femur

Osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells of bone

sternoclavicular joint

sternal end of clavicle -> clavicular notches of manubrium - saddle joint

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

strong, cord-like; separated from lateral meniscus

Brachioradialis

superficial muscle originating in the humerus and inserting on the radius. Performs flexion at elbow (weak) and is innervated by the radial nerve

Flexor carpi ulnaris

superficial muscle originating in the medial epicondyle and inserting on the metacarpals. Performs flexion and adduction of wrist and is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Flexor digitorum superficialus

superficial muscle originating in the medial epicondyle and inserting on the middle phalanges of digits 2-5. Performs flexion of MCP and PIP joints and is innervated by the median nerve

extensor digitorum

superficial muscle originating on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserting on the digits 2-5. Performs extention of digits and is innervated by the radial nerve

Extensor carpi radialis longus

superficial muscle originating on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserting on the metacarpals. Performs abduction and extension at wrist innervated by the radial nerve

Extensor carpi ulnaris

superficial muscle originating on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserting on the metacarpals. Performs extension and adduction at the wrist and is innervated by the radial nerve

pronator teres

superficial muscle originating on the medial epicondyle adn inserting on the radius. Performs pronation and innervated by median nerve

flexor carpi radialis

superficial muscle originating on the medial epicondyle and inserting on the metacarpals. Performs flexion and abduction and is innervated by the medial nerve

5 functions of skeletal system

support structure and movement protects internal organs produce blood cells store triglycerides store and release minerals

Muscular abdominal wall

supports abdominal viscera and vertebral column

Red Bone Marrow

supports blood cell formation and filters out old blood cells. Found in extensive areas of spongy bone. High levels of this in childhood because it is needed to establish the immune system and populate blood: Infant-1 year. By early 20s only the axial skeleton and head of femur have this

Yellow Bone Marrow

supports vasculature within medullary cavity and is made up of adipose tissue

Proximal humerus fracture

surgical neck of the humerus is the narrowed portion of the humerus just inferior to the greater and lesser tubercles. A fracture here would injure the axillary nerve and thus the deltoid which would limit ones ability to flex, medially rotate, abduct, lateral rotate, and extend

Humeroulnar joint

synovial hinge joint where the trochlea and trochlear notch of ulna meet

Humeroradial joint

synovial hinge/pivot joint where the capitulum and the head of the radius meet

Knee joint

synovial modified hinge joint where the medial condyle of the femur articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia and the lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the lateral condyle

Proximal radioulnar joint

synovial pivot joint where the radial notch of ulna meets the head of the radius

Mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

Muscle growth

the number of skeletal muscle fibers is determined shortly after birth and with forceful, repetitive muscular activity, muscle fibers hypertrophy - increases number of fibers and mitochondria

Iliac crest

thickened superior border of ilium that serves as an attachment point for many muscles

Flat bones

thin bones that surround and protect cavities such as skull, ribs, pelvis, and sternum

Groin pull

this is the adductors that are affected, they originate at the pubis and are innervated by the obturator

Lateral blow to the knee

tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament

Muscle tone

tonic contraction - weak involuntary contractions that do not produce movements muscles are almost always slightly contracted and groups of motor units alternate in activity

Pelvic girdle

transition between axial and appendicular skeleton made up of 2 coxal bones and 1 sacrum

Carpal tunnel syndrome

transverse carpal ligament presses on median nerve affecting thenar muscle group and digit 1

Carpal bones

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Tendon (synovial) sheaths

tube-like bursae that wrap around long tendons and the main function is to reduce friction

Osteons

unit of compact bone oriented longitudinally

Trabeculae

unit of spongy bone oriented along lines of stress

Squamous Suture

unite the parietal and temporal bones

Pedicle

united body with lamina

lambdoid suture

unites both parietal bones with the occipital bone

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbs - supports movement and locomotion

False ribs

vertebrochondral - indirect connection to sternum via superior cartilage

True ribs

vertebrosternal - attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage (1-6/7)

tibial (medial) collateral ligament

weaker than FCL and it is attached to the medial lemniscus

Osteoarthritis

wear and tear affecting articular cartilage and leading to a decrease in synovial fluid and bone on bone rubbing - often a result of age

Muscle belly

well vascularized muscle fibers

Intervertebral Foramen

where spinal nerves pass formed by inferior and superior vertebral notches

Cribriform foramina

within the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and transmits the olfactory nerve

Foramen magnum

within the occipital bone and transmits the spinal cord, accessory nerves and vertebral arteries

Superior orbital fissure

within the sphenoid bone - transmits the oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, and the abducens nerves

Optic canal

within the sphenoid bone it transmits the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery